GB/T 8190.1: Evolution and historical versions
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| GB/T 8190.1-2023 | English | RFQ |
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Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 1: Test-bed measurement systems of gaseous and particulate emissions
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GB/T 8190.1-2023
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| GB/T 8190.1-2010 | English | RFQ |
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Reciprocating internal combustion engines -- Exhaust emission measurement -- Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions
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GB/T 8190.1-2010
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| GB/T 8190.1-1999 | English | RFQ |
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Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Exhaust emission measurement--Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions
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GB/T 8190.1-1999
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| GB/T 8190-1987 | English | RFQ |
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Diesel engine emissions--Specifications for analytical system
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GB/T 8190-1987
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PDF similar to GB/T 8190.1-2023
Basic data | Standard ID | GB/T 8190.1-2023 (GB/T8190.1-2023) | | Description (Translated English) | Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 1: Test-bed measurement systems of gaseous and particulate emissions | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J90 | | Classification of International Standard | 27.020 | | Word Count Estimation | 138,196 | | Date of Issue | 2023-05-23 | | Date of Implementation | 2023-12-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 8190.1-2010, ���ִ���: GB/T 8190.11-2009 | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration | GB/T 8190.1-2023: Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 1: Test-bed measurement systems of gaseous and particulate emissions
---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
ICS 27:020
CCSJ90
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Replace GB/T 8190:1-2010, partially replace GB/T 8190:11-2009
Emission measurement of reciprocating internal combustion engines
Part 1: Gas and particulate emissions
Test bench measurement system
(ISO 8178-1:2020, IDT)
Released on 2023-05-23
2023-12-01 Implementation
State Administration for Market Regulation
Released by the National Standardization Management Committee
table of contents
Preface VII
Introduction IX
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations 8
4:1 General symbols 8
4:2 Fuel composition symbol 9
4:3 Chemical composition symbols and abbreviations 10
4:4 Abbreviations 10
5 General measurement principles 12
5:1 Emission measurement principle 12
5:1:1 Emission component mass 12
5:2 Exhaust sampling and dilution 13
5:2:1 General requirements for sampling 13
5:2:2 Gas sampling 14
5:2:3 Raw Exhaust Sampling for Gas Emissions 16
5:2:4 Dilution sampling of gaseous emissions16
5:2:5 Dilution system 16
5:2:6 Dilution sampling of particulate emissions18
5:3 Measuring instruments 18
5:3:1 General 18
5:3:2 Data recording and control 19
5:3:3 Performance specifications for measuring instruments 20
6 Engine and environment-related measuring equipment 21
6:1 Dynamometer specification 21
6:2 Speed and torque sensors 22
6:2:1 Shaft work 22
6:2:2 Speed sensor 22
6:2:3 Torque sensor 22
6:2:4 Engine accessories 22
6:3 Pressure transducers, temperature and dew point sensors 22
6:4 Flow related measurements 23
6:4:1 Fuel flow 23
6:4:2 Intake air flow 23
6:4:3 Original exhaust flow 23
6:4:4 Indirect exhaust flow 24
6:4:5 Dilution Air and Dilution Exhaust Flow Meters 25
6:4:6 Sample flow meter for batch sampling 26
6:4:7 Use of gas distributors 26
7 Determination of gas components 26
7:1 General Specifications 26
7:2 Gas drying 26
7:3 Analyzers 26
7:3:1 General 26
7:3:2 Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis 26
7:3:3 Oxygen (O2) analysis 27
7:3:4 Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis 27
7:3:5 Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) analysis 27
7:3:6 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) analysis 27
7:3:7 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) analysis 29
7:3:8 Ammonia (NH3) analysis 29
