GB 14883.10-2016 PDF in English
GB 14883.10-2016 (GB14883.10-2016) PDF English
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Examination of radioactive materials for foods -- Determination of cesium-137
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| GB 14883.10-1994 | English | 319 |
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Examination of radioctive materials for foods. Determination of cesium-137
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Standards related to (historical): GB 14883.10-2016
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GB 14883.10-2016: PDF in English GB 14883.10-2016
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
National Food Safety Standard - Examination of
Radioactive Materials for Foods - Determination of
Cesium-137
ISSUED ON: AUGUST 31, 2016
IMPLEMENTED ON: MARCH 1, 2017
Issued by: National Health and Family Planning Commission of the
People’s Republic of China
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
Method-1 -- Spectrometry ... 4
2 Principle ... 4
3 Reagents and Materials ... 4
4 Instruments and Equipment ... 4
5 Analytical Procedures ... 5
6 Expression of Analytical Result ... 7
7 Others ... 8
Method-2 -- Ammonium Phosphomolybdate Method ... 8
8 Principle ... 8
9 Reagents and Materials ... 8
10 Instruments and Equipment ... 10
11 Analytical Procedures ... 10
12 Expression of Analytical Result ... 13
13 Others ... 13
Method-3 -- Cobalt Potassium Ferricyanide ... 14
14 Principle ... 14
15 Reagents and Materials ... 14
16 Instruments and Equipment ... 14
17 Analytical Procedures ... 14
18 Expression of Analytical Result ... 15
19 Others ... 15
Appendix A Total Correction Factor of 137Cs Measurement Efficiency at Different
Heights and Apparent Densities ... 16
Appendix B Lower Detection Limit of 137Cs Radioactivity ... 17
National Food Safety Standard - Examination of
Radioactive Materials for Foods - Determination of
Cesium-137
1 Scope
This Standard is applicable to the determination of cesium-137 (137Cs) in various foods.
Method-1 -- Spectrometry
2 Principle
Directly, or after certain pre-treatment, load fresh food samples into a certain shape
and volume of sample box. On spectrometer, measure the -ray characteristic peak
full energy peak net area of 137Cs in the sample at 661.6 keV. Compare it with a
standard radioactive source whose activity is already known. Calculate the
concentration of 137Cs radioactivity. When cesium-134 (134Cs) exists in the sample, this
method shall be applied to the determination of 137Cs.
3 Reagents and Materials
137Cs radioactive standard solution: specific activity is around 1,000 Bq/mL; it shall be
calibrated by a national statutory metrology department; it shall have an inspection
certificate signed by a legally recognized organization.
4 Instruments and Equipment
4.1 Low Background Spectrometer System
Low background spectrometer system shall satisfy the following requirements:
a) Detector: coaxial high-purity germanium or germanium (lithium) detector. In
terms of 60Co 1332.5 keV -ray full energy peak, its energy resolution shall be
less than 3 keV; its relative efficiency shall be higher than 15%.
b) Shield: the primary shield shall be multi-layer material heavy metal shield,
5.1.1 Energy scale
In accordance with energy scale, use radioactive source (4.4) to conduct energy
scale of the low background spectrometer system (4.1). Record the characteristic -
ray energy of the scale source, and corresponding full energy peak location. Through
computer processing, or drawing on a cartesian coordinate paper, or conducting the
least square fitting of the data, a graph of the relations between energy and the location
may be obtained.
5.1.2 Full energy peak detection efficiency scale
Measure 137Cs standard radioactive source. In order to reduce system errors, the net
area of the full energy peak being measured shall at least be more than 100,000 counts.
In accordance with Formula (1), calculate its detection efficiency at 661.6 keV -ray full
energy peak.
Where,
E---detection efficiency of 137Cs standard radioactive source at 661.6 keV -ray full
energy peak;
N---net area of 661.6 keV -ray full energy peak, expressed in (count);
A---activity of 137Cs standard radioactive source, expressed in (Bq);
T---measured time of 137Cs standard radioactive source, expressed in (s);
B---branch ratio of 137Cs 661.6 keV -ray, 84.62%.
5.2 Sampling
Sampling shall comply with the stipulations in GB 14883.1.
