GB/T 7233.1-2023 (GB/T7233.1-2023, GBT 7233.1-2023, GBT7233.1-2023) & related versions
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GB/T 7233.1-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS J 31
Replacing GB/T 7233.1-2009
Steel Castings – Ultrasonic Testing –
Part 1: Steel Castings for General Purposes
(ISO 4992-1:2020, MOD)
ISSUED ON: MARCH 17, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 01, 2023
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
Introduction ... 5
1 Scope ... 6
2 Normative References ... 6
3 Terms and Definitions ... 7
4 General Requirements ... 8
5 Testing Method ... 13
Appendix A (Informative) Structural Changes between this Document and ISO 4992-
1:2020 ... 23
Appendix B (Informative) Technical Differences and Their Causes between This
Document and ISO 4992-1:2020 ... 25
Appendix C (Informative) Diameter of Sound Beam ... 28
Appendix D (Informative) Display Type Generated by Typical Defects ... 30
Steel Castings – Ultrasonic Testing –
Part 1: Steel Castings for General Purposes
1 Scope
This Document specifies the general requirements and testing methods for ultrasonic testing of
steel castings for general purposes.
This Document applies to the ultrasonic testing of general-purposed steel castings having a
grain refining heat treatment and a wall thickness not exceeding 600 mm. For steel castings
with a wall thickness greater than 600mm, if there is no special requirement, refer to it.
This Document does not apply to austenitic steel and austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel.
Martensitic stainless steel can be implemented as a reference.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
GB/T 9445 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
(GB/T 9445-2015, ISO 9712:2012, IDT)
GB/T 12604.1 Non-destructive testing – Terminology - Ultrasonic testing (GB/T 12604.1-
2020, ISO 5577:2017, MOD)
GB/T 19799.1 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Specification for calibration
block No.1 (GB/T 19799.1-2015, ISO 2400:2012, IDT)
GB/T 19799.2 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Specification for calibration
block No.2 (GB/T 19799.2-2012, ISO 7963:2006, IDT)
GB/T 27664.1 Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test
equipment - Part 1: Instruments (GB/T 27664.1-2011, EN 12668-1:2000, MOD)
GB/T 27664.2 Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test
equipment - Part 2: Probes (GB/T 27664.2-2011, EN 12668-2:2001, MOD)
GB/T 27664.3 Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic test
equipment - Part 3: Combined equipment (GB/T 27664.3-2012, EN 12668-3:2000, MOD)
GB/T 39239 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Characterization and sizing of
discontinuities (GB/T 39239-2020, ISO 16827:2012, MOD)
GB/T 39240 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - General principles (GB/T
39240-2020, ISO 16810:2012, MOD)
GB/T 39242 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Sensitivity and range setting
(GB/T 39242-2020, ISO 16811:2012, MOD)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the terms and definitions given in GB/T 12604.1, GB/T
39240, GB/T 39242, GB/T 39292 and the following apply.
3.1 Point-like defect
A defect whose size is smaller than or equal to the beam diameter.
NOTE: The dimensions in this Document refer to the size of the defect in the direction of length, width
and wall thickness.
3.2 Extended defect
A defect whose size is larger than the beam diameter.
NOTE: The dimensions in this Document refer to the size of the defect in the direction of length, width
and wall thickness.
3.3 Planar defect
A defect with two-dimensional measurable dimension.
3.4 Volume defect
A defect with three-dimensional measurable dimension.
3.5 Rim zone
From the surface to one-third of the wall thickness, but no more than 30mm.
3.6 Non-measurable dimension
The size of the defect is smaller than the beam diameter and depends on the size and frequency
of the probe.
b) The angle of the angle probe shall be between 35° and 70°.
5.3.2.2 Straight probes or angle probes can be used for the inspection of steel castings; and the
appropriate probe type shall be selected according to the shape of the steel casting and the type
of defect to be detected.
5.3.2.3 To detect the near-surface area, a dual-crystal straight probe or a dual-crystal angle probe
shall be used.
