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General requirements for preventing electrostatic accidents
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| GB 12158-2006 | English | 759 |
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General guideline for preventing electrostatic accidents
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General guideline for preventing electrostatic accidents
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GB 12158-2024: General requirements for preventing electrostatic accidents---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GB12158-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 13.100
CCS C 66
Replacing GB 12158-2006, GB 13348-2009
General Requirements for Preventing Electrostatic
Accidents
Issued on: DECEMBER 31, 2024
Implemented on: JANUARY 1, 2026
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative References... 4
3 Terms and Definitions... 5
4 General Requirements... 7
4.1 Discharge and Ignition... 7
4.2 Basic Anti-electrostatic Measures... 8
5 Electrostatic Management Measures... 11
5.1 General Requirements... 11
5.2 Organizational Management... 11
5.3 Documents... 11
5.4 Personnel... 11
5.5 Identification... 12
5.6 Inspection... 12
5.7 Signs and Records... 12
6 Area of Electrostatic Hazards... 12
6.1 Division of Area of Electrostatic Hazards... 12
6.2 Electrostatic Discharge Ignition Limit... 13
6.3 Charged Object Safety Management Limit... 13
7 Solid Material Protection Measures... 14
8 Liquid Material Protection Measures... 17
8.1 Filling and Sampling... 17
8.2 Stirring, Mixing and Blending... 20
8.3 Purging and Cleaning... 20
8.4 Anti-electrostatic Operation Requirements for Tank Trucks... 21
8.5 Anti-electrostatic Operation Requirements for Oil Tankers and Ships... 21
8.6 Anti-electrostatic Requirements for Aircraft Refueling... 22
8.7 Anti-electrostatic Requirements for Oil Drum Refueling... 22
8.8 Anti-electrostatic Requirements for Pipelines... 22
9 Anti-electrostatic Measures for Gaseous and Powdery Materials... 23
10 Human Body Electrostatic Protection Measures... 25
11 Analysis and Determination of Electrostatic Accidents... 26
Appendix A (informative) Electrostatic Electrification Polarity Sequence of Common
Materials... 28
Appendix B (normative) Classification of Fire Hazards of Liquid Petroleum Products
... 30
Appendix C (informative) Relations between Human Body’s Charged Potential and the
Degree of Electrostatic Shock... 31
Bibliography... 32
General Requirements for Preventing Electrostatic
Accidents
1 Scope
This document specifies the general requirements for electrostatic protection, electrostatic
management measures, requirements for area of electrostatic hazards, electrostatic protection
measures for solid, liquid, gaseous and powdery materials, human body electrostatic protection
measures, as well as analysis and determination of electrostatic accidents to prevent combustion
and explosion caused by electrostatic discharge.
This document is applicable to the design and management of area of electrostatic hazards.
NOTE. protection against other electrostatic hazards (for example, electrostatic shock) may take
this as a reference.
This document does not apply to the prevention of electrostatic hazards of explosives and
powders, electric initiating explosive devices, and fireworks.
2 Normative References
The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document
through the normative references in the text. In terms of references with a specified date, only
versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references without a
specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 3684 Conveyor Belts - Electrical Conductivity - Specification and Test Method
GB/T 3836.26-2019 Explosive Atmospheres - Part 26.Electrostatic Hazards - Guidance
GB 6950 Safe Rest Conductivity of Light Fuel Oil
GB 8965.1 Protective Clothing - Flame Retardant Protective Clothing
GB/T 9572 Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Hose Assemblies - Determination of Electrical
Resistance and Conductivity
GB 12014 Protective Clothing - Static Protective Clothing
GB/T 15463 Electrostatic Safety Terminology
GB 21148 Foot Protection - Safety Footwear
GB/T 22845 Anti-electrostatic Glove
GB 50058 Code for Design of Electrical Installations in Explosive Atmospheres
GB/T 50493 Standard for Design of Combustible Gas and Toxic Gas Detection and Alarm for
Petrochemical Industry
3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 15463 and GB 6951 and the following are applicable
to this document.
