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GB/T 25993-2023: Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See step-by-step procedure Status: Valid GB/T 25993: Historical versions
Similar standardsGB/T 25993-2023: Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT25993-2023GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 91.100.99 CCS Q 10 Replacing GB/T 25993-2010 Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags Issued on: NOVEMBER 27, 2023 Implemented on: JUNE 01, 2024 Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Table of ContentsForeword... 3 1 Scope... 6 2 Normative references... 6 3 Terms and definitions... 7 4 Product categories, grades, and markings... 8 5 General requirements... 9 6 Technical requirements... 9 7 Test methods... 13 8 Inspection rules... 16 9 Product certification, stacking and transportation... 17 Appendix A (Normative) Test method for flexural strength of permeable paving flags ... 19 Appendix B (Normative) Test method for splitting tensile strength of permeable paving bricks... 23 Appendix C (Normative) Permeability coefficient test method... 27 Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags1 ScopeThis document specifies the product categories, grades, markings, general requirements, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, product certification, stacking and transportation of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags. This document applies to the design, production, testing and application of permeable pavement products for use in municipal sidewalks, landscape paths, non-heavy-loaded pavement plazas and other places.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document. GB 175, Common Portland Cements GB/T 1596, Fly ash used for cement and concrete GB/T 2015, White Portland cement GB/T 4111, Test Methods for the concrete block & brick GB 6566, Limits of radionuclides in building materials GB 8076, Concrete admixtures GB/T 12988, Test method for abrasion resistance of inorganic paving materials GB/T 14684, Sand for construction GB/T 14685, Pebble and crushed stone for construction GB/T 17431.1, Lightweight aggregates and its test methods - Part 1.Lightweight aggregates GB/T 18046, Ground granulated blast furnace slag used for cement, mortar and concrete GB/T 20472, Sulphoaluminate cement 3.4 slip resistance The ability to resist relative displacement between pedestrian soles and the surface of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags.4 Product categories, grades, and markings4.1 Categories 4.1.1 According to the different formats of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags, they are divided into two categories. permeable paving bricks (code. PB) and permeable paving flags (code. PF). 4.1.2 According to the shapes of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags, they are divided into interlocking type (code. S) and ordinary type (code. N). 4.2 Grades 4.2.1 Strength grade 4.2.1.1 According to the splitting tensile strength, it is divided into 4 strength grades. fts3.0, fts3.5, fts4.0 and fts4.5. 4.2.1.2 According to the flexural strength, it is divided into 6 strength grades. Rf3.0, Rf3.5, Rf4.0, Rf4.5, Rf5.5 and Rf6.5. 4.2.2 Water permeability grade According to the permeability coefficient, it is divided into Grade A and Grade B. 4.3 Marking 4.3.1 In product marking, two to three-digit letters or Arabic numerals may be used to replace Chinese characters which are used to express the geometric shape and surface decorative effects of the product. 4.3.2 The product marking of permeable paving bricks shall be written in the order of category, permeability grade, format (L×W×D), strength grade and standard number. Example. Interlocking permeable paving brick of format 200 mm × 100 mm × 60 mm, splitting tensile strength fts3.5, and permeability coefficient grade A, is marked as. PB- A 200×100×60 S fts3.5 GB/T 25993-2023. 4.3.3 The product marking of permeable paving flags shall be written in the order of category, permeability grade, format (L×W×D), strength grade and standard number. Example. Interlocking permeable paving flags of format 600 mm × 300 mm × 60 mm, flexural strength Rf3.5, and water permeability coefficient grade A, is marked as. PF-A 600 × 300 × 60 S Rf3.5 GB/T 25993-2023.5 General requirements5.1 Raw materials 5.1.1 Cement shall comply with the requirements of GB 175, GB/T 2015, GB/T 20472, JC/T 870 and JC/T 933. 5.1.2 Fine aggregate shall comply with the requirements of GB/T 14684. 5.1.3 Pebble and crushed stone shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 14685.Heavy slag shall comply with the provisions of YB/T 4178. 5.1.4 The natural or artificial color aggregates used shall be tested and verified before use to prove that the product performance complies with the provisions of relevant standards. The added color aggregates shall not have an adverse effect on the durability of the product; the quality of other materials shall meet the requirements of relevant standards. Raw materials without a standard shall be inspected before use, and can only be used if the product performance meets the requirements of this document. 5.1.5 Fly ash shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 1596; ground slag powder shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 18046.Lightweight aggregate shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 17431.1. 5.1.6 Pigments shall comply with the requirements of JC/T 539. 5.1.7 Admixtures shall comply with the requirements of GB 8076 or JC/T 474. 5.1.8 Water shall comply with the requirements of JGJ 63. 5.1.9 The radioactivity of raw materials shall comply with the requirements of GB 6566. 5.2 Format The format of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags shall be determined by the supplier or agreed upon in advance by the customer and the supplier. The arris around the surface layer of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags should be chamfered (beveled or rounded).6 Technical requirements6.1 Dimension deviation Key. 1 – length; 2 – width; 3 – thickness. Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of length, width and thickness measurement 7.1.2.2 Diagonal Use a steel ruler to measure the two diagonals separately, reading to an accuracy of 1 mm; calculate the difference between the two diagonals. 7.1.2.3 Flatness, sticky skin and surface defect Place the brick caliper on the facing layer (upper face) and other surfaces of the test piece at random; slide the measuring ruler in the middle of the brick caliper; measure the maximum projection size on the defect or sticky skin with curvature and depth exceeding 1 mm on the front; read the reading accurately to 0.5 mm. For flatness detection, select two measuring lines, with the plane angle of the two measuring lines not less than 30°. Use the brick caliper to measure the spacer nibs (or other designed side geometric shapes). If the product side is designed with simple, straight ribs, it is allowed to use visual inspection to directly determine whether the size of the nibs meets the design value during inspection. 7.1.2.4 Perpendicularity in thickness direction Depending on whether the measured edge angle is greater than or less than 90°, use a right-angle ruler and a feeler gauge to measure. Measure at 2 points on each arris. The distance between the 2 measured points shall not be less than 1/3 of the length of the arris being measured. Record the reading measured at the maximum distance, accurate to 0.5 mm. When the length of a curved arris of the test piece exceeds 1/2 of its circumference, measure 3 points on the arris, and the distance between the 2 measured points shall not be less than 1/4 of the length of the measured arris. 7.1.2.5 Perpendicularity Use a right-angle ruler and a feeler gauge to measure the perpendicularity of the four corners of the rectangular test piece; read the maximum gap value measured with an accuracy of 0.5 mm. 7.1.2.6 Cracks, missing edges and corners The detection of cracks, missing edges and corners shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 4111. 7.2 Color and pattern of the facing layer Randomly select test pieces from the batch; form an approximately square paving surface of about 1 m2 on the ground with the upper face facing upwards. Under natural light conditions, the inspectors stand nearby and conduct a visual inspection downwards to observe whether there are any obvious differences in color and pattern. 7.3 Thickness of the facing layer Break the test piece in the middle and select the thinnest part of the facing layer of the fracture surface to measure the thickness of the facing layer, with an accuracy of 1 mm. 7.4 Mechanical properties 7.4.1 Carry out the flexural strength test according to the method specified in Appendix A. 7.4.2 Carry out the splitting tensile strength test according to the method specified in Appendix B. 7.5 Permeability coefficient Carry out the permeability coefficient test according to the method specified in Appendix C. 7.6 Frost resistance 7.6.1 The number of test pieces is 10 pieces in 2 groups. One group of 5 pieces is first subjected to freeze-thaw cycle test according to GB/T 4111, but the test pieces are immersed in water for 24 hours at the beginning and end of the test; the other group of 5 piece is used for comparison. The environmental conditions for the placement of concrete test pieces are. The temperature is (20±5) ℃, and the relative humidity is (65±10)%. 