GB/T 34501-2017 PDF in English
GB/T 34501-2017 (GB/T34501-2017, GBT 34501-2017, GBT34501-2017)
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Hard metals -- Abrasion tests for hard-metals
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Standards related to (historical): GB/T 34501-2017
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GB/T 34501-2017: PDF in English (GBT 34501-2017) GB/T 34501-2017
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.160
H 16
Hardmetals - Abrasion Tests for Hardmetals
(ISO 28080: 2011, NEQ)
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 14, 2017
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 01, 2018
Issued by: General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 4
4 Principle ... 5
5 Materials ... 5
6 Equipment ... 7
7 Sample preparation ... 10
8 Test steps ... 11
9 Result expression ... 13
10 Test report ... 15
Hardmetals - Abrasion Tests for Hardmetals
1 Scope
This Standard specifies abrasion tests for hardmetals.
This Standard applies to the destructive simulative abrasion test for hardmetals.
The test procedures of this Standard can be used for test conditions such as
matching wheels of different stiffness (such as steel and rubber), wet or dry
grindings, different abrasive grains and different chemical environments.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the dated version applies to this document. For
undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this
document.
GB/T 3850, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals.
Determination of density
ASTM B611, Standard Test Method for Abrasive Wear Resistance of
Cemented Carbides
ASTM G65, Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry
Sand / Rubber Wheel Apparatus
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions are applicable to this document.
3.1 Abrasion volume loss
The abrasion volume loss of the sample during the test.
3.2 Abrasion scar depth
The depth of the middle point of the abrasion scar.
3.3 Abrasion wear
Under the action of pressure, the abrasion that is produced by pasty abrasive
materials on the surface of the sample that is contact with the rotating surface.
4 Principle
Press the sample against a rotating wheel; introduce abrasive materials
between the wheel and the sample, so as to cause sample abrasion.
5 Materials
5.1 Sample
5.1.1 Overall size
Generally, the sample shall be designed so that all the wear marks are located
in the sample test surface; the sample area shall be larger than the contact area
between the sample and the rotating wheel. The sample area is (40 mm ~ 70
mm) × (20 mm ~ 25 mm). However, some special wear tests specify the shape
and size of the contact surface of the sample. In this case, the abrasion occurs
on the entire contact surface of the sample. As long as the sample strength is
sufficient and the abrasion occurs completely within the sample, the thickness
of the sample is not required.
When testing coated samples, the test time needs to be adjusted to ensure that
the abrasion only occurs within the coating. It is possible to confirm whether the
abrasion only occurs in the coating by the inspection after the test.
5.1.2 Surface preparation
The sample surface preparation may affect the test results; therefore, the
surface weakening of the sample during the preparation process may result in
an increase in the initial abrasion value. Conversely, when there is residual
compressive stress in the surface layer of the sample, the initial abrasion value
may be reduced. In both cases, when the surface area is worn away, the
abrasion value will be close to the normal value of the material.
5.2 Abrasive
There shall be good quality control procedures to ensure consistency of
abrasives which are used in the test, so as to ensure a minimum performance
difference. Generally, the results of the abrasive wear test are critically
dependent on the shape, particle size, and particle size distribution of the
abrasive. For this reason, if different test results are to be compared, the
relevant tests shall use the same abrasive.
The abrasive shall be dry and free to flow, so as to avoid blocking of the test
Notes:
1 -- abrasive;
2 -- weight;
3 -- sample;
4 -- abrasive slurry tank;
5 -- rubber rim;
6 -- fluid supply;
7 -- feed trough;
8 -- abrasive supply device.
Figure 1 -- Schematic diagram of the device that is used to measure the
abrasion wear by the rotating wheel, which uses horizontal or vertical
samples respectively
6.2 Abrasive feed method
The abrasive can be supplied, respectively, to the sample and the rotating
wheel contact surface by different methods, including:
a) vibration feed;
b) screw feed;
c) the slotted rotating disc for controlling the flow rate of the abrasive, plus a
draft tube.
The basic feature of all of these methods is that they can stably supply
abrasives and well control the abrasive to the sample and the rotating wheel
contact surface. All of these methods are effective in controlling the feed rate of
the abrasive.
6.3 Vacuum extraction system
For the dry testing, it is important to install a vacuum extraction system, because
it can collect all the fine debris (which may be harmful to the human body) that
falls from the sample, and dispose them safely.
6.4 Rotating wheel speed control
It shall use a motor of the appropriate power to stabilize the rotating wheel
speed, so as to ensure that the rotating wheel speed is not affected by the
applied load. The speed shall be calibrated periodically (once a year is
recommended) to ensure stable operation.