3.1 static conductor
Under the conditions of use, the material with a volume resistivity less than or equal to 1 106
m (i.e., the conductivity is greater than or equal to 1 106 S/m) or the solid surface with a
surface resistivity less than or equal to 1 107 .
NOTE. the volume resistivity and surface resistivity of various materials and surfaces need to be
tested in the temperature and humidity environment specified by the standard test method.
If the test conditions are optional, the conditions of use refer to the temperature and
humidity conditions closest to the environment of use.
3.2 static sub-conductor
Under the conditions of use, the material with a volume resistivity greater than 1 106 m
and less than 1 1010 m (i.e., the conductivity is greater than 1 1010 S/m and less than 1
106 S/m) or the solid surface with a surface resistivity greater than 1 107 and less than 1
1011 .
NOTE. the volume resistivity and surface resistivity of various materials and surfaces need to be
tested in the temperature and humidity environment specified by the standard test method.
If the test conditions are optional, the conditions of use refer to the temperature and
humidity conditions closest to the environment of use.
3.3 static non-conductor
Under the conditions of use, the material with a volume resistivity greater than or equal to 1
1010 m (i.e., the conductivity is less than or equal to 1 1010 S/m) or the solid surface with
a surface resistivity greater than or equal to 1 1011 .
NOTE. the volume resistivity and surface resistivity of various materials and surfaces need to be
tested in the temperature and humidity environment specified by the standard test method.
If the test conditions are optional, the conditions of use refer to the temperature and
humidity conditions closest to the environment of use.
3.4 minimum ignition energy; MIE
Under normal temperature and pressure conditions, the minimum electrical energy required to
[source. GB 6951-1986, 1.1]
3.13 relaxation time of charge
The time required for the charge (or potential) on a charged body to dissipate to 1/e (about 37%)
of its initial value.
3.14 relaxation chamber
A thick-diameter pipe section or relaxation storage tank installed in the pipeline system to slow
down the flow of charged liquid flowing in the pipe, so that the charge can be thoroughly leaked
and attenuated to a safe range.
3.15 time of response; time of rest
When producing in a place with electrostatic hazards exist, the interval time required from the
equipment stopping operation to the static electricity carried by the material (usually liquid)
dissipating to below the safe value, allowing the next operation to be carried out.
3.16 electrostatic discharge
The phenomenon that the electric field strength formed by a charged object exceeds the
breakdown field strength of the surrounding medium, or contacts with other objects, causing
the charge to dissipate or transfer.
3.17 electrostatic accident
An unexpected incident that causes casualties or property loss due to electrostatic discharge.
4 General Requirements
4.1 Discharge and Ignition
4.1.1 The workplace shall reduce the generation of high ignition capacity electrostatic discharge
types, such as spark discharge and propagating brush discharge. Different discharge forms have
different ignition capabilities. The characteristics of typical electrostatic discharges and their
ignition capabilities are shown in Table 1.
Appendix A for the table of electrostatic electrification polarity sequence.
4.2.1.2 In the design of production process, the impact, friction and separation process shall be
reduced by optimizing the process, and the contact area and pressure of the relevant materials
shall be reduced, the number of contacts shall be reduced, and the movement and separation
speed shall be reduced.
4.2.2 Accelerate electrostatic dissipation
4.2.2.1 In the area of electrostatic hazards, all static conductors insulated from the earth shall
be earthed. Metal objects shall be in conductive connection with the earth through metal
conductors. Static conductors and sub-conductors other than metals shall be indirectly earthed.
4.2.2.2 The anti-electrostatic earthing wire shall not utilize the neutral wire of the power supply,
shall not be shared with the exclusive downlead for lightning protection, and shall not be
connected to the earth in series.