5.3.3 Check ultrasonic testing equipment
The ultrasonic testing equipment shall be regularly checked in accordance with the provisions
of GB/T 27664.3.
5.3.4 Couplant
The couplant that complies with GB/T 39240 shall be used; and the same couplant shall be used
in the verification and subsequent testing. The coupling effect is checked using one or more
bottom waves parallel to the bottom.
5.3.5 Reference test block
According to the provisions of GB/T 39242, it shall be made of materials with the same or
similar acoustic properties as the inspected steel casting within a certain range; and the surface
condition is the same or similar. If the acoustic properties of the test block are different from
that of the steel casting to be inspected, transmission correction shall be carried out. Test blocks
are used to adjust sensitivity and range settings.
5.4 Preparation of steel casting surface for scanning
5.4.1 The preparation of the scanning surface, see GB/T 39240; the scanning surface shall be
able to maintain sufficient coupling with the probe; and there shall be no rust, scale, welding
spatter and other substances that interfere with the propagation of the sound beam and hinder
the movement of the probe.
5.4.2 When using a single crystal probe, in order to maintain sufficient coupling, the roughness
of the scanning surface shall reach Rα≤25μm. After machining, the surface roughness shall
reach Rα≤12.5μm. Special detection technology can have higher requirements on surface
quality, and the surface roughness shall reach Rα≤6.3μm.
5.5 Testing procedure
5.5.1 General principles
5.5.1.1 The best incident direction and suitable probe shall be selected mainly based on the
shape of the steel casting and possible defects after casting or repair welding. The supplier of
the steel casting shall formulate a suitable testing process specification.
5.5.1.2 It shall be detected from two opposite surfaces. When it can only be detected from one
surface, a near-field resolution probe shall be used additionally for near-surface defects.
5.5.1.3 Dual-element probes are only suitable for detecting thicknesses of 50mm and below. In
addition, when there is no other agreement between the supplier and the purchaser, all steel
castings shall use dual crystal straight probes or angle probes to detect the following areas
within 50mm in thickness:
a) Key areas, such as: rounded corners, variable cross-sections, and places where outer chillers
are added;
b) Repair welding area;
c) The prepared welding area specified at the time of ordering;
d) Special outer layers, important parts of steel castings specified when ordering.
5.5.1.4 For repair welding areas with a depth exceeding 50mm, other suitable angle probes shall
be used for supplementary testing. The angle of incidence of the angle probe is greater than 60°,
and the sound path shall not exceed 150mm.
5.5.1.5 The scanning of the probes shall overlap; and the overlapping rate shall be 15% greater
than the diameter or side length of the probes. All inspected areas shall be scanned regularly;
and the scanning speed shall not exceed 150mm/s.
5.5.2 Range setting
According to GB/T 39242, on the display screen of the testing instrument, use the following
test block or steel casting body to adjust with a straight probe or an angle probe:
a) The test block 1 shall be calibrated according to GB/T 19799.1 or the test block 2 shall
be calibrated according to GB/T 19799.2;
b) Reference test blocks made of materials with the same or similar acoustic properties as
the tested material;
c) The straight probe shall be located in the steel casting body which has the parallel surfaces
and the distance can be measured and recorded.
5.5.3 Sensitivity adjustment
5.5.3.1 General principles
After the range setting (see 5.5.2), the sensitivity adjustment shall be carried out according to
GB/T 39242, and one of the following two methods shall be used.
5.5.4 Display type
In the detection of steel casting, the following display types that appear alone or at the same
time shall be paid attention to and evaluated:
a) It is not attenuated by the bottom wave caused by the shape or coupling of the steel casting;
b) Echo of defects.
The attenuation of bottom wave is expressed by the decreasing value of the height of the bottom
wave; the display of echo height is expressed by the equivalent diameter of flat-bottomed hole
or horizontal hole.
5.5.5 Record
5.5.5.1 Unless there are other provisions, when the bottom wave attenuation and defect echo
height whose values have been listed in Table 3 are reached or exceeded, they shall be recorded.
5.5.5.2 When the angle probe is used for testing, no matter what the defect amplitude is, it shall
record all the displays with traveling characteristics or obvious sizes in the wall thickness
direction; and it shall be determined by 5.5.7.2.
5.5.5.3 Record the defect location; mark on the workpiece and indicate in the test report. The
position of the reflection point shall also be recorded in the form of a schematic diagram or
photo.
5.5.6 Assessment
For the recorded defective area (see 5.5.5), it shall be further verified the type, shape, size, and
location.
Verification can adopt a change of ultrasonic detection technology (such as changing an
incidence angle) or another radiographic detection technology.
5.5.7 Characteristics and quantitative of defects
5.5.7.1 General principles
5.5.7.1.1 The characteristics and quantitative of defects can refer to GB/T 39239.
5.5.7.1.2 In engineering applications, only under certain conditions (such as the known defect
type, the simple geometric shape of the defect, and the best incident of the beam to the defect)
can the size of the defect accurately measured by ultrasonic technology.
5.5.7.1.3 By increasing the direction of the beam and the incident angle, the defect type can be
better characterized. In order to simplify the program, the defect characteristics are divided into
the following:
......
GB/T 7233.1-2009
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.80
J 31
Replacing GB/T 7233.1-1987
Steel Castings - Ultrasonic Examination –
Part 1. Steel Castings for General Purposes
(ISO 4992-1.2006, MOD)
ISSUED ON. OCTOBER 30, 2009
IMPLEMENTED ON. APRIL 1, 2010
Jointly Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision,
Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of
China;
Standardization Administration of the People's
Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative References ... 5
3 Terms and Definitions ... 6
4 General Requirements ... 7
5 Examination... 9
Appendix A ... 21
Appendix B ... 23
Appendix C ... 35
Appendix D ... 38
Foreword
GB/T 7233 "Steel Castings - Ultrasonic Examination" is divided into two parts.
— Part 1. Steel Castings for General Purposes;
— Part 2. Steel Castings for Highly Stressed Components.
This Part is the part 2 of GB/T 7233.
This Part modifies and adopts ISO 4992-1.2006; standard structure and technical
contents of this Part are basically the same as ISO 4992-1.2006. Compared with ISO
4992-1.2006, normative references in this Part was mostly changed, except that ISO
5577 was reserved; the others were revised correspondingly according to the actual
conditions of China.
For ease of use, the following editorial amendments are also made in this Part.
— Some formatting was revised according to Chinese habit;
— Revise some expressions that are applicable to international standard TO BE
ones that are applicable to national standards in China;
— Replace the decimal-comma "," with decimal ".".
This Part replaces corresponding proportion of GB/T 7233-1987 "Methods for
Ultrasonic Testing and for Specifying Severity levels of Steel Castings".
Compared with GB/T 7233-1987, main technical content changes of this Part are as
follows.
— Scope of application was revised ((see Chapter 1);
— Add order information (see 4.1);
— Requirements on quality grade were changed (see 4.3);
— Test method was revised;
— Add new Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C and Appendix D; the Appendix A,
Appendix B and Appendix C in previous edition were deleted from this Part.
Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C and Appendix D of this Part are informative.
This Part was proposed by the Standardization Administration of China.
This Part shall be under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee 54 on
Casting of Standardization Administration of China( SAC/TC 54).
Drafting organizations of this Part. Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry,
Shenyang Blower Works Group Corporation, and Northern Heavy Industries Group
Co., Ltd.
Chief drafting staffs of this Part. Sun Chungui, Zhang Zhaoqian, Qi Xing, Li Lengxi,
Wang Lihua, and Li Xingjie.
The previous edition replaced by this Part is as follows.
— GB/T 7233-1987.
Steel Castings - Ultrasonic Examination -
Part 1. Steel Castings for General Purposes
1 Scope
This Part of GB/T 7223 specifies the requirements for the ultrasonic examination of
steel castings (non-austenitic steel) for general purposes, and the methods for
determining internal discontinuities by the pulse-echo technique.