7:3:9 Nitrous oxide (N2O) analysis 29
7:3:10 Formaldehyde (HCHO) analysis 29
7:3:11 Methanol (CH3OH) analysis 29
7:3:12 Air-fuel ratio measurement 30
7:4 Measuring system 30
7:4:1 General 30
7:4:2 Analysis system 30
7:4:3 Ammonia analysis 30
7:4:4 Methane analysis 35
7:4:5 Methanol analysis 37
7:4:6 Formaldehyde analysis 38
8 Determination of particulate matter 39
8:1 Particulate matter mass 39
8:1:1 PSP 39
8:1:2 Delivery pipe 40
8:1:3 Pre-classifier 40
8:1:4 Particulate matter sampling filter paper 40
8:1:5 Specifications for weighing chambers and analytical balances 41
8:2 Particle count 42
8:2:1 Sampling 42
8:2:2 Compensation of Particle Number Sample Flow Rate --- Full Flow Dilution System 42
8:2:3 Compensation of Particle Number Sample Flow --- Partial Flow Dilution System 42
8:2:4 PM measurement correction 43
8:2:5 Partial flow dilution sampling ratio 43
8:3 Particle Dilution Sampling System Equipment 43
8:3:1 Overview 43
8:3:2 Partial flow dilution system 43
8:3:3 Full flow dilution system 45
8:3:4 Particulate sampling systems 47
8:4 Particle count measuring equipment 49
8:4:1 System overview 49
8:4:2 General requirements 49
8:4:3 Special requirements 49
8:4:4 Typical system overview 51
9 Calibration and Verification 55
9:1 Calibration and performance check 55
9:1:1 Overview 55
9:1:2 Overview of calibration and verification 55
9:1:3 Accuracy, Repeatability, and Noise Verification 56
9:1:4 Linearity verification 57
9:1:5 Continuous gas analysis system response and update record verification 59
9:1:6 Response time verification of compensated analyzers 61
9:2 Analytical gas 62
9:2:1 Overview 62
9:2:2 Gas specification 62
9:2:3 Concentration and expiration date 63
9:2:4 Gas delivery 63
9:3 Vacuum side leak verification 63
9:3:1 Scope and frequency 63
9:3:2 Measuring principles 64
9:3:3 Low flow leak test 64
9:3:4 Span gas dilution leak test 64
9:3:5 Vacuum decay leak test 64
9:4 Conversion Verification of NO2 to NO Converter 65
9:4:1 Scope and frequency 65
9:4:2 Measuring principles 65
9:4:3 System requirements 65
9:4:4 Procedure 65
9:5 Calibration and settings for gas measurements 66
9:5:1 Scope and frequency 66
9:5:2 Calibration 66
9:5:3 HCFID response optimization 66
9:5:4 Determination of HCFID methane response coefficient 67
9:5:5 HCFID methane (CH4) response verification 67
9:5:6 Non-stoichiometric Raw Exhaust FIDO2 Interference Verification 68
9:5:7 NMC Efficiency 69
9:5:8 CO and CO2 measurement 71
9:5:9 NOx measurement 73
9:5:10 Methanol response coefficient 81
9:6 Calibration of PM mass measurement system 82
9:6:1 Overview 82
9:6:2 Partial Flow Status Check 82
9:6:3 PM Balance Verification and Weighing Process Verification 82
9:7 Calibration of particle count measurement systems 84
9:7:1 Calibration of particle counters 84
9:7:2 Calibration/Verification of VPR 85
9:7:3 Particle count system inspection procedures 85
9:8 Calibration of the CVS Full Flow Dilution System 86
9:8:1 Overview 86
9:8:2 Calibration of PDP 86
9:8:3 Calibration of CFV 88
9:8:4 Calibration of SSV 89
9:8:5 CVS System and Batch Sampler Verification (Propane Check) 91
9:8:6 Periodic calibration of part-flow PM and related raw exhaust gas measurement systems 94
9:9 Dynamometer Calibration 96
9:9:1 Torque Calibration 96
9:10 Temperature, pressure and dew point sensor calibration 97
9:11 Flow-related measurements 97
9:11:1 Fuel flow calibration 97
9:11:2 Intake Air Flow Calibration 97
9:11:3 Exhaust flow calibration 97
Appendix A (Normative) 1980 International Gravity Formula 98
Appendix B (Normative) System Equivalence Determination 99
Appendix C (Normative) Carbon Flow Check 100
Appendix D (Normative) Statistical Formulas 103
Appendix E (informative) Partial Flow Dilution System Sample 111
Appendix F (Informative) Exhaust Gas Analysis System Sample 119
References 122
Figure 1 Definition of System Response: Delay Time, Response Time, Rise Time, and Transition Time7
Figure 2 Test procedure for emission quality measurement13
Figure 3 Flow chart of methane analysis (GC method) 35
Figure 4 Flow chart of methane analysis (NMC method) 37
Figure 5 Methanol analysis flow chart 38
Figure 6 Formaldehyde analysis flow chart 38
Fig: 7 Schematic diagram of sampling probe with cap-shaped pre-classifier 40
Figure 8 Partial flow dilution system 44
Figure 9 full flow dilution system 45
Figure 10 Particle Sampling System 47
Figure 11 Second dilution and particle sampling system (full flow system only) 48
Figure 12 Schematic diagram of a typical particle sampling system --- partial flow sampling 51
