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GB/T 38213-2019: Corrosion of metals and alloys - Procedures to determine and estimate runoff rates of metals from materials as a result of atmospheric corrosion Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See step-by-step procedure Status: Valid
Similar standardsGB/T 38213-2019: Corrosion of metals and alloys - Procedures to determine and estimate runoff rates of metals from materials as a result of atmospheric corrosion---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT38213-2019 Corrosion of metals and alloys--Procedures to determine and estimate runoff rates of metals from materials as a result of atmospheric corrosion ICS 77.060 H25 National Standards of People's Republic of China Corrosion of metals and alloys caused by atmospheric corrosion Procedures for determination and evaluation of metal loss rates in materials (ISO 17752..2012, IDT) Published on October 18,.2019 2020-09-01 implementation State Administration of Market Supervision Published by China National Standardization Administration ForewordThis standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This standard uses the translation method equivalent to ISO 17752..2012 "Corrosion of metals and alloys. Metal flow in materials caused by atmospheric corrosion Procedures for the determination and evaluation of loss rates. For documents in China that have a consistent correspondence with the international documents referenced normatively in this standard, see Appendix NA. The following editorial changes have been made to this standard. --- Added informative appendix NA. This standard is proposed by China Iron and Steel Industry Association. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Steel Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC183). This standard was drafted. Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Standards of Metallurgical Industry. The main drafters of this standard. Wang Zhenyao, Pan Chen, Hou Jie, Liu Yuwei, Li Qian, Wang Chuan.introductionThe purpose of the bleed test is to obtain data on the rate of metal loss from different materials under atmospheric exposure. Churn test included in the test Expose samples at the test site and continuously collect bleed samples. Therefore, bleed tests are more demanding than standardized corrosion tests. In the long run, the bleed rate is always less than or equal to, and often much less than, the corrosion rate. Because the corrosion products contain metals, This cannot be achieved with standardized corrosion tests. Compared with standardized tests, bleed tests can be performed on the surface of actual products or Any surface-treated material, such as pure metals, alloys or different coatings (e.g. metal coatings, metal-containing organic coatings) Layer), just record the sample's origin, surface treatment and characteristics. The result of this field test is the metal loss rate obtained by collecting rainwater on the surface of the scouring material. Metal may further occur The conversion of chemical forms and the interaction with the environment are beyond the scope of this standard. Taking into account specific application conditions, the churn rate program can be established based on standardized exposure sample determinations or through informational assessments. Appendix A gives the conditions that affect the metal loss rate evaluation of bare-based materials in special applications of atmospheric corrosion. Corrosion of metals and alloys caused by atmospheric corrosion Procedures for determination and evaluation of metal loss rates in materials1 ScopeThis standard specifies procedures for the determination and evaluation of metal loss rates in metals, alloys and coatings under outdoor atmospheric environments.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are essential for the application of this document. For dated references, only the dated version applies to this article Pieces. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. ISO 4221 Air quality-Determination of the mass concentration of sulfur dioxide in ambient air-Reagent spectrophotometry (Airquality- Determinationofmassconcentrationofsulphurdioxideinambientair-Thorinspectrophotometric method) ISO 4226 Airquality-Generalaspects-Unitsofmeasure- ment) ISO 4543 General rules for corrosion tests under storage conditions for metals and other inorganic coatings (Metalicandothernon-or- ganiccoatings-Generalrulesforcorrosiontestsapplicableforstorageconditions) ISO 8565 General requirements for field tests of atmospheric corrosion tests on metals and alloys (Metalandaloys-Atmospheric corrosiontesting-Generalrequirements) ISO 9169 Determination of performance characteristics of automatic air quality measurement systems (Airquality-Definitionanddetermination ofperformancecharacteristicsofanautomaticmeasuringsystem) ISO 9225 Corrosion of metals and alloys. Atmospheric corrosivity. Measurement of environmental parameters that affect atmospheric corrosivity (Corrosionof metalsandaloys-Corrosivityofatmospheres-Measurementofenvironmentalparametersaffecting corrosivityofatmospheres) ISO 9226 Corrosion of metals and alloys. Atmospheric corrosivity. Determination of the corrosion rate of standard specimens for assessