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TB/T 2995-2000: Railway wheels and tires for ultrasonic inspection---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/TBT2995-2000TB RAILWAY INDUSTRY STANDARD eqv ISO 5948-1994 Railway Wheels and Wheel Tires Ultrasonic Testing Issued on. OCTOBER 24, 2000 Implemented on. MAY 1, 2001 Issued by. Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China Table of ContentsForeword... 3 ISO Foreword... 4 1 Scope... 5 2 Normative references... 5 3 Qualifications of the personnel... 5 4 Equipment, probes and couplants... 5 5 Test block... 6 6 Drawing of distance-amplitude curve and DAC curve of wheel tire’s inner surface’s radial detection... 7 7 Flaw detection... 8 8 Acceptance... 10 Appendix A... 11 Appendix B... 15 Appendix C... 17 Appendix D... 19 Appendix E... 20 Appendix F... 22 Appendix G... 26ForewordThis Standard’s detection methods of internal defects in material of wheels and wheel tires equal to the ones stipulated in ISO 5948-1994 “Railway rolling stock material - Ultrasonic acceptance testing”. Since the date of implementation of this Standard, TB 2046-89 “Locomotive New Wheel Tires Ultrasonic Flaw Testing” and TB/T 2882-98 “Wheel Ultrasonic Testing Technical Conditions” shall be abolished. Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D, Appendix E, Appendix F and Appendix G of this Standard are normative. This Standard was proposed by and shall be under the jurisdiction of Qishuyan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. Drafting organizations of this Standard. Qishuyan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., and Metals and Chemistry Research Institute of China Academy of Railway Sciences. Main drafters of this Standard. Huang Yongwei, Li Lianxiu, Lu Xuanguo, Yao Rongwen and Zheng Lili.ISO ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standard bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standard is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 5948 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 13, Railway rolling stock material. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5948.1981), of which it constitutes a technical revision. Railway Wheels and Wheel Tires Ultrasonic Testing1 ScopeThis Standard specifies the ultrasonic testing methods and the acceptance standard for new railway wheels and wheel tires. This Standard is applicable to ultrasonic testing for internal defects of new railway wheels and wheel tires2 Normative referencesThe following standards contain the provisions which, through reference in this Standard, constitute the provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, all editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties who enter into agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. JB/T 10061-99 General technical requirements for A-type pulse reflection ultrasonic flaw detector JB/T 10062-99 Ultrasonic flaw detection probe performance test method3 Qualifications of the personnel3.1 The inspector of railway wheels and wheel tires ultrasonic testing must master the corresponding basic knowledge and be familiar with provisions of this Standard.4 Equipment, probes and couplants4.1 Ultrasonic flaw detector Ultrasonic flaw detector shall meet requirements in JB/T 10061-99. 4.2 Ultrasonic probe 4.2.1 It uses longitudinal-wave straight-probe and split longitudinal-wave probe. 4.3 System combination performance 4.3.1 The sensitivity of ultrasonic flaw detector and straight-probe system shall at least have 30dB allowance when it is probing the Φ2 flat bottom hole of the maximum sound-path. 4.4 Couplants. engine oil, glycerin or water.5 Test block5.1 Overall test block for wheel tire and wheel flaw detection is shown in Appendix A. 5.2 Single test block for wheel tire flaw detection is shown in Appendix B. 5.3 Single test block for wheel flaw detection is shown in Appendix C. 5.4 Calibration test block for wheel tire concave radial detection is shown in Appendix D. 5.5 LG-6 test block and LG-9 test block are shown in Appendix E.6 Drawing of distance-amplitude curve and DACcurve of wheel tire’s inner surface’s radial detection 6.1 Distance-amplitude curve schematic diagram 6.1.1 Distance-amplitude curve schematic diagram shall be made by inspector according to the detection system used. Verify distance-amplitude curve before use it. 6.2 Drawing of DAC curve of wheel tire’s inner surface’s radial detection 6.2.1 Drawing of internal combustion engine wheel tire (rim). PLACE dual- crystal probe on LG-6 test block’s probing surface for scanning; FIND the reflected wave of Φ2 flat-bottomed hole of which the burial depth is 60 mm; 6.2.2 Drawing of electric locomotive wheel tire (rim). PLACE dual-crystal probe on LG-9 test block’s probing surface for scanning; FIND reflected wave of Φ2 flat-bottomed hole of which the burial depth is 75 mm;7 Flaw detection7.1 Test surface roughness Flaw detection is usually conducted in delivery status. It must maintain the coupling effect between workpiece test surface and probe. 7.2 Test surface and flaw detection area The inner side and tread of wheel tire and wheel rim are test surface. The inner area of wheel tire and wheel rim, to where the incident ultrasonic can reach from the test surface, shall be ultrasonic flaw detection area. 7.3 The scanning speed in manual flaw detection shall not be greater than 150 mm/s. The coverage rate shall not be less than 10%. 7.4 Flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.1 Wheel tire flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.2 Wheel rim flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.2.1 Axial flaw detection sensitivity Use longitudinal-wave straight-probe to adjust Φd flat-bottomed hole’s reflection echo of wheel rim No. 2 reference block to 50% height of screen’s full scale, take it as the reference. Then obtain the decibel difference BETWEEN the gain AND Φd equivalent flat-bottomed hole at the maximum detection sound-path. On this basis, compensate the coupling difference between test block and real-object (usually it is 4dB and above), and take it as the flaw detection sensitivity. 7.4.3 Axial acoustically-transparent flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.3.1 Wheel tire’s acoustically-transparent flaw detection sensitivity Use Φ20 longitudinal-wave straight-probe to adjust 120° cone-bottomed hole’s reflection echo of wheel rim No. 4 reference block to 50% height of screen’s full scale, take it as the reference. Then compensate the coupling difference between test block and real-object (usually it is 4dB and above), and take it as the flaw detection sensitivity. 7.5 Quality evaluation method 7.5.1 Evaluation of defects After defects are found by flaw detection, detect the decibel difference between defects and detection reference points. Compare on the corresponding curve and determine the defect equivalence.8 Acceptance8.1 In wheel or wheel tire inspection, if the defect is greater than Φ3 mm equivalence, then this wheel or wheel tire shall be regarded as unqualified. 8.2 In special needs, if the defect is greater than Φ2 mm equivalence, then this wheel or wheel tire shall be regarded as unqualified. 8.5 Acoustically-transparent Conduct acoustically-transparent inspection on the basis of flaw detection sensitivity in 7.4.3.When bottom-wave at any position is reduced to less than 50% of the height, then it shall require other methods (e.g. radial inspection) to distinguish whether there is defect at this position. If there is defect, then it shall be judged as unqualified. 8.6 If there is dispute on the results of radial flaw detection, the tread flaw defection results shall prevail.Appendix A(Normative) Overall test block of wheel tire and wheel flaw defection A1 The material of test block is same as real-object. Test block must be tested by axial ultrasonic testing. Internal defects that are 8dB less than reflected signal of Φ2 flat-bottomed hole are not allowed. At the 1/2 of wheel rim outer side, the bottom echo difference of the first- and the second-time is 7~8dB. TB/T 2995-2000 TB RAILWAY INDUSTRY STANDARD eqv ISO 5948-1994 Railway Wheels and Wheel Tires Ultrasonic Testing Issued on. OCTOBER 24, 2000 Implemented on. MAY 1, 2001 Issued by. Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of ChinaTable of ContentsForeword... 3 ISO Foreword... 4 1 Scope... 5 2 Normative references... 5 3 Qualifications of the personnel... 5 4 Equipment, probes and couplants... 5 5 Test block... 6 6 Drawing of distance-amplitude curve and DAC curve of wheel tire’s inner surface’s radial detection... 7 7 Flaw detection... 8 8 Acceptance... 10 Appendix A... 11 Appendix B... 15 Appendix C... 17 Appendix D... 19 Appendix E... 20 Appendix F... 22 Appendix G... 26ForewordThis Standard’s detection methods of internal defects in material of wheels and wheel tires equal to the ones stipulated in ISO 5948-1994 “Railway rolling stock material - Ultrasonic acceptance testing”. Since the date of implementation of this Standard, TB 2046-89 “Locomotive New Wheel Tires Ultrasonic Flaw Testing” and TB/T 2882-98 “Wheel Ultrasonic Testing Technical Conditions” shall be abolished. Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D, Appendix E, Appendix F and Appendix G of this Standard are normative. This Standard was proposed by and shall be under the jurisdiction of Qishuyan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. Drafting organizations of this Standard. Qishuyan Locomotive & Rolling Stock Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., and Metals and Chemistry Research Institute of China Academy of Railway Sciences. Main drafters of this Standard. Huang Yongwei, Li Lianxiu, Lu Xuanguo, Yao Rongwen and Zheng Lili.ISO ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standard bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standard is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 5948 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 13, Railway rolling stock material. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5948.1981), of which it constitutes a technical revision. Railway Wheels and Wheel Tires Ultrasonic Testing1 ScopeThis Standard specifies the ultrasonic testing methods and the acceptance standard for new railway wheels and wheel tires. This Standard is applicable to ultrasonic testing for internal defects of new railway wheels and wheel tires2 Normative referencesThe following standards contain the provisions which, through reference in this Standard, constitute the provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, all editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties who enter into agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. JB/T 10061-99 General technical requirements for A-type pulse reflection ultrasonic flaw detector JB/T 10062-99 Ultrasonic flaw detection probe performance test method3 Qualifications of the personnel3.1 The inspector of railway wheels and wheel tires ultrasonic testing must master the corresponding basic knowledge and be familiar with provisions of this Standard.4 Equipment, probes and couplants4.1 Ultrasonic flaw detector Ultrasonic flaw detector shall meet requirements in JB/T 10061-99. 