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GB/T 28547-2023 English PDF

GB/T 28547: Historical versions

Standard IDUSDBUY PDFLead-DaysStandard Title (Description)Status
GB/T 28547-2023RFQ ASK 3 days Selection and application recommendations of metal oxide surge arresters for a. c. systems Valid
GB/T 28547-2012RFQ ASK 13 days Selection and application recommendations of metal oxide surge arresters for a.c. systems Obsolete

Similar standards

GB/T 37404   DB12/ 356   DL/T 1000.1   GB/T 32520   GB/T 28182   

Basic data

Standard ID: GB/T 28547-2023 (GB/T28547-2023)
Description (Translated English): Selection and application recommendations of metal oxide surge arresters for a. c. systems
Sector / Industry: National Standard (Recommended)
Classification of Chinese Standard: K49
Classification of International Standard: 29.080.99
Word Count Estimation: 198,193
Date of Issue: 2023-12-28
Date of Implementation: 2024-04-01
Older Standard (superseded by this standard): GB/T 28547-2012
Issuing agency(ies): State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration

GB/T 28547-2023: Selection and application recommendations of metal oxide surge arresters for a. c. systems


---This is a DRAFT version for illustration, not a final translation. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.) will be manually/carefully translated upon your order.
ICS 29:080:99 CCSK49 National Standards of People's Republic of China Replace GB/T 28547-2012 Guidelines for Selection and Use of AC Metal Oxide Surge Arresters recommendations, MOD) Published on 2023-12-28 2024-04-01 Implementation State Administration for Market Regulation Released by the National Standardization Administration Committee

Table of contents

PrefaceⅨ 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and Definitions 2 4 General rules for arrester application 12 5 Basics and applications of lightning arresters 13 5:1 Development process of overvoltage protection equipment 13 5:2 Different designs and types of surge arresters and their electrical and mechanical properties13 5:2:1 Overview 13 5:2:2 Gapless metal oxide arrester in compliance with GB/T 11032-202014 5:2:3 Metal oxide arrester with internal series gap (GB/T 28182) 22 5:2:4 Out-of-band gap arrester (GB/T 32520) 24 5:2:5 Application of lightning arrester 27 6 Insulation coordination and arrester selection 40 6:1 Introduction 40 6:2 Insulation coordination 40 6:2:1 Overview 40 6:2:2 Insulation coordination procedures 40 6:2:3 Overvoltage 41 6:2:4 Line insulation coordination: arrester application principles 45 6:2:5 Substation insulation coordination: arrester application principles 49 6:2:6 Research on insulation coordination 53 6:3 Selection of lightning arrester 54 6:3:1 Overview 54 6:3:2 General steps for arrester selection 55 6:3:3 Selection of line lightning arrester (LSA) 67 6:3:4 Selection of lightning arresters for cable protection 78 6:3:5 Selection of lightning arresters for distribution systems---Special aspects 79 6:3:6 Application and coordination of disconnector 80 6:3:7 Selection of UHV arrester 82 6:4 Normal and abnormal operating conditions 84 6:4:1 Normal operating conditions 84 6:4:2 Abnormal operating conditions 84 7 Special purpose lightning arresters86 7:1 Lightning arrester for transformer neutral point 86 7:1:1 General 86 7:1:2 Neutral point overvoltage protection of fully insulated transformer 87 7:1:3 Graded insulation transformer neutral point overvoltage protection 87 7:2 Phase-to-phase surge arrester 87 7:2:1 General 87 7:2:2 Six-phase arrester arrangement 87 7:2:3 Four-phase arrester (star connection) arrangement 89 7:3 Lightning arresters for rotating electrical machines 89 7:4 Parallel connection of multiple arresters 89 7:4:1 General 89 7:4:2 Combined use of different types of arresters90 7:5 Lightning arresters for protecting parallel capacitor banks 90 7:6 Lightning arrester for protecting series compensation capacitor bank 92 8 Asset management of lightning arresters 92 8:1 Overview 92 8:2 Management of lightning arresters 92 8:2:1 Asset database 92 8:2:2 Technical parameters 92 8:2:3 Critical spare parts 93 8:2:4 Transport and storage 93 8:2:5 Debugging 93 8:3 Maintenance93 8:3:1 General 93 8:3:2 Dirty arrester jacket 94 8:3:3 Coating of arrester jacket 94 8:3:4 Inspection of the disconnector 94 8:3:5 Line arrester 94 8:4 Performance and diagnostic tools 94 8:5 End of life95 8:5:1 General principles 95 8:5:2 GIS arrester 95 8:6 Disposal and recycling 95 Appendix A (informative) Arrester modeling method for studying insulation coordination and energy requirements96 Appendix B (informative) Method for determining temporary overvoltage due to ground fault 99 Appendix C (informative) Typical parameters required for arrester selection 102 Appendix D (informative) Typical installation methods of arrester protection 104 Appendix E (informative) Reduce the steepness of the intrusion wave by adding line terminal impulse capacitors 117 Appendix F (informative) Accumulated charge and energy of arrester during line operation 126 Appendix G (informative) Typical arrester parameters 154 Appendix H (informative) Energy classification based on line discharge level and rated thermal energy based on operating load test and single repetition Classification Comparison of Rated Repeated Transfer Charges for Event Energy 160 Appendix I (informative) Diagnosis of metal oxide arresters in operation 166 Reference 183 Figure 1 Schematic diagram of three mechanical columns/one electrical column (middle) and single column design (left) and three mechanical columns/one electrical column current path (right)18 Figure 2 Typical separate and shell-less surge arresters19 Figure 3 Internal gap metal oxide arrester design 23 Figure 4: Typical appearance of EGLA with insulator and protective gap24 Figure 5 Typical layout of 500kV arrester28 Figure 6 Example of high-voltage arrester with voltage equalizing ring and corona ring29 Figure 7 Lightning arrester installed on the bracket and arrester suspended on the steel structure 30 Figure 8 Outline drawing and installation diagram of the monitor or counter30 Figure 9 Installation of arrester without grounding grid (power distribution system) 31 Figure 10 Installation of arrester with grounding grid (for high voltage substation) 31 Figure 11 Method for determining mechanical load of arrester 33 Figure 12 Distribution arrester with disconnector and insulating bracket 34 Figure 13 Examples of good and poor