5.3 Preparation of Sample for Measurement
5.3.1 Grain sample: take 500 g of sample, then, evenly spread it in an enameled plate
or a stainless-steel plate. Place it in the oven, at around 70 °C, dry it for around 5 h.
Then, weigh it; calculate the dry mass/fresh mass ratio. In terms of granular grain, dry
it, then, directly place it into a sample box, which is already cleaned on the outside and
the inside; tamp it. In terms of finely powdered grain, use a sampler to press it, so that
the height of the sample is the same as the height of 137Cs standard radioactive source.
Record the dry sample mass and the height of the sample to be determined; calculate
its apparent density.
5.3.2 Vegetable sample: take around 3 kg of sample; remove the inedible part. Wash
E---same as Formula (1);
F---total correction factor of measurement efficiency, %, please refer to Appendix A;
please refer to GB/T 16145 for more accurate calculation methods;
B---branch ratio of 137Cs 661.6 keV -ray, 84.62%;
W---equivalent fresh sample mass of the sample being measured, expressed in (kg)
or (L);
---137Cs’s disintegration constant, expressed in (a-1); = 0.693/T0, T0 is 137Cs’
radioactive half-life, 30 a;
t---time interval from sampling to measurement, expressed in (a).
7 Others
The lower detection limit of 137Cs radioactivity may be calculated in accordance with
Appendix B and the practical situation.
Method-2 -- Ammonium Phosphomolybdate Method
8 Principle
Use nitro-hydrochloride to leach food ash. Through adsorption separation of
ammonium phosphomolybdate, under citric acid masking, use iodine bismuth salt to
deposit and purify cesium. Use low background -ray meter to measure radioactivity
of 137Cs.
9 Reagents and Materials
Unless it is otherwise stipulated, all reagents used in this method shall be analytically
pure. Water shall be Grade-1 water stipulated in GB/T 6682.
9.1 Reagents
9.1.1 Diammonium hydrogen phosphate [(NH4)2HPO4].
9.1.2 Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3).
9.1.3 Ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O244H2O].
9.1.4 Bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3).
9.3.1 137Cs standard solution: around 1 103 disintegrations / (minmL), contains 0.1
mol/L hydrochloric acid solution of 0.1 mgCs+/mL.
9.3.2 Cesium carrier solution (10 mgCs+/mL): weigh-take 12.67 g of cesium chloride,
then, place it in a small beaker. Add water to dissolve it, then, add 3 drops of
concentrated hydrochloric acid. Quantitatively transfer it into 1 L volumetric flask; use
water to dilute to the scale. Calibration may use one of the following two methods:
a) Calibration method 1 -- cesium perchlorate method: accurately absorb 4.00 mL
of cesium carrier solution, then, place it in a 125 mL conical flask. Add 1 mL of
nitric acid and 5 mL of perchloric acid. Evaporate it, till it emits white smoke for
a few minutes. Take it down, then, cool it down to the room temperature. Add
15 mL of absolute ethanol, shake it up. Then, in ice bath, cool it down for a few
minutes. Extract and filter the sediment in G4 sand core glass crucible, which
is already weighed. Use 10 mL of absolute ethanol to rinse it once, then, at
105 °C, dry it for 15 min. Cool it down in the dryer, then, weigh it.
b) Calibration method 2 -- tetraphenylboron-cesium method: take 2.00 mL of
cesium carrier solution, then, place it in a 100 mL beaker. Add 20 mL of water
and 1 mL of 6 mol/L acetic acid solution; mix it up. Add 10 mL of 3% sodium
tetraphenylborate solution; slightly heat it up. Then, cool it down to room
temperature. Extract and filter it on G5 sand core funnel, which already reaches
a constant mass. Use 20 mL of 1% acetic acid solution to rinse the beaker.
Quantitatively transfer it into the sand core funnel. In the end, at 110 °C, dry it;
weigh it, till it reaches a constant mass.
10 Instruments and Equipment
10.1 Detachable funnel: internal diameter: 2 cm.
10.2 Sand core glass crucible: G5 (or G4).
10.3 Centrifuge: centrifuge tube volume: over 80 mL.
10.4 Low background meter: background shall be less than 3 counts/min.
11 Analytical Procedures
11.1 Sampling and Pretreatment
Sampling and pretreatment shall comply with the stipulations in GB 14883.1.
11.2 Sample Preparation and Determination
11.2.1 Weigh-take 1 g ~ 10 g (accurate to 0.001 g) of food ash sample, then, place it
it reaches dryness; weigh it, till it reaches a constant mass. On low background meter,
measure radioactivity of 137Cs. Next, under the same conditions, measure 137Cs
supervised-source.
11.3 Calibration of Supervised-source through Standard Source, Drawing
of Counting Efficiency - Mass Curve
11.3.1 Calibration of 137Cs supervised-source through 137Cs standard source
Clean and dry a stainless-steel measuring plate, whose internal surface is smooth.
Use a pencil to draw a circle, which has the same diameter as the sample being
measured. Drop 0.1 mL of insulin solution (20 units/mL); make it evenly distributed in
the circle. Then, dry it. Accurately add 137Cs standard solution (102 disintegrations/min
~ 103 disintegrations/min) onto the insulin circle. Carefully and evenly spread it, then,
dry it. Then, add 1 drop of colloidal solution; evenly spread it on the source. After drying
it in the air, 137Cs supervised-source (it would be better to use 137Cs plane standard
source in the active zone, which has the same diameter as the sample) may be
obtained.
Accurately transfer-take 2.00 mL of cesium carrier (9.3.2) and 1.00 mL of 137Cs
standard solution (9.3.1), then, place it in a 50 mL beaker. Follow the operation in
11.2.4 ~ 11.2.5; obtain 137Cs standard source.
Continuously measure the above two sources on the low background meter for
sample measurement. In accordance with Formula (3), calculate the intensity of the
post-calibration 137Cs supervised-source.
Where,
A1---the intensity of 137Cs supervised-source after the calibration through 137Cs
standard source, expressed in (dpm);
N1---137Cs supervised-source’s net count rate during calibration, expressed in (cpm);
A2---the activity of added 137Cs standard solution, expressed in (dpm);
N2---standard source’s net count rate after self-absorption and chemical recovery rate
correction, expressed in (cpm).
11.3.2 Drawing of counting efficiency - mass curve
Accurately prepare a series of solutions, which contain different contents of cesium.
Respectively add an equivalent amount of 137Cs standard solution (9.3.1), then,
Method-3 -- Cobalt Potassium Ferricyanide
14 Principle
Use nitro-hydrochloride or concentrated nitric acid to leach food ash. After adsorption
of cobalt potassium ferricyanide, and sedimentation of cesium through sodium iodine
bismuthate, use low background meter to measure radioactivity of 137Cs.
15 Reagents and Materials
15.1 Cobalt potassium ferricyanide: at room temperature, drop 1 volume of 0.5 mol/L
potassium ferrocyanide {K4[Fe(CN)6]} solution to 2.4 volumes of 0.3 mol/L cobalt nitrite
solution. Continuously stir it for 30 min, complete the operation. Conduct centrifugation,
then, discard the supernatant.
Use water to rinse the sediment. Thoroughly stir up all the sediment; conduct
centrifugation, then, discard the washing liquid. Follow this method to rinse it, till the
liquid becomes colorless. Take out the sediment, then, spread it on a watch glass. At
115 °C, dry the sediment, till it becomes purple brown. Then, take it out, cool it down;
grind and sieve it. Fill cobalt potassium ferricyanide powder, which passes through 250
μm, into a bottle; reserve for later usage.
15.2 Cesium iodine bismuthate solution, cesium carrier solution, nitro-hydrochloride,
glacial acetic acid, oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide solution are the same as Method
II - ammonium phosphomolybdate method.
16 Instruments and Equipment
Same as Chapter 10.
17 Analytical Procedures
17.1 Sampling and Pretreatment
Sampling and pretreatment shall comply with the stipulations in GB 14883.1.
17.2 Sample Preparation and Determination
17.2.1 Same as 11.2.1
17.2.2 Add 1 g of cobalt potassium ferricyanide to the combined solution; continuously
stir it for around 10 min. Use quantitative filter paper to filter all the sediment. Use 30
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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