GB/T 23930-2023 PDF English
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Tri-wheel vehicles -- Steering gear
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| GB/T 23930-2009 | English | 559 |
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Tri-wheel vehicles and low-speed goods vehicles -- Steering gear
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GB/T 23930-2023: PDF in English (GBT 23930-2023) GB/T 23930-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 65.060
CCS T 54
Replacing GB/T 23930-2009
Tri-wheel vehicles - Steering gear
ISSUED ON: NOVEMBER 27, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: JUNE 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Technical requirements ... 6
5 Test methods ... 8
6 Inspection rules ... 15
7 Marking, packaging, transportation, and storage ... 17
Tri-wheel vehicles - Steering gear
1 Scope
This document specifies the technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules,
marking, packaging, transportation, and storage of steering gear assemblies of tri-wheel
vehicles.
This document is applicable to the design, manufacturing, and product quality
inspection and testing of recirculating-ball, rack-and-pinion, and worm-roller steering
gear assemblies (excluding power steering) for tri-wheel vehicles.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents, through normative references in this text,
constitute indispensable provisions of this document. Among them, for dated references,
only the edition corresponding to that date applies to this document. For undated
references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 2828.1 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes - Part 1: Sampling
schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
JB/T 5673-2015 Agriculture and forestry tractors and machinery - General
requirements of painting
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Rated output torque (force)
The output torque (force) specified for safe use when the steering gear is designed.
3.2
Displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear
ILR
The ratio OF the rack displacement increment TO the pinion rotating angle increment
of a rack-and-pinion steering gear.
Remove 30° from both ends of the input shaft data collected in the test. At the same
time, remove the data corresponding to the rocker arm shaft. According to formula (1),
calculate the angular transmission ratio. Draw the relationship curve between the input
shaft angle and the angular transmission ratio. For non-variable-ratio steering gear,
calculate the average value. For variable-ratio steering gear, according to the
transmission ratio curve required by the manufacturer, respectively calculate the
average transmission ratios in the middle and on both sides.
5.4.2 Determination of displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering
gear
5.4.2.1 Method of determination
Fix the steering gear. The input shaft is connected to the angle sensor. The rack is
connected to the displacement sensor. It is required that there is no gap in the connection.
Rotate the input shaft from the limit position at one end to the limit position at the other
end; measure the instantaneous angle values of the input shaft and rocker arm shaft.
5.4.2.2 Displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear
The displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear is calculated
according to formula (2).
Where:
L - Rack displacement distance, in millimeters (mm);
θ - Rotating angle of input shaft, in degrees (°);
ILR - Displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear, in millimeters per
degree [mm/(°)].
5.4.2.3 Data processing
Remove 30° from both ends of the input shaft data collected in the test. At the same
time, remove the data corresponding to the rack. According to formula (2), calculate
the displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear. Draw the relationship
curve between the input shaft angle and the displacement-angle ratio. For non-variable-
ratio steering gear, calculate the average value. For variable-ratio steering gear,
according to the transmission ratio curve required by the manufacturer, respectively
calculate the average transmission ratios in the middle and on both sides.
5.5 Determination of transmission clearance characteristics
5.5.1 Rack-and-pinion steering gear
Fix the steering gear. Fix the displacement sensor on the housing at the rack end; use
the probe to contact the back of the rack (if possible, fix it directly at the adjusting screw
plug); zero the displacement sensor; add positive and negative torque to the rack. The
loading torque shall comply with the manufacturer's requirements. If the manufacturer
does not require it, a torque of ±(7 N · m~10 N · m) shall be applied, to measure the
variation value of the displacement sensor. Rotate the input shaft; repeat the above
measurement; measure within the full stroke of the rack. The sampling point shall not
be larger than 3 mm. Remove 3 mm of data from both ends of the displacement and
clearance relationship curve obtained from the test; draw the displacement and
clearance relationship curve; calculate the average clearance.
5.5.2 Other types of steering gear
5.5.2.1 First measurement method
Fix the rocker arm shaft and housing; load ±2 N · m torque on the input shaft end;
measure the input shaft’s rotating angle difference, which is the clearance at this point.
5.5.2.2 Second measurement method
Connect the angle sensors to the input shaft and rocker arm shaft respectively; make
sure there is no gap in the connection of the sensors. Apply a 10 N · m load to the rocker
arm shaft; drive the input shaft forward at a speed of 10 r/min~15 r/min. Measure the
instantaneous corresponding angle value between the input shaft and the rocker arm
shaft. Then at the same speed, drive the input shaft in reverse direction to measure the
same data.
5.5.2.3 Data processing
Use the rocker arm shaft’s rotating angle as the benchmark. The difference between the
two corresponding input shaft’s rotating angles measured is the clearance at this point.
Remove 30° from both ends of the input shaft data collected in the test. At the same
time, remove the corresponding clearance; draw the relationship curve between the
input shaft’s rotating angle and the clearance. Calculate the average clearance at +30°
and -30° at the middle position of the input shaft AND the average clearance at the
remaining rotating angles on both sides.
5.6 Determination of transmission efficiency
5.6.1 Determination of transmission efficiency of recirculating-ball and worm-pin
steering gears
5.6.1.1 Transmission efficiency
test, check the damage of the parts.