Figure 13 Schematic diagram of a typical particle sampling system --- full flow sampling 52
Figure 14 Schematic diagram of a typical particle sampling system --- raw exhaust gas sampling 53
Figure 15 Schematic diagram of CVS calibration of diluted exhaust gas 87
Figure C:1 Measuring point 100 for carbon flow check
Figure E:1 Partial flow dilution system with isokinetic probe and proportional sampling (SB control) 111
Figure E:2 Partial flow dilution system with isokinetic probe and proportional sampling (PB control) 112
Figure E:3 Partial flow dilution system with CO2 or NOx concentration measurement and proportional sampling 113
Figure E:4 Partial flow dilution system with CO2 concentration measurement, carbon balance and total sampling 114
Figure E:5 Partial flow dilution system with single venturi, concentration measurement and proportional sampling 114
Figure E:6 Partial flow dilution system with double venturi or double orifice flow meter, concentration measurement and proportional sampling 115
Figure E:7 Partial flow dilution system with multi-pipe split, concentration measurement and proportional sampling 116
Figure E:8 Partial flow dilution system with flow control and proportional sampling 117
Figure F:1 System flow chart for analyzing CO, CO2, NOx, HC and O2 in raw exhaust gas 119
Figure F:2 System flow diagram for analyzing CO, CO2, NOx, HC and O2 in diluted exhaust gas 119
Table 1 International Traceable Accreditation Standards 3
Table 2 General symbols 8
Table 3 Gas Batch Sampling Container Materials 15
Table 4 Data recording and control minimum frequency 19
Table 5 Recommended Measuring Instrument Performance Specifications 20
Table 6 Summary of Calibration and Verification Required55
Table 7 Measuring devices requiring linearity verification 58
Table 8 Pollutant limits applicable to the measurement of raw exhaust or diluted exhaust62
Table 9 Pollutant limits applicable to raw exhaust gas measurement62
Table D:1 Critical t-values corresponding to degrees of freedom ν 104
Table D:2 F critical value Fcrit90 106 corresponding to different (N-1) values and (Nref-1) values at 90% confidence level
Table D:3 F critical value Fcrit95 108 corresponding to different (N-1) values and (Nref-1) values at 95% confidence level
foreword
This document is in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 1:1-2020 "Guidelines for Standardization Work Part 1: Structure and Drafting Rules for Standardization Documents"
drafting:
This document is part 1 of GB/T 8190 "Emission Measurement of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines": GB/T 8190 has issued the following parts:
--- Part 1: Test bench measurement system for gas and particulate emissions;
--- Part 2: On-site measurement of gas and particulate emissions;
--- Part 3: Definition and measurement method of exhaust smoke under steady-state conditions;
--- Part 4: Steady-state and transient test cycles for engines of different uses;
--- Part 5: Test fuel;
--- Part 6: Measurement results and test reports;
--- Part 7: Determination of the engine family;
--- Part 8: Determination of engine series;
--- Part 9: Test cycle and test procedure for compression ignition engine transient condition exhaust smoke test bench measurement;
--- Part 10: Test cycle and test procedures for on-site measurement of exhaust smoke under transient operating conditions of compression ignition engines:
This document replaces GB/T 8190:1-2010 "Emission Measurement of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Part 1: Tests for Gas and Particulate Emissions
Platform Measurement", partially replacing GB/T 8190:11-2009 "Emission Measurement of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Part 11: Engines for Non-road Mobile Machinery
Test bench measurements of gaseous and particulate emissions under engine transient conditions": This document is based on GB/T 8190:1-2010, integrating
Part of the content of GB/T 8190:11-2009, compared with GB/T 8190:1-2010, except for structural adjustment and editorial changes, the main technical
The changes are as follows:
--- Deleted the test conditions (see Chapter 3 of the:2010 edition);
--- Incorporate the relevant content of Chapter 8 "Emission Measurement Principle" of GB/T 8190:11-2009, and increase the emission measurement principle (see 5:1);
--- Changed the accuracy requirements of the engine speed and torque measurement equipment (see 5:3:3:2 Table 5, 7:4 of the:2010 edition);