7.6.2 After the freeze-thaw cycle, the test pieces shall be subject to the upper face defect depth test of the single piece according to 7.1.2.3, and then shall be tested according to the method specified in 7.4 simultaneously with the comparison test piece. 7.6.3 The calculation of single block mass loss rate and average strength loss rate of frost resistance test results shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 4111. 7.7 Abrasion resistance Carry out the abrasion resistance test according to the method specified in GB/T 12988. 7.8 Slip resistance Carry out the slip resistance test according to the method specified in GB/T 32987.8 Inspection rules8.1 Inspection classification 8.1.1 Exit-factory inspection items Ex-factory inspection items include dimension deviation, appearance quality, strength grade and permeability coefficient. 8.1.2 Type inspection items 8.1.2.1 Type inspection items are all items specified in Chapter 6. 8.1.2.2 Type inspection shall be carried out if any of the following conditions occur. a) Finalization and appraisal of new product trial production or transfer of old products to other factories; b) When there are major changes in raw materials, categories, raw material ratios, or processes during production, or after major equipment repairs; c) Under normal production, it shall be carried out at least once a year. d) When the product is resumed after being discontinued for more than 6 months; e) When the factory inspection results are significantly different from the last type inspection. 8.2 Batch 2 000 m2 of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags made from the same batch of raw materials, produced by the same production process and with the same mark are considered a batch; those less than 2 000 m2 are counted as a batch. 8.3 Sampling rules 8.3.1 Test pieces for appearance quality, dimension deviation and facing layer inspection shall be randomly selected from each product batch. 8.3.2 Test pieces for other inspection items shall be randomly selected from product batches that have passed the appearance quality and dimension deviation inspections. 8.3.3 The quantity shall be as specified in Table 7.Appendix A(Normative) Test method for flexural strength of permeable paving flags A.1 Equipment A.1.1 Testing machine The testing machine can be a flexural testing machine, a universal testing machine or a pressure testing machine with a flexural testing frame. The accuracy of the testing machine (relative error of indication) shall not exceed ±1%, and the expected breaking load value of the sample is 20% ~ 80% of the testing machine range. A.1.2 Support and pressure rod The diameter of the 2 supporting rods and the pressure rod of the support is (38±2) mm; the material is steel; the length is 210 mm. Before each use, the supporting rod and the pressure rod shall be placed flat on the workbench and calibrated using a level ruler in the same direction along the horizontal direction. Only after it meets the requirements can it be used. A.1.3 Gasket The number of gaskets is 3.Each gasket is (15±1) mm wide and (4±1) mm thick. The length of the gasket shall be at least 10 mm longer than the width (W) of the test piece. The material of the gasket is plywood. A.1.4 Steel ruler The graduation value is 1 mm. A.1.5 Vernier caliper The accuracy is 0.02 mm. A.1.6 Others Cutting machine, grinder, level. A.1.7 Workbench A smooth surface with a suitable area and made of hard material. It shall be calibrated with a level ruler before it can be put into use. A.2 Test piece The number of test pieces is 5 complete permeable paving flags. The curing period of concrete permeable paving flags after forming shall be greater than 28 days. A.3 Test procedure A.3.1 Processing of test pieces A.3.1.1 When the width of the paving flag is greater than 200 mm, first use a cutting machine to cut it so that the flexural test piece meets the requirement of width W = 200 mm ± 5 mm, as shown in Figure A.1. A.3.1.2 For paving flag test pieces with an uneven facing layer, a flat surface of width greater than 30 mm shall be cut and ground in the middle of the thickness direction where loading is applied. A.3.1.3 On the workbench, use a level ruler to check whether the contact points of the two support lines and one loading line of the test piece for flexural strength are flat. For the raised areas, use a grinder to ground off; for the concave areas, use cementitious materials with a strength grade not less than 42.5 to level. A.3.1.4 In the flexural strength test, the thickness (D) of the test piece is measured. after polishing for the polished part, and before plastering for the part with leveling material; the minimum value of the total of 6 measured values at both ends of the support line and the loading line in Figure A.1 is taken. If the difference between the thickness value of the work dimension of the permeable paving flag and the thickness value of the flexural strength test piece exceeds 5 mm, the surface test piece production fails and the flexural strength test piece needs to be re-produced. A.3.1.5 On the workbench, use the test piece, two support rods, and a level to form a simulated flexural strength test shape, with the level replacing the loading rod. This is to check whether the two support surfaces and one loading surface of the test piece are level. If there is an error, continue processing with a grinder or leveling material until the requirements are met. For test pieces using cement leveling materials, the flexural strength test shall be performed after curing for 24 hours at a temperature of (20±5) ℃ and a relative humidity of (65±10)%. A.3.1.6 The depth of the polished or leveled material shall not exceed 2 mm. The grinding depth of the facing layer of the test piece with uneven facing layer can be greater than 2 mm.Appendix B(Normative) Test method for splitting tensile strength of permeable paving bricks B.1 Equipment B.1.1 Testing machine The accuracy of the testing machine (relative error of indication) shall not exceed ±1%. At least one end of the upper and lower pressure plates shall be a ball joint support which can be rotated at will. The expected breaking load value of the sample is 20% ~ 80% of the testing machine range. B.1.2 Pad The number of pads is 2.Each pad is (15±1) mm wide (5 in Figure B.1) and (4±1) mm thick (4 in Figure B.1). The length of the pad shall be at least 10 mm longer than the expected fracture surface of the test piece. The material of the pad is plywood. B.1.3 Steel ruler The graduation value is 1 mm. B.1.4 Vernier caliper The accuracy is 0.02 mm. B.1.5 Others Cutting machine, grinder, level. B.1.6 Workbench A smooth surface with a suitable area and made of hard material. It shall be calibrated with a level ruler before it can be put into use. B.2 Test piece The number of test pieces is 5 complete permeable paving bricks. B.3 Test procedure B.3.1 Processing of test pieces A test device that can hold test samples and maintain a vacuum degree of more than 90 kPa. C.1.3 Measuring instruments Stopwatch. The division value is 1 s. Thermometer. The minimum scale is 0.5 ℃. Vernier caliper. The graduation value is 0.02 mm. Electronic scale. The graduation value is 1 g. C.2 Test piece Respectively make three cylinders with a diameter of Φ750 -2 mm and a thickness equal to that of the product from the three samples as test pieces. C.3 Test procedure C.3.1 Use a vernier caliper to measure the diameter (d) and thickness (D) of the cylindrical test piece twice, and take the average value, to an accuracy of 1 mm. Calculate the upper surface area (A) of the test piece. C.3.2 Seal the test sample on all sides with sealing materials or other means to prevent water leakage. Water only penetrates from the upper and lower surfaces of the test sample. C.3.3 After the sealing material is solidified, place the test sample in a vacuum device; evacuate to (90±1) kPa; maintain for 30 minutes. While maintaining the vacuum, add enough water to cover the sample and make the water level 10 cm higher than the sample; stop evacuating; soak for 20 minutes; take it out; put it into the water permeability coefficient test device; connect the test sample with the permeable cylinder and seal it. C.3.4 Place it into the overflow tank; open the water supply valve to allow water to enter the container. When water flows out of the overflow hole of the overflow tank, adjust the water inlet to keep the water level of the permeable cylinder at a certain level (about 150 mm). Use a steel ruler to measure the difference (H) between the water level of the permeable cylinder and the water level of the overflow tank, to an accuracy of 1 mm. C.3.5 After the water outflow from the overflow outlet of the overflow tank and the overflow outlet of the permeable cylinder is stable, use a dry container to collect water from the outlet; record the water outflow for 5 minutes; use an electronic scale to weigh the mass of the water; calculate the water volume (V) by looking up the density value according to Table C.1. ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. Tips & Frequently Asked Questions:Question 1: How long will the true-PDF of English version of GB/T 25993-2023 be delivered?Answer: The full copy PDF of English version of GB/T 25993-2023 can be downloaded in 9 seconds, and it will also be emailed to you in 9 seconds (double mechanisms to ensure the delivery reliably), with PDF-invoice.Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of GB/T 25993-2023_English with my colleagues?Answer: Yes. 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