5.8 Impact strength test
The mass of the drop weight used in the test is 50 kg. Fix the steering gear on the test
bench; place the steering rocker arm horizontally or place the rack vertically; fix the
steering rocker arm or rack in the middle position. Raise the drop weight to a height of
0.3 m and then drop it freely, to impact the end of the rocker arm or the top of the rack.
5.9 Durability test
5.9.1 Durability test of recirculating-ball and worm-pin steering gears
When driving forward, the output shaft applies rated output torque (the loading
waveform is a trapezoidal wave or sine wave; the rated loading force is its peak value;
the loading waveform shall not have commutation spike burrs). Drive the input shaft.
The left and right rotating angles, from the middle position, are not greater than +180°
and not less than -180°. The driving speed is 30 r/min~45 r/min. When driving in
reverse, the input shaft applies torque. The applied torque shall be converted according
to the transmission ratio and rated output value. Drive the output shaft. The left and
right rotating angles, from the middle position, are not less than +180° or not greater
than -180°. The driving speed is 30 r/min~45 r/min. Choose either forward drive or
reverse drive durability test. The number of test cycles is 1.0×105 times. During the test,
the steering gear is allowed to be disassembled and inspected every 25000 cycles; but
parts are not allowed to be replaced.
5.9.2 Durability test of rack-and-pinion steering gear
When driving forward, the angle between the pull rod and the rack is the same as the
installation angle of the steering gear on the vehicle. Apply he rated output force on the
pull rod (the loading waveform is a trapezoidal wave or sine wave; the rated loading
force is its peak value; the loading waveform shall not have commutation spike burrs).
Drive the input shaft not less than +180° or not more than -180°; the driving speed is
30 r/min~45 r/min. When driving in reverse, apply torque on the input shaft. The
applied torque shall be converted according to the transmission ratio and rated output
value. Drive the rack. The left and right rotating angles, from the middle position, are
not less than +180° or not more than -180°. The driving speed is 30 r/min~45 r/min.
Choose either forward drive or reverse drive durability test. The number of test cycles
is 1.0×105 times. During the test, the steering gear is allowed to be disassembled and
inspected every 25000 cycles; but parts are not allowed to be replaced.
5.10 Sealing test
Pour dry compressed air with the pressure shown in Table 2 into the steering gear
housing; immerse the steering gear in water for no less than 30 s; observe whether
bubbles emerge from the steering gear.
5.11 Inspection of other items
5.11.1 Use visual inspection or conventional methods to check the steering gear's
rotational flexibility, anti-rust, and coating appearance quality.
5.11.2 The adhesion performance of the paint layer shall be inspected in accordance
with the provisions of JB/T 5673-2015.
6 Inspection rules
6.1 Exit-factory inspection
6.1.1 Each steering gear assembly shall pass the inspection by the manufacturer before
it can leave the factory. When leaving the factory, documents proving product quality
conformity shall be attached.
6.1.2 The exit-factory inspection items and their nonconformity classifications are
shown in Table 3. Fully inspect each steering gear assembly for 4 items: total rotating
angles of input shaft, rotational flexibility, anti-rust, and coating. All 4 items shall be
conformity. Carry out sampling inspection on 3 items: transmission clearance
characteristics, input torque, and sealing. Sampling inspection and determination
disposal rules shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 2828.1. Adopt a
normal inspection one-time sampling plan. The inspection lot is the monthly (or daily)
output or one-time order lot. The inspection level is general inspection level II. The
acceptance quality limit (AQL) is 4.0.
6.2 Type inspection
6.2.1 In any of the following situations, it shall carry out type inspection:
a) New product finalization appraisal or old product conversion trial-production;
b) After formal production, if there are major changes in structure, materials, and
processes AND product quality may be affected;
c) For products produced in lots or in large quantities, at least once every two years;
d) When the product has been out of production for more than one year and
production is resumed;
e) When the exit-factory inspection results are significantly different from the last
type inspection results;
f) When the national quality supervision agency requests type inspection.
6.2.2 The inspection items and nonconformity classifications of type inspection are
nonconformity classifications are determined as nonconformity, the final
assessment is nonconformity.
- If a malfunction occurs due to product quality issues, testing shall be stopped; the
product will be treated as nonconformity.
6.3 Inspection under special circumstances
For other forms of inspection, according to the corresponding requirements, the
sampling quantity and determination rules can be determined. The test results shall
comply with the provisions of this document.
7 Marking, packaging, transportation, and storage
7.1 When the steering gear leaves the factory, it shall have a certificate of conformity
from the manufacturer; it shall be marked with the manufacturer's name or factory logo.
7.2 When packaging products, moisture-proof, vibration-proof, and dust-proof
measures shall be considered, to meet the requirements of transportation and loading-
unloading. In special circumstances, packaging can be carried out according to the
conditions agreed upon by both the supply and demand sides.
Each packaging box shall be accompanied by a packing list, an instruction manual, and
a certificate of conformity. The certificate of conformity shall include the following:
a) Manufacturer’s name or factory logo;
b) Product name, model, and assembly number;
c) Signature of the manufacturer’s quality management department;
d) Executive standard number;
e) Manufacturing date or production lot number.
7.3 The text and markings on the outer wall of each packaging box shall include the
following:
a) Manufacturer’s name or factory logo;
b) Product model, assembly number, and product name;
c) Packaging quantity, gross weight, and net weight;
d) Manufacturing date or production lot number;
e) Marked with "Handle with care" and "Keep away from moisture".
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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