4.2.2.3 The earthing resistance shall not be greater than 100 . The leakage resistance of the
static conductor shall not be greater than 1.0 106 , and the leakage resistance of the static
sub-conductor shall not be greater than 1.0 109 . When a leakage resistor is required to limit
the discharge current of the static conductor to the earth, the leakage resistance shall be greater
than 1.0 104 .
4.2.2.4 When indirect earthing is performed, metal foil shall be added between the metal
conductor and the non-metallic electrostatic conductor or electrostatic sub-conductor, or
conductive paint or conductive agent shall be applied to reduce contact resistance.
4.2.2.5 Production process equipment shall adopt electrostatic conductors or electrostatic sub-
conductors. The use of electrostatic non-conductors shall be confirmed by tests or normative
documents for their safety. The test records or confirmation materials shall be included in the
electrostatic protection management system.
4.2.2.6 If the process allows, the relative humidity of the local environment shall be increased
to more than 50%, but humidification shall not be used in the 0 zone of explosive gas
atmosphere.
4.2.2.7 For highly charged materials, the electrostatic risk shall be reduced by installing a
relaxation chamber at an appropriate position near the discharge outlet, or by adding an
appropriate amount of anti-electrostatic additives to certain materials to reduce their resistivity.
4.2.2.8 Operating tools made of electrostatic conductors at the production site shall be earthed.
4.2.3 Supplementary measures
4.2.3.1 The charged body shall be partially or completely shielded from static electricity, or
various forms of metal mesh shall be utilized to reduce the accumulation of static electricity. At
the same time, the shielding body or metal mesh shall be reliably earthed.
---Explosion-proof electrostatic eliminators shall be used in the area of electrostatic
hazards;
---To eliminate static electricity belonging to electrostatic non-conductive materials,
different types of electrostatic eliminators shall be used in accordance with the on-site
conditions;
---The electrostatic eliminators shall be installed at the location where the charged body is
close to the highest potential.
5 Electrostatic Management Measures
5.1 General Requirements
The relevant organizations of the area of electrostatic hazards shall adopt necessary
management measures to standardize the various processes and links of electrostatic protection,
and the electrostatic protection technology and methods, equipment, appliances and personnel
behaviors therein.
5.2 Organizational Management
The relevant organizations of the area of electrostatic hazards shall clearly define the highest
manager of electrostatic protection and the electrostatic protection management
implementation department.
5.3 Documents
An electrostatic hazard control scheme shall be formulated in the area of electrostatic hazards
and become part of the internal management normative documents of the organization. Its
content shall at least include.
---Possible electrostatic hazards;
---Manifestations of electrostatic hazards;
---Causes of electrostatic hazards;
---Control measures of electrostatic hazards;
---Personnel training plan;
---Verification of anti-electrostatic measures;
---Relevant records of electrostatic protection behaviors.
5.4 Personnel
Personnel working in the area of electrostatic hazards shall receive regular anti-electrostatic
hazard training. The training shall be combined with the actual work of the organization, and
the content shall include training on laws, regulations, standards, implementation methods of
anti-electrostatic measures, necessary drills and knowledge supplements.
Non-operating personnel entering the area of electrostatic hazards, including but not limited to
short-term visitors, maintenance personnel, cleaning personnel, etc., shall be equipped with
publicly available individual anti-electrostatic equipment. Before entering the area of
electrostatic hazards, experienced staff shall inform relevant regulations.
5.5 Identification
Related organizations of the area of electrostatic hazards shall identify specific information of
electrostatic sensitive objects within the range of operation, identify the range of the area of
electrostatic hazards, electrostatic hazardous links, electrostatic protection personnel, supplies,
equipment and facilities.
5.6 Inspection
In the work, key data shall be monitored and recorded in real time in accordance with the
electrostatic hazard control plan, and the monitoring device shall be regularly measured by a
qualified third-party institution. The frequency of inspection, testing and measurement depends
on the purpose, durability and risk of failure of the controlled object.
