GB/T 12898-2009 PDF English
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Specifications for the third and fourth order leveling
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| GB 12898-1991 | English | RFQ |
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Specifications for the third and fourth order leveling
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GB/T 12898-2009: Specifications for the third and fourth order leveling---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT12898-2009
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 07.040
A 76
Replacing GB 12898-1991
Specifications for the third and fourth order leveling
Issued on. MAY 06, 2009
Implemented on. OCTOBER 01, 2009
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
1 Scope... 5
2 Normative references... 5
3 Terms and definitions... 6
4 Leveling network... 7
5 Point selection and stone burial... 10
6 Technical requirements of instrument... 13
7 Leveling observation... 16
8 Cross-river leveling... 25
9 Electromagnetic distance measurement height traversing... 30
10 Records, arrangements, and calculations of field achievements... 33
Appendix A (Normative) Drawing format of selected stone burial data and mark
stone fabrication and burial descriptions... 38
Appendix B (Normative) Instrument inspection method... 58
Appendix C (Normative) Cross-river leveling vane production and observation
records... 83
Appendix D (Normative) Observing handbook format and height difference
table compilation... 86
1 Scope
This standard specifies the principles for the establishment of the third and
fourth order leveling network, leveling methods, precision indicators and
technical requirements.
This standard applies to the deployment of the third and fourth order leveling
network.
2 Normative references
The provisions in following documents become the provisions of this Standard
through reference in this Standard. For the dated references, the subsequent
amendments (excluding corrections) or revisions do not apply to this Standard;
however, parties who reach an agreement based on this Standard are
encouraged to study if the latest versions of these documents are applicable.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.
GB/T 3161 Optical Theodolite
GB/T 10156 level
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard.
3.1
Node
The benchmark in the leveling network that connects at least three leveling
lines.
3.2
Leveling line
Leveling line between two adjacent nodes in the same order leveling network.
3.3
Section
Leveling line between two adjacent basic benchmarks in a leveling line.
3.4
Leveling section
Leveling line between two adjacent benchmarks.
3.5
Connect leveling
The observation of including a benchmark or other elevation point in a
leveling line.
3.6
Branch leveling
Observation from any benchmark in a leveling line to any other fixed point.
4 Leveling network
4.1 Elevation system and elevation reference
The elevation of the benchmark uses a normal elevation system, which is
calculated from the 1985 national elevation benchmark. The original elevation
of Qingdao is 72.260 meters.
4.3 Layout principles
4.3.1 Third and fourth order leveling networks are further densified on the basis
of the first and second order leveling networks. If necessary, annexed lines,
loops or node networks are laid in the higher order leveling network, to directly
provide elevation control points as necessary for the topographic maps and
various engineering constructions.
4.4 Benchmark layout density
On the third and fourth order leveling lines, it shall bury one common benchmark
stone every 4 km ~ 8 km; in densely populated and economically developed
areas, it can be shortened to 2 km ~ 4 km; in desert areas, the leveling branch
lines can be increased to about 10 km.
4.5 Line naming and benchmarking numbering
4.6 Connection of new line and surveyed line
4.6.1 The starting point and end point of the newly established leveling line shall
be the benchmarks of the surveyed higher or equivalent order leveling line.
4.6.2 When the newly established third and fourth order leveling line is within 4
km away from each surveyed equivalent benchmark, it shall be subject to
connect leveling or adjoining leveling. In case of adjoining leveling, it shall check
the surveyed benchmarks in accordance with the provisions of clause 7.8.
4.7 Technical design of leveling network
4.7.1 Prior to the deployment of the 3rd and 4th order leveling networks, surveys
shall be conducted to collect geological, hydrological, meteorological and road
data. The technical design is based on the existing different grades of leveling
lines.
5 Point selection and stone burial
5.1 Point selection
5.1.1 Selection of leveling line
Leveling line shall be laid along highways, roads and small-gradient country
roads that are conducive to survey. Leveling lines shall avoid as far as possible
crossing obstacles such as rivers, lakes and marshes above 500 m.
5.1.2 Selection of benchmark
The benchmarks shall be selected at locations where the soil is solid, safe and
secluded, convenient to observe and conducive to long-term preservation. The
following points shall not be selected for benchmarks.