grounding principles for distribution arresters35 Figure 14 Single-circuit linear tower side phase conductor installation above 37 Figure 15 Single-circuit linear tower side phase conductor outer installation 37 Figure 16 Single-circuit linear tower side phase conductor installation below 38 Figure 17 Single-circuit tension tower side phase conductor installation below 38 Figure 18 Installation below the double-circuit linear three-phase conductor on the same tower - insulator gap 39 Figure 19 Typical overvoltage and duration under different grounding systems41 Figure 20 Arrester volt-ampere characteristics 43 Figure 21 Direct lightning strike conductor model 47 when equipped with line arrester Figure 22 Direct lightning strike phase conductor model 48 when equipped with overhead ground wire or pole tower with line arrester 48 Figure 23 Typical steps for selecting arresters for insulation coordination54 Figure 24 Arrester selection standard flow chart 56 Figure 25 Power frequency voltage withstand time characteristics of the arrester (power frequency voltage withstand time characteristics of the arrester given as a multiple of the rated voltage, Tr=U/Ur) 59 Figure 26 Flowchart for selecting NGLA 69 Figure 27 Flowchart for selecting a gapped line arrester 73 Figure 28 Appropriate fault factors and continuous operating voltage of arresters for different grounding structures80 Figure 29 Typical phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase connected surge arresters 88 Figure A:1 Typical installation diagram of arrester 96 Figure A:2 Residual voltage increases with the decrease of current apparent wave front time Figure 97 Figure A:3 Arrester model for insulation coordination analysis - fast wave front overvoltage and precalculation (selection 1) 97 Figure A:4 Arrester model for insulation coordination analysis - fast wave front overvoltage and precalculation (option 2) 98 Figure A:5 Arrester model for insulation coordination analysis - slow wave front overvoltage 98 Figure B:1 When R1/X1=R1=0, the relationship between ground fault factor k and X0/X199 Figure B:2 When R1=0 and the ground fault factor k is different constant, the relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1 is 100 Figure B:3 When R1=0:5X1 and the ground fault factor k is a different constant, the relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1 100 Figure B:4 When R1=X1 and the ground fault factor k is a different constant, the relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1100 Figure B:5 When R1=2X1 and the ground fault factor k is a different constant, the relationship between R0/X1 and X0/X1101 Figure D:1 Incoming line protection wiring of 35kV~110kV substation 104 Figure D:2 Substation incoming line protection wiring with cable segments of 35kV and above 104 Figure D:3 Arrester protection wiring of autotransformer 105 Figure D:4 Protection wiring for lightning intrusion wave overvoltage of 6kV and 10kV distribution devices 106 Figure D:5 Arrester protection of parallel capacitor compensation device 106 Figure D:6 GIS substation protection without cable section incoming line 108 Figure D:7 GIS substation protection wiring with cable segment incoming line 109 Figure D:8 Simple protection wiring of 3150kV·A~5000kV·A 35kV substation 109 Figure D:9 Simple protection wiring for substations less than 3150kV·A 109 Figure D:10 Simple protection wiring of branch substation less than 3150kV·A110 Figure D:11 Protection wiring of 25000kW~60000kW rotating motor 111 Figure D:12 Protection wiring of 6000kW~25000kW (excluding 25000kW) rotating motors 111 Figure D:13 Protection wiring of 1500kW~6000kW (excluding 6000kW) rotating motors 111 Figure D:14 Protection wiring of rotating electrical machines of 6000kW and below or rotating electrical machines of traction stations 111 Figure D:15 Schematic diagram of the installation method of single-circuit linear tower pure air gap line arrester 114 Figure D:16 Schematic diagram of the installation method of double-circuit linear tower pure air gap line arrester 114 Figure D:17 Schematic diagram of seated installation method of single-circuit linear tower (common in 500kV and above) pure air gap line arrester114 Figure D:18 Schematic diagram of installation method of lightning arrester for single-circuit linear tower with insulator gap line 115 Figure D:19 Schematic diagram of installation method of lightning arrester for double-circuit linear tower with insulator gap line 115 Figure D:20 Schematic diagram of installation method of double-circuit tension tower (internal suspension) line arrester with insulator gap115 Figure D:21 Schematic diagram of installation method of double-circuit tension tower (external suspension) line arrester with insulator gap 