6.5 Abrasive flow rate calibration
In the test, the abrasive flow rate is a very critical factor that needs to be
carefully measured. It is important to ensure that only abrasives that pass
through the wear-resistant contact surfaces are measured. In general, a series
of baffles are arranged to separate the abrasives that have not flowed through
the contact surface, so as to collect the abrasives that flow through the contact
surface only, and to weigh within the pre-set time, so as to calculate the
abrasive flow rate.
To ensure that the abrasion load can be compared between the two measuring
devices, the abrasive flow rate can be converted to the abrasive coverage index
by Formula (1):
Where:
Ca -- the abrasive coverage index, in cubic meters per square meter second
[m3/(m2·s)];
Q -- the volume flow rate, in cubic meters per second (m3/s);
Ac -- the abrasive coverage, in square meters (m2).
Only when the matching end faces are consistent, during the test when
abrasion occurs, will the contact area not increase significantly and this
conversion step be useful.
6.6 Test load
Static loads are generally applied by the lever arm system. However, other
types of load systems can also be effectively utilized. Before the test device is
used, the actual applied load shall be calibrated and periodically checked
(usually once a year or once every 200 tests).
6.7 Fluid flow
In the test system that is equipped with liquid ingress, calibrate the flow rate
before use. In general, use simple gravity analysis to perform the test.
6.8 Instruments and devices
Some test devices, that are used to perform abrasion test for hardmetals, are
usually equipped with various instruments which are used to measure and
obtain test results such as the friction factor FF, the normal force FN and the
abrasion scar depth D. Test data can be obtained with the help of appropriate
signal conditioning, analogue-to-digital converter and personal computer. Install
an appropriate pressure sensor to measure FF; install a pressure sensor on the
lever arm to measure FN; use the displacement sensor to monitor the depth of
the rotating wheel in the sample, so as to obtain D.
8 Test steps
8.1 Overview
The test can be completed through a single step that is relatively long in length;
it can also be intermittently performed through a set of steps which are relatively
short in length, of which, the sample mass needs to be re-measured between
each step.
Intermittent tests can be used to determine if there is a sudden change in
abrasion, for example, the effect of the sample surface defects. However, it is
worth noting that, of the same test time, the intermittent test may give a different
result than non-interrupted test. This may be caused by the surface interference
that is resulted from the cleaning and reweighing process of the sample at the
end of each step; it may also be influenced by the fact that the sample cannot
be accurately placed back to the original position from one step to the next.
8.2 Sample fixation
The fixed position that the sample is clamped on the experimental device. If
necessary, the reference of the sample shall be inspected and adjusted, so that
there is a contact plane in the width of the rotating wheel.
8.3 Typical operating conditions
The designed test operating conditions shall simulate the actual application
conditions. In the case where the actual application conditions cannot be
determined, the test is carried out under the following conditions:
a) the load is 130 N;
b) the speed is 1 m/s;
c) the abrasive flow rate through the contact surface is 150 g/min;
d) The test time is 20 min.
8.4 Start of the test
Before the motor is started, the sample shall be removed without touching the
rotating wheel. Start the motor and let the abrasive flow in. When the motor
speed and the abrasive flow rate are stable, release the sample, so that the
sample is brought into contact with the rotating wheel to start the test.
If an instrument is used to test the system, turn on the data acquisition system
before the sample touches the rotating wheel.
9 Result expression
9.1 Single-step test
Calculate the sample mass loss amount M by subtracting the sample mass at
the end of the test from the initial mass; use Formula (2) to convert it into the
abrasion volume loss V.
Where:
V -- the abrasion volume loss, in cubic meters (m3);
M -- mass loss amount, in kilograms (kg);
ρ -- sample density, in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3).
9.2 Multi-step test
9.2.1 List
Tabulate the mass values which are determined in 7.2; calculate the mass loss
by subtracting these values from the initial mass. Use the checkerboard or
similar programs to calculate a table of mass loss and abrasive mass. Use the
determined sample density to convert the mass loss amount of the sample into
the abrasion volume loss. A graph is usually used to show the relationship
between abrasion volume loss and the abrasive mass.
9.2.2 Calculation of the abrasion rate
Use data points near the asymptote, through regression analysis, to obtain the
abrasion rate of the material under the test conditions.
9.3 Relation chat of abrasion tendency, friction and normal force
If the instrument test system is used, draw the trend of abrasion scar depth,
friction and normal force according to Figure 4.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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