5.2 Stone burial
5.2.1 Mark stone types
See Table 2 for the type of mark stone used in the third and fourth order
benchmarks and their applicable area.
5.2.4 Control of key processes
5.2.5 Land occupation and hosting of mark stones
5.2.6 Data submitted after stone burial
The data that shall be submitted after stone burial includes.
6 Technical requirements of instrument
6.1 Selection of instruments
The instruments used for leveling are performed as specified in Table 3.
Table 3
6.2.3 The inspection of electro-optical level and digital level and their scales
above DS3 level used for the third and fourth order leveling shall be performed
in accordance with the requirements of GB/T 12897.
7 Leveling observation
7.1 Observation methods
7.1.1 The third order leveling uses the central wire reading method for round
trip measurement. When using level gauges with optical micrometers and line-
type invar leveling scales, one-trip double-turn point observations can also be
performed.
7.2 Survey station setting requirements
7.2.1 The third and fourth order leveling uses the scale for turning point, the
scale mass is not less than 1 kg. The observation shall be performed when the
scale division imaging is clear and stable; if the imaging is not good, it shall
appropriately shorten the length of the line of sight, until the imaging is clear
and stable.
7.3 Observation sequences and methods on survey stations
7.3.1 Optical level observation
7.3.2.3 The operating procedure for a station is as follows (taking a third order
leveling as an example).
7.4 Interval and detection
7.4.1 In case of interval of observations, it is best to end the observation at the
benchmark. Otherwise, it shall select two fixed points which are stable and
reliable, smooth and projected, and easy to place scale from the last survey
station as the interval point. If there is no fixed point, it may drive the capped
wood stakes at the turn points of the last two survey stations before the interval
as the interval point.
7.5 Survey station observation tolerance, digits of reading,
and settings
7.5.1 The survey station observation tolerances shall be implemented as
specified in Table 7.
7.6.5 The scale stake (platform) shall not be placed in a pit in order to increase
the reading of the scale.
7.6.6 The number of survey stations for the direct observation and reversed
observation for each leveling section shall be an even-number. When changing
from direct observation to reversed observation, the places of the two scales
shall be switched, and the instrument shall be reset.
7.7 Observation of nodes
7.7.1 When observing to the nodes of the leveling network, it shall make
detailed records of the adjoining leveling in the observation handbook, the node
adjoining leveling is in accordance with A.3.
7.7.2 Nodes located in the ground deformation area shall be subject to adjoining
leveling with the local deformation observation network.
8 Cross-river leveling
8.1 Scope of application
When the leveling line spans rivers (or lakes, wide gullies, depressions, valleys,
etc.) and the sight line length is within 200 m, general observation methods may
be used, but the height of the ins
8.2 Provisions for leveling methods and tolerances
8.2.1 When using the direct rule reading method, optical micrometry, theodolite
inclination method and distance measuring triangle elevation method to carry
out cross-river leveling, the scope of application, and the number of
observations and tolerances are to be implemented in accordance with Table
10.When the length of the sight line across the river exceeds the provisions in
the above table, the methods and requirements adopted shall be specially
designed in accordance with the conditions of the leveling area.
8.4 Cross-river leveling observation requirements
The following requirements shall be observed in cross-river leveling
observations.
8.5 Direct rule reading method
8.6 Leveling on ice
Leveling for the areas in northern regions crossing rivers, swamps, water
meadows, etc. can be made on the ice during winter seasons, and observe the
following requirements.
9 Electromagnetic distance measurement height traversing
9.1 Scope of application
In the mountainous areas and swamps and water network areas where
geodetic leveling is difficult, the fourth order leveling lines or branch line may be
subject to leveling by electromagnetic distance measurement height traversing
wires (hereinafter referred to as height traversing).
9.2 Observation methods
9.3 Height difference calculation
9.3.1 Observational slant distance shall be subject to addition constants and
multiplying constants and meteorological corrections.
9.3.2 Calculation of station height difference
9.4 Measurement tolerance
9.4.1 The observation results of the height traversing shall not exceed the
tolerances as specified in Table 12.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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