116 Figure D:22 Schematic diagram of installation method of arrester for line with insulator gap on single-circuit linear tower (common in 500kV and above) 116 Figure D:23 Schematic diagram of the installation method of lightning arrester for double-circuit tension towers (common in 500kV and above) lines with insulator gaps116 Figure E:1 Impact voltage waveforms at different distances from the fault point (0,0km) due to corona influence 118 Figure E:2 Calculation example 1: EMTP model: Thevenin equivalent power supply, transmission line (Z, c), substation bus (Z, c) and Capacitor (Cs) 122 Figure E:3 Calculation Example 2: Capacitor voltage U(t)=2:0×Usurge× 1-e-[ when charging through line Z Z×C] 122 Figure E:4 EMTP model 123 Figure E:5 Simulation results of impulse voltage at the substation bus123 Figure E:6 Impulse voltage simulation results at the transformer 124 Figure E:7 EMTP model 124 Figure E:8 Simulation results of impulse voltage at the substation bus125 Figure E:9 Simulation results of impulse voltage at the transformer 125 Figure F:1 Simple circuit for arrester line discharge calculation and testing according to IEC 60099-4:2009127 Figure F:2 Arrester linear equation over typical line operating current range (voltage values shown are for use on 500kV systems Lightning arrester with rated voltage 444kV) 127 Figure F:3 Illustration of linearized line closing conditions and arrester characteristics 129 Figure F:4 2% slow wave front overvoltage range at the receiving end due to line closing and reclosing 131 Figure F:5 Discharge voltage of level 2 and level 3 arresters calculated by EMTP simulation: Ups2, Ups3 (V×105) 133 Figure F:6 Discharge current of level 2 and level 3 arresters calculated by EMTP simulation: Ips2, Ips3 (A) 133 Figure F:7 Accumulated charges of level 2 and level 3 arresters calculated by EMTP simulation: Qrs2, Qrs3(C) 134 Figure F:8 Cumulative absorbed energy of level 2 and level 3 arresters calculated by EMTP simulation: Ws2 and Ws3 (kV/kJUr) 134 Figure F:9 Typical line reclosing simulation network 135 Figure F:10 Typical 550kV line reclosing operation overvoltage distribution along the line (line length 480km) 136 Figure F:11 Relationship between IEC LD transfer charge Qrs and arrester protection ratio 137 Figure F:12 Relationship between IEC LD conversion operating energy Wth and arrester protection ratio 137 Figure F:13 Ups(V×105) simulation waveform in 145kV system 142 Figure F:14 145kV system Ips(A) simulation waveform 142 Figure F:15 1145kV system accumulated charge (Qrs) (C) simulation waveform 143 Figure F:16 145kV system cumulative energy (Ws) (kJ/kV-Ur) simulation waveform 143 Figure F:17 Ups(V×105) simulation waveform in 245kV system 144 Figure F:18 245kV system Ips(A) simulation waveform 144 Figure F:19 245kV system accumulated charge (Qrs) (C) simulation waveform 145 Figure F:20 245kV system cumulative energy (Ws) (kJ/kV-Ur) simulation waveform 145 Figure F:21 Ups(V×105) simulation waveform in 362kV system 146 Figure F:22 362kV system Ips(A) simulation waveform 146 Figure F:23 362kV system accumulated charge (Qrs) (C) simulation waveform 147 Figure F:24 362kV system cumulative energy (Ws) (kJ/kV-Ur) simulation waveform 147 Figure F:25 Ups(V×105) simulation waveform in 420kV system 148 Figure F:26 420kV system Ips(A) simulation waveform 148 Figure F:27 420kV system accumulated charge (Qrs) (C) simulation waveform 149 Figure F:28 420kV system cumulative energy (Ws) (kJ/kV-Ur) simulation waveform 149 Figure F:29 Ups(V×105) simulation waveform 150 in 550kV system Figure F:30 550kV system Ips(A) simulation waveform 150 Figure F:31 550kV system accumulated charge (Qrs) (C) simulation waveform 151 Figure F:32 550kV system cumulative energy (Ws) (kJ/kV-Ur) simulation waveform 151 Figure F:33 Ups(V×105) simulation waveform in domestic 550kV system 152 Figure F:34 Ips(A) simulation waveform in domestic 550kV system 152 Figure F:35 Domestic 550kV system accumulated charge (Qrs) (C) simulation waveform 153 Figure F:36 Domestic 550kV system cumulative energy (Ws) (kJ/kV-Ur) simulation waveform 153 Figure H:1 Relationship curve between specific energy kJ/kV and the ratio of surge arrester operating impulse residual voltage Ua and rated voltage effective value Ur (GB/T 11032-2010 Figure E:1) 161 Figure I:1 Chapter structure of this appendix 166 Figure I:2 Typical continuous current of metal oxide resistors under laboratory conditions 167 Figure I:3 Typical continuous current of arrester 167 Figure I:4 Typical volt-ampere characteristic curve of metal oxide resistor 168 Figure I:5 Effect of voltage at 20°C 168 Figure I:6 Effect of temperature under continuous operating voltage 169 Figure I:7 Effect of increasing resistive current on full current 171 Figure I:8 Typical