---Change "Technical Requirements for Dynamometer" to "Specification for Dynamometer", and add examples of available dynamometers (see 6:1, 7:2 of the:2010 edition);
--- Increased the provisions of the dew point sensor equipment (see 6:3);
--- Incorporate the relevant content of "Gas composition measurement" in Chapter 9 and Chapter 10 of GB/T 8190:11-2009, and add gas composition
Continuous sampling measurement content (see 7:3:4:1);
--- Incorporate the relevant content of "Particulate Matter Measurement" in Chapter 9 and Chapter 10 of GB/T 8190:11-2009, and add continuous particulate matter
Sampling measurement content (see 8:2:1);
--- Increased the provisions of the particle number measurement system (see 8:4);
---Changed the calibration interval of instruments and equipment (see Table 6 in Chapter 9, 8:10 of the:2010 edition);
--- Deleted the operating conditions (test cycle) (see Chapter 11 of the:2010 edition);
--- Deleted the test run (see Chapter 12 of the:2010 edition);
--- Deleted the emission data assessment (see Chapter 13 of the:2010 edition);
--- Deleted the calculation of gas emissions (see Chapter 14 of the:2010 edition);
--- Deleted the calculation of particulate emissions (see Chapter 15 of the:2010 edition);
--- Deleted the calculation of exhaust mass flow and/or combustion air mass flow (see Appendix A of the:2010 edition);
--- Added "1980 International Gravity Formula" (see Appendix A);
--- Deleted the exhaust mass flow calculation program example (see Appendix B of the:2010 edition);
--- Incorporate the relevant content of Appendix G of GB/T 8190:11, and increase the content of "statistical formula" (see Appendix D):
This document is equivalent to ISO 8178-1:2020 "Emission Measurement of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Part 1: Tests for Gas and Particulate Emissions"
Bench Measurement System":
Please note that some contents of this document may refer to patents: The issuing agency of this document assumes no responsibility for identifying patents:
This document is proposed by China Machinery Industry Federation:
This document is under the jurisdiction of the National Internal Combustion Engine Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC177):
This document is drafted by: Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Co:, Ltd:, Shanghai Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute Co:, Ltd:, Weichai Power Co:, Ltd:
Co:, Ltd:, Zhejiang Hexia Technology Co:, Ltd:, Xuelong Group Co:, Ltd:, Tianjin Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute (Tianjin Motorcycle Technology Center
Center), Changchai Co:, Ltd:, Weifang Internal Combustion Engine Quality Inspection Center Co:, Ltd:
The main drafters of this document: Xie Yaping, Qin Zhenshan, Guo Hua, Qiao Liangliang, Wang Decheng, Ji Weibin, Liu Xinghai, He Zhisheng, Yu Leibin, Qin Jing,
Luo Wei, Yin Huiqiong:
The release status of previous versions of this document and the documents it replaces are as follows:
---GB/T 8190:1, first released as GB/T 8190:1-1999 in:1999 (the release status of the previous versions of the replacement file is:
GB 8190-1987 "Technical Requirements for Diesel Engine Exhaust Analysis System", GB 8191-1987 "Carbon Monoxide,
Determination of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides by non-spectral infrared method", GB 8192-1987 "Determination of nitrogen oxides in diesel engine exhaust
Determination of Chemiluminescence Analysis"), the first revision in:2010;
---GB/T 8190:11, first released in:2009:
Introduction
This document is a measurement procedure for determining the emission levels of gaseous and particulate pollutants from non-vehicle reciprocating internal combustion engines: Its purpose is to provide
The emission characteristics of the engine can be used to indicate the performance of the engine in various applications and on different fuels by using appropriate weighting factors and test cycles:
lower emission levels: Emissions results are given in grams per kilowatt-hour and represent the emission rate per unit of work performed:
Many of the procedures described in this document are elaborations of laboratory methods, since the determination of emission values requires a complex set of individual
Instead of getting a single measurement: Therefore, the results obtained depend both on the engine and the test method and on the measurement process:
Due to the diversity of off-road uses, assessing emissions from off-road engines is more complex than the same task for on-road engines: For example, Tao
Road uses primarily consist of moving loads from one point to another on paved roads: Paved roads, maximum acceptable road loads and maximum allowable
Limitations on many fuel grades narrow the range of road vehicle and engine sizes: Engines for off-road vehicles come in a wider range of sizes, including
The engine that powers the device: Many engines are too large to use road-acceptable test equipment and methods: in unavailable
In the case of a dynamometer, the test may be carried out on site or under appropriate conditions:
In limited circumstances, engines that need to be tested on site according to GB/T 8190:2 can be tested on the test bench
test: But this can only be done with the consent of the parties involved: It should be recognized that data obtained under these circumstances may not be
The file is not completely consistent with previous or future data:
Additional test conditions and
special evaluation method:
If the test bench cannot be used or the actual emission information generated by the engine in use is required, the on-site test specified in GB/T 8190:2 can be used
Procedures and calculation methods:
ISO 8178 is under the jurisdiction of ISO /TC70/SC8: From:1994 to:2006, ISO /TC70/SC8 released 11 parts:
--- Part 1: Test bench measurement of gas and particulate emissions: The purpose is to establish the gas and
Methods for test bench measurement and assessment of particulate emissions:
--- Part 2: On-site measurement of gas and particulate emissions: The purpose is to establish the gas pressure under the steady state and transient conditions of the reciprocating internal combustion engine:
Field testing and assessment methods for solid and particulate emissions:
--- Part 3: Definition and measurement method of exhaust smoke under steady-state conditions: The purpose is to establish the two
A method of measuring smoke exhaust characteristics: One method is to use the lightness and darkness of the measuring beam to evaluate the extinction degree of the exhaust smoke, and the other method
The blackness of the filter paper is used to evaluate the soot content:
--- Part 4: Steady-state test cycle for engines of different uses: The purpose is to establish the connection to the dynamometer for measurement and evaluation
Steady-state test cycle for gaseous and particulate emissions from reciprocating internal combustion engines:
--- Part 5: Test fuel: The purpose is to establish the recommended use for emission measurements according to the emission test cycle described in ISO 8178-4:
used fuel:
--- Part 6: Measurement results and test reports: The purpose is to establish a data format for the reporting of emissions measurements of reciprocating internal combustion engines:
--- Part 7: Determination of the engine family: The purpose is to establish the criteria used to determine the technical specifications of the engine family and select the source machine
parameter:
--- Part 8: Determination of the engine group: The purpose is to establish the technical specification for determining the engine group and select the source engine of the group
parameters:
--- Part 9: Test cycle and test procedure for compression ignition engine transient condition exhaust smoke test bench measurement: purpose is to
Test cycle and test procedure for evaluating compression ignition engine exhaust smoke on a stand-up test stand:
--- Part 10: Test cycle and test procedures for on-site measurement of exhaust smoke under transient conditions of compression ignition engines: purpose is to establish
Test cycle and test procedure for evaluating compression ignition engine exhaust smoke under field conditions:
--- Part 11: Test bench measurement of gas and particulate emissions from engines for non-road mobile machinery under transient conditions: purpose is
To establish a test bench measurement and evaluation method for gaseous and particulate emissions from reciprocating internal combustion engines under transient conditions:
After:2010, ISO /TC70/SC8 started the integration of ISO 8178: By:2017, completed the ISO 8178-1:
2006, ISO 8178-4:2007 and ISO 8178-11:2006 integration, issued ISO 8178-1:2017 and ISO 8178-4:2017 (2020
In:2019, ISO 8178-3:1994, ISO 8178-9:2012
Integrated with ISO 8178-10:2002, ISO 8178-3:2019 and ISO 8178-9:2019 were released: So far, ISO 8178 has changed from the original 11
These parts are integrated into 9 parts, and GB/T 8190 is intended to be consistent with it, consisting of 9 parts:
--- Part 1: Test bench measurement system for gas and particulate emissions: The purpose is to establish the gas and particulate emission of reciprocating internal combustion engines
The test bench measurement method of the object:
--- Part 2: On-site measurement of gas and particulate emissions: The purpose is to establish a standard for on-site testing and evaluation of gaseous and particulate emissions:
Determine the method:
--- Part 3: Test procedures for measuring the exhaust smoke of compression ignition engines using a filter paper smoke meter: The purpose is to establish the reciprocating
A method for measuring exhaust smoke using a filter paper smoke meter under steady-state operating conditions of an internal combustion engine:
--- Part 4: Steady-state and transient test cycles for engines of different uses: The purpose is to establish a reciprocating internal connection with the dynamometer
Test cycles, test procedures and evaluation of gas and particulate emissions from gas turbines:
--- Part 5: Test fuel: The purpose is to establish the recommendations for emission measurement according to the emission test cycle described in GB/T 8190:4
fuel used:
--- Part 6: Measurement results and test reports: The purpose is to establish a data format for the reporting of emissions measurements of reciprocating internal combustion engines:
--- Part 7: Determination of the engine family: The purpose is to establish the criteria used to determine the technical specifications of the engine family and select the source machine
parameter:
--- Part 8: Determination of the engine group: The purpose is to establish the technical specification for determining the engine group and select the source engine of the group
parameters:
--- Part 9: Test cycle and test procedures for measuring compression ignition engine exhaust smoke using an opacimeter: purpose is
Establishes a test cycle and test procedure for evaluating compression ignition engine exhaust smoke using an opacimeter:
Emission measurement of reciprocating internal combustion engines
Part 1: Gas and particulate emissions
Test bench measurement system
1 Scope
This document specifies the test bench measurement method for gaseous and particulate emissions from reciprocating internal combustion engines (RIC), which is essential for the determination of each
Weighting of dyes is necessary: Various combinations of engine load and speed reflect different uses of the engine (see ISO 8178-4):
This document applies to reciprocating internal combustion engines for mobile, transport and stationary use, but does not include vehicle engines mainly used for road travel: This article
Parts are suitable for engines such as earth moving machines, generator sets and others:
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential provisions of this document through normative references in the text: Among them, dated references
For documents, only the version corresponding to the date is applicable to this document; for undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to
this document:
GB/T 8190:4-2023 Emission Measurement of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Part 4: Steady-state and Transient Tests for Engines with Different Purposes
Loop (ISO 8178-4:2020, IDT)
ISO 5725-2 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 2: Determining the repeatability of standard measurement methods
method]
Note: GB/T 6379:2-2004 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 2: Determining repeatability and reproducibility of standard measurement methods
The basic method of sex (ISO 5725-2:1994, IDT)
ASTMF1471-1993 Standard test method for air purification performance of high-efficiency particulate air filter system (Standardtest
3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document:
3:1
Accuracyaccuracy
The absolute difference between the reference quantity yref and the arithmetic mean y of 10 yi:
Note 1: See Appendix D for a calculation example of accuracy:
Note 2: Refer to Table 5 for the specifications of instrument accuracy:
3:2
water condensationaqueouscondensation
Precipitation of aqueous components from the gas phase to the liquid phase:
NOTE: Water condensation is a function of humidity, pressure, temperature and concentration of other components such as sulfuric acid: These parameters vary with engine intake humidity, dilution air humidity, engine
The air-fuel ratio of the engine and the fuel composition (including the hydrogen content and sulfur content in the fuel) change:
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