An inspection mechanism for electrostatic protection management shall be established, and
corrective measures shall be taken in a timely manner for problems and non-conformities found
during the inspection.
5.7 Signs and Records
All areas of electrostatic hazards shall have obvious hazard signs. The signs shall indicate the
rating of the area of electrostatic hazards and the entrance and boundaries of the area of
electrostatic hazards. The area of electrostatic hazards shall have signs, such as earthing points,
anti-electrostatic items that shall be used, necessary clothing, electrostatic hazardous zone and
activity restrictions, etc.
Electrostatic sensitive objects and anti-electrostatic packaging / equipment containing
electrostatic sensitive objects shall be posted with clear and explicit risk level signs.
All work shall be recorded and preserved.
6 Area of Electrostatic Hazards
6.1 Division of Area of Electrostatic Hazards
When there are explosive mixtures that can be ignited or detonated by static electricity in the
environment, or when explosive mixtures that can be detonated by static electricity are directly
processed, handled, etc. in the environment, the environment is an area of electrostatic hazards.
In accordance with the probability of explosion accidents caused by static electricity in the
workplace, the area of electrostatic hazards is divided into Zone 0, Zone 1, Zone 2 (explosive
gas atmosphere) and Zone 20, Zone 21, Zone 22 (explosive dust atmosphere). The division of
each zone shall be carried out in accordance with GB 50058.
6.2 Electrostatic Discharge Ignition Limit
6.2.1 The electrostatic discharge energy between conductors is calculated in accordance with
Formula (1).
Where,
W---the discharge energy, expressed in (J);
C---the equivalent capacitance between conductors, expressed in (F);
U---the potential difference between conductors, expressed in (V);
In the atmospheric environment, in accordance with Formula (1), when the discharge energy
(W) is greater than the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of the combustible, there is a risk of
ignition.
6.2.2 When the potential between two conductor electrodes is lower than 1.5 kV, the alkane
petroleum vapor with a minimum ignition energy greater than or equal to 0.25 mJ will not be
ignited due to electrostatic discharge.
6.2.3 Inductive corona discharge occurring in a local space, for example, an earthed needle tip
will not ignite a combustible gas with a minimum ignition energy greater than 0.2 mJ.
6.3 Charged Object Safety Management Limit
6.3.1 When liquid storage tanks and conveying pipelines made of non-metallic materials are
used in explosive atmospheres, the materials used shall satisfy the requirements of surface
resistivity less than 1 1010 or volume resistivity less than 1 108 m, or other electrostatic
protection measures shall be taken.
NOTE. other electrostatic protection measures include the use of electrostatic eliminators and inert
gas protection, etc.
6.3.2 The maximum width and surface area of exposed electrostatic non-conductor parts in
explosive gas atmosphere shall comply with the provisions of Table 2.If the process requires
that the exposed area and the width of the exposed surface of electrostatic non-conductor
products exceed the requirements of Table 2, the degree of electrification shall be specifically
evaluated, and if necessary, corresponding measures shall be taken. The evaluation process and
the measures taken shall be documented and included in the electrostatic protection
management system documents.
6.3.3 For solid electrostatic non-conductors without earthing conductors within 15 cm of the
back, for combustible gases with a minimum ignition energy greater than 0.2 mJ, the safe
potential that does not produce ignition discharge is 15 kV.
7 Solid Material Protection Measures
7.1 When non-metallic electrostatic conductors or electrostatic sub-conductors are connected
to metal conductors, the area of close contact shall be greater than 20 cm2.
7.2 All constituent parts of the overhead piping system shall maintain reliable electrical
connections. Outdoor systems shall also satisfy the requirements of relevant national lightning
protection regulations.
7.3 Earthing conductors used on vibrating and frequently moving devices shall not use stranded
wires or metal chains, but bare stranded wires or braided wires over 6 mm2.
7.4 When using dissipative coating materials to coat non-anti-electrostatic materials, pay
attention to the following properties of the coating materials.
a) It shall be ensured that the dissipative coating cannot be washed off, wiped off, or
become ineffective over time. Otherwise, such coating is only suitable as a temporary
measure to reduce the accumulation of electrostatic charge.
b) When adding materials to make the surface absorb moisture to improve surface
conductivity, it shall be noted that if the ambient humidity is too low (relative
humidity is less than 30%), the materials may become insulating materials and
accumulate electrostatic charge.
c) The dissipative additives used in anti-electrostatic packaging materials shall match
the packaged products. If the product absorbs the dissipative additives that it contacts,
then, it may cause product contamination and / or loss of packaging dissipative
properties.
7.5 For the conveyor belts used to convey or transport solid materials, the materials conveyed
to the stub bar or chute through the end of the conveyor belts can carry a large amount of charge,
and attention shall be paid to the risk of electrostatic ignition. The conveyor belts used for
different occasions and their speed requirements shall comply with the requirements of Table
3.Table 3 does not apply to conveyor belts that dissipate charge through the mode of corona
discharge. It shall be noted that conductive or dissipative conveyor belts cannot remove the
charge carried by insulating conveyed objects.
Table 3 -- Requirements for Conveyor Belts
Belt
Speed Zone 0
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 20
Zone 21 Zone 22 II C II A and II B MIE 10 mJ
MIE >
10 mJ
adhesive used to connect the conveyor belts does not interrupt the conductive path.
8 Liquid Material Protection Measures
8.1 Filling and Sampling
8.1.1 The liquid shall be controlled within a safe flow rate range.
8.1.2 When using small portable containers to fill inflammable insulating liquids, metal or
electrostatic conductive containers shall be used, and electrostatic non-conductive containers
shall not be used. Metal containers and metal funnels shall be bridged and earthed.
8.1.3 When filling light oil, the oil surface potential shall be lower than 12 kV.
8.1.4 The safe static conductivity of light oil shall be greater than 50 pS/m.
8.1.5 When using hoses to convey inflammable liquids, conductive hoses or rubber hoses with
metal wires or meshes inside shall be used, and when connecting, attention shall be paid to the
conductivity of static electricity.
8.1.6 The oil loading crane pipe, pipeline, and tank truck shall be bridged and earthed. When
top loading is adopted, the oil loading crane pipe mouth shall penetrate to no more than 200
mm from the bottom of the tank.
8.1.7 During the conveying and filling process, effective measures shall be taken to prevent the
liquid from splashing. The end of the oil filling pipe entering the tank from the bottom or top
shall be designed into an inverted T shape that is not easy to cause the liquid to splash, or a
guide plate shall be added; when filling from the top, the liquid shall flow down slowly along
the side wall.
8.1.8 When filling large containers, for example, tank trucks, with hydrocarbon liquids, the
mode of oil filling from the bottom shall be preferred. If the top oil filling is used as a last resort,
the oil filling pipe shall extend into the tank no more than 200 mm from the bottom of the tank.
During the top oil filling process, before the oil filling pipe is immersed in the liquid surface,
its flow rate shall be limited to less than 1 m/s. When the injection port is immersed in 200 mm,
the flow rate can be gradually increased, but the maximum flow rate shall not exceed 4.5 m/s.
If other effective anti-electrostatic measures (such as anti-electrostatic additives, electrostatic
eliminators, etc.) are used, the degree of electrification shall be specifically evaluated. The
evaluation process and measures taken shall be documented and become part of the internal
management normative documents of the organization.
8.1.9 Tanks that have been filled with highly volatile products, for example, gasoline, shall not
be switched to be filled with low-volatile oil products.
8.1.10 The inlet and outlet pipe mouths of light oil products shall be close to the bottom of the
oil tank. The classification method of light oil products shall comply with Appendix B.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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