4.2 Ultrasonic probe 4.2.1 It uses longitudinal-wave straight-probe and split longitudinal-wave probe. 4.3 System combination performance 4.3.1 The sensitivity of ultrasonic flaw detector and straight-probe system shall at least have 30dB allowance when it is probing the Φ2 flat bottom hole of the maximum sound-path. 4.4 Couplants. engine oil, glycerin or water.5 Test block5.1 Overall test block for wheel tire and wheel flaw detection is shown in Appendix A. 5.2 Single test block for wheel tire flaw detection is shown in Appendix B. 5.3 Single test block for wheel flaw detection is shown in Appendix C. 5.4 Calibration test block for wheel tire concave radial detection is shown in Appendix D. 5.5 LG-6 test block and LG-9 test block are shown in Appendix E.6 Drawing of distance-amplitude curve and DACcurve of wheel tire’s inner surface’s radial detection 6.1 Distance-amplitude curve schematic diagram 6.1.1 Distance-amplitude curve schematic diagram shall be made by inspector according to the detection system used. Verify distance-amplitude curve before use it. 6.2 Drawing of DAC curve of wheel tire’s inner surface’s radial detection 6.2.1 Drawing of internal combustion engine wheel tire (rim). PLACE dual- crystal probe on LG-6 test block’s probing surface for scanning; FIND the reflected wave of Φ2 flat-bottomed hole of which the burial depth is 60 mm; 6.2.2 Drawing of electric locomotive wheel tire (rim). PLACE dual-crystal probe on LG-9 test block’s probing surface for scanning; FIND reflected wave of Φ2 flat-bottomed hole of which the burial depth is 75 mm;7 Flaw detection7.1 Test surface roughness Flaw detection is usually conducted in delivery status. It must maintain the coupling effect between workpiece test surface and probe. 7.2 Test surface and flaw detection area The inner side and tread of wheel tire and wheel rim are test surface. The inner area of wheel tire and wheel rim, to where the incident ultrasonic can reach from the test surface, shall be ultrasonic flaw detection area. 7.3 The scanning speed in manual flaw detection shall not be greater than 150 mm/s. The coverage rate shall not be less than 10%. 7.4 Flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.1 Wheel tire flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.2 Wheel rim flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.2.1 Axial flaw detection sensitivity Use longitudinal-wave straight-probe to adjust Φd flat-bottomed hole’s reflection echo of wheel rim No. 2 reference block to 50% height of screen’s full scale, take it as the reference. Then obtain the decibel difference BETWEEN the gain AND Φd equivalent flat-bottomed hole at the maximum detection sound-path. On this basis, compensate the coupling difference between test block and real-object (usually it is 4dB and above), and take it as the flaw detection sensitivity. 7.4.3 Axial acoustically-transparent flaw detection sensitivity 7.4.3.1 Wheel tire’s acoustically-transparent flaw detection sensitivity Use Φ20 longitudinal-wave straight-probe to adjust 120° cone-bottomed hole’s reflection echo of wheel rim No. 4 reference block to 50% height of screen’s full scale, take it as the reference. Then compensate the coupling difference between test block and real-object (usually it is 4dB and above), and take it as the flaw detection sensitivity. 7.5 Quality evaluation method 7.5.1 Evaluation of defects After defects are found by flaw detection, detect the decibel difference between defects and detection reference points. Compare on the corresponding curve and determine the defect equivalence.8 Acceptance8.1 In wheel or wheel tire inspection, if the defect is greater than Φ3 mm equivalence, then this wheel or wheel tire shall be regarded as unqualified. 8.2 In special needs, if the defect is greater than Φ2 mm equivalence, then this wheel or wheel tire shall be regarded as unqualified. 8.5 Acoustically-transparent Conduct acoustically-transparent inspection on the basis of flaw detection sensitivity in 7.4.3.When bottom-wave at any position is reduced to less than 50% of the height, then it shall require other methods (e.g. radial inspection) to distinguish whether there is defect at this position. If there is defect, then it shall be judged as unqualified. 8.6 If there is dispute on the results of radial flaw detection, the tread flaw defection results shall prevail.Appendix A(Normative) Overall test block of wheel tire and wheel flaw defection A1 The material of test block is same as real-object. Test block must be tested by axial ultrasonic testing. Internal defects that are 8dB less than reflected signal of Φ2 flat-bottomed hole are not allowed. At the 1/2 of wheel rim outer side, the bottom echo difference of the first- and the second-time is 7~8dB. ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. Tips & Frequently Asked Questions:Question 1: How long will the true-PDF of English version of TB/T 2995-2000 be delivered?Answer: The full copy PDF of English version of TB/T 2995-2000 can be downloaded in 9 seconds, and it will also be emailed to you in 9 seconds (double mechanisms to ensure the delivery reliably), with PDF-invoice.Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of TB/T 2995-2000_English with my colleagues?Answer: Yes. 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