lightning arrester intelligent monitoring system principle 172 Figure I:9 Considering the capacitance and volt-ampere characteristics of various resistors, the different phase differences of the third harmonic of the system voltage have different effects on the third harmonic of the continuous current: Impact of harmonic evaluation errors 173 Figure I:10 Functional diagram of portable special testing equipment for lightning arresters174 Figure I:11 Residual current after capacitive current compensation at continuous operating voltage Uc 174 Figure I:12 Continuous current sampling method 175 Figure I:13 Typical information corrected to “standard” operating voltage conditions 176 Figure I:14 Typical information corrected to “standard” ambient temperature conditions176 Figure I:15 UHF partial discharge detection principle diagram 177 Figure I:16 UHF partial discharge detection system block diagram 177 Figure I:17 UHF local detection point layout and 500kVGIS substation site 178 Figure I:18 UHF local detection PRPD and PRPS maps at each deployment point 178 Figure I:19 Phase A, B, and C ultra-high frequency partial discharge detection at position ⑥179 Figure I:20 Time domain signal diagram of measuring the discharge source at three test points ④, ⑤ and ⑥180 Table 1 Maximum allowable horizontal tension of arrester 32 Table 2 Typical overvoltages that may occur in power systems42 Table 3 Typical arrester parameters for power stations59 Table 4 Lightning arrester classification 63 Table 5 Definition of A in various overhead lines [applicable to formulas (14 and 15)] 67 Table 6 Electrical parameters of typical gapped arrester body 74 Table 7 Typical value of current impulse withstand test of the arrester body with gap 75 Table 8 Insulator flashover probability calculated by formula (22)76 Table 9 Recommended values for lightning impulse discharge voltage and operating wet withstand voltage performance of gapped arresters 77 Table 10 Main technical parameters of metal oxide arrester for 1000kV substation 82 Table C:1 Gapless arrester selection parameters 102 Table C:2 EGLA selection parameters 102 Table D:1 Maximum electrical distance between arrester and main transformer 105 Table D:2 Maximum electrical distance from arrester to 6kV~10kV main transformer 106 Table D:3 Continuous operating voltage and rated voltage of arrester 107 Table D:4 Rated withstand voltage of power transformer, high voltage shunt reactor neutral point and its grounding reactor107 Table E:1 Effect of Cs on intrusion wave steepness reduction coefficient fs and steepness Sn 120 Table E:2 Changes in matching withstand voltage Ucw121 Table F:1 Typical arrester operating (Ups-Ips) characteristics 127 Table F:2 Typical line wave impedance (Zs) for single conductors and split conductors 130 Table F:3 Typical line wave impedance of overhead lines of various voltage levels in my country (Zs) 130 Table F:4 Line parameters used in IEC 60099-4:2009 line discharge level test131 Table F:5 According to the line discharge test parameters specified in IEC 60099-4:2009, for different system voltages and arrester ratings Determine the line wave impedance and expected operating overvoltage 132 Table F:6 uses the basic parameters in Table F:4 for calculation by simplified method and EMTP simulation method 132 Table F:7 Calculation using simplified method132 Table F:8 EMTP simulation calculation results 133 Table F:9 Calculation results using different methods for different system voltages and arrester selections140 Table G:1 Typical arrester parameters for power stations and distribution (GB/T 11032-2020) 154 Table G:2 Typical arrester parameters for electrified railways (GB/T 11032-2020) 156 Table G:3 Typical arrester parameters for parallel compensation capacitors (GB/T 11032-2020) 156 Table G:4 Typical arrester parameters for motors (GB/T 11032-2020) 156 Table G:5 Typical low-voltage arrester parameters (GB/T 11032-2020) 157 Table G:6 Typical arrester parameters for motor neutral point (GB/T 11032-2020) 157 Table G:7 Typical arrester parameters for transformer neutral point (GB/T 11032-2020) 157 Table G:8 Typical line arrester parameters (GB/T 11032-2020) 158 Table G:9 EGLA discharge voltage performance (GB/T 32520) 158 Table G:10 Typical SVU electrical parameters (GB/T 32520) 159 Table H:1 Current peak value of operating impulse residual voltage test (GB/T 11032-2010 Table 6) 160 Table H:2 Arrester line discharge test parameters (GB/T 11032-2010 Table 7) 161 Table H:3 Comparison between this document and GB/T 11032-2010 classification 162 Table I:1 Summary of diagnostic methods for operating arresters 181 Table I:2 Methods and characteristics of on-site measurement of resistive current 181

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