This Part is applicable to the ultrasonic examination of steel castings (non-austenitic
steel) which have usually received a grain-refining heat treatment, and which have
wall thicknesses up to and including 600 mm. For greater wall thicknesses, special
agreements shall be in place for the test procedure and recording levels.
This Part does not apply to austenitic steels and joint welds.
2 Normative References
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in
this text, constitute provisions of this Part of GB/T 7233. For dated references, the
subsequent amendments or revisions of these publications do not apply. However,
parties to agreements based on this Part are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
GB/T 5616 Non-destructive Testing - Guidelines for Application
GB/T 9445 Non-destructive Testing - Qualification and Certification of Personnel
(GB/T 9445-2008, ISO 7912.2005, IDT)
GB/T 12604.1 Non-destructive Testing - Terminology - Terms Used in Ultrasonic
Testing (GB/T 12604.1-2005, ISO 5577.2000 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic
Inspection - Vocabulary, IDT)
GB/T 15056 Evaluation Method on Cast Surface Roughness
GB/T 18694 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic Inspection - Characterization of
Search Unit and Sound Field (GB/T 18694-2002, eqv ISO 10375.1997(E))
GB/T 19799.1 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic Inspection- Calibration Block
No.1 (GB/T 19799.1-2005, ISO 2400.1972 Welds in Steel - Reference Block for the
Calibration of Equipment for Ultrasonic Examination, IDT)
GB/T 19799.2 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic Inspection- Specification for
Calibration Block No.2 (GB/T 19799.2-2005, ISO 7963.1985 Specification for
Calibration Block No. 2 for Ultrasonic Examination of Welds, IDT)
JB/T 9214 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of A Scope
Ultrasonic Pulse - Echo Testing Systems
JB/T 10061 Commonly Used Specification for A-mode Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
Using Pulse Echo Technique
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of GB/T 7233, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T
12604 AND the followings apply.
3.1 Reference discontinuity echo dimension
The smallest discontinuity to be recorded during the assessment phase of an
ultrasonic examination, usually expressed as an equivalent flat-bottomed hole
diameter.
3.2 Point discontinuity
The discontinuity of which the dimensions are smaller than or equal to the
sound-beam width.
Note. Dimensions in this part of ISO 4992 relate to length, width and/or dimension in the
through-wall direction.
3.3 Complex discontinuity
The discontinuity of which the dimensions are larger than the sound-beam width.
Note. Dimensions in this Part relate to length, width and/or dimension in the through-wall
direction.
3.4 Planar discontinuity
The discontinuity having two measurable dimensions.
3.5 Volumetric discontinuity
The discontinuity having three measurable dimensions.
of the casting; it shall clearly indicate on drawings that.
— accurate areas and dimensions;
— weld preparation zones and the thickness of special rim zone.
Severity level 1 is only applied to weld preparation zones and special rim zones.
Unless otherwise agreed during ordering, otherwise, the finishing-welding zone and
base-material shall be all of these zones shall be inspected and accepted according
to same-level.
5 Examination
5.1 General rules
The basic rules of ultrasonic examination are given in GB/T 5616.
5.2 Materials
The suitability of material for ultrasonic examination is assessed by comparing the
echo height of a reference reflector (usually the first backwall echo) WITH the noise
signal. This assessment shall be carried out on selected casting zones which are
representative of the surface finis. The assessment areas shall have parallel surfaces
and shall be at the largest thickness.
The reference echo height, according to Table 2, shall be at least 6 dB above the
noise signal.
If the echo height of this smallest detectable flat-bottomed or equivalent side-drilled
hole diameter at the end of the test range to be assessed is less than 6 dB above the
grass level, then the ultrasonic testability is reduced. In this case, the flat-bottomed or
side-drilled hole diameter which can be detected with a signal-noise ratio of at least 6
dB shall be noted in the test report, and the additional procedure shall be agreed
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Note. For the definition of an adequate flat-bottomed hole dimension, the distance gain
dimension system (DGS) or a test block of identical material, heat treatment condition and
section thickness containing flat-bottomed holes with a diameter according to Table 2 or
equivalent side-drilled holes, can be used.
The following formula is used for converting the flat-bottomed hole diameter into the
side-drilled hole diameter.
DD FBHQ
2
4935.4
The ultrasonic examination equipment shall be checked regularly by the operator in
accordance with JB/T 9214.
5.3.4 Coupling medium
A coupling medium in accordance with JB/T 9214 shall be used. The coupling medium
shall wet the examination area to ensure satisfactory sound transmission. The same
coupling medium shall be used for calibration and all subsequent examination
operations.
Note. The sound transmission can be checked by ensuring one or more stable backwall
echoes in areas with parallel surfaces.
5.4 Preparation of cast...
......
| Standard ID | GB/T 7233.1-2023 (GB/T7233.1-2023) | | Description (Translated English) | Steel castings -- Ultrasonic testing -- Part 1: Steel castings for general purposes | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20 | | Word Count Estimation | 36,332 | | Date of Issue | 2023-03-17 | | Date of Implementation | 2023-10-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 7233.1-2009 | | Drafting Organization | Shenyang Foundry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Anhui Yingliu Group Huoshan Foundry Co., Ltd., Steel Research Nanoco Testing Technology Co., Ltd., China Railway Baoqiao Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Dalong Special Materials Co., Ltd., Lanzhou Lanshi Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Sanming City Yijun Machinery Casting Co., Ltd., Xiangyang Jinnaite Machinery Co., Ltd., Tongyu Heavy Industry Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Fuling Casting Co., Ltd., Jinyun County Creer Testing Equipment Co., Ltd., Shandong Zhenting Seiko Piston Co., Ltd., Shandong Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd., North Heavy Industry Group Co., Ltd., Yantai Standard Metrology Inspection and Testing Center, Erzhong (Deyang) Heavy Equipment Co., Ltd., Harbin Electric Machinery Co., Ltd., CITIC Heavy Industry Machinery Co., Ltd., CRRC Changchun Rail Vehicle Co., Ltd. , CRRC Qiqihar vehicles | | Administrative Organization | National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 54) | | Proposing organization | National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 54) | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Management Committee | | Standard ID | GB/T 7233.1-2009 (GB/T7233.1-2009) | | Description (Translated English) | Steel castings - Ultrasonic examination - Part 1: Steel castings for general purposes | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20; 77.140.80 | | Word Count Estimation | 30,335 | | Date of Issue | 2009-10-30 | | Date of Implementation | 2010-04-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 7233-1987 | | Quoted Standard | GB/T 5616; GB/T 9445; GB/T 12604.1; GB/T 15056; GB/T 18694; GB/T 19799.1; GB/T 19799.2; JB/T 9214; JB/T 10061 | | Adopted Standard | ISO 4992-1-2006, MOD | | Drafting Organization | Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry | | Administrative Organization | Casting National Standardization Committee | | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Approval Announcement 2009 No.12 (Total No.152) | | Proposing organization | National Standardization Management Committee | | Issuing agency(ies) | General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, China National Standardization Administration Committee | | Summary | This standard specifies the terms and definitions for general purpose steel castings (non- austenitic) ultrasonic testing, General requirements and application pulse echo technique to detect internal defects. This section applies to general purpose steel castings (non- austenite) grain refinement heat treatment and a thickness not exceeding 600 mm ultrasonic testing of steel castings. For thickness greater than 600 mm of steel castings, should the agreement detection and recording limits. This section does not apply to austenitic steels. | | Standard ID | GB/T 7233-1987 (GB/T7233-1987) | | Description (Translated English) | Methods for ultrasonic testing and for specifying quality levels of steel castings | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20 | | Word Count Estimation | 13,147 | | Date of Issue | 1987/2/4 | | Date of Implementation | 1987/10/1 | | Drafting Organization | Ministry of Machinery Industry Shenyang Foundry Research Institute | | Administrative Organization | Shanghai Institute of Materials Industry, Ministry of Machinery Industry | | Proposing organization | Ministry of Machinery Industry of the People Republic of China | | Issuing agency(ies) | National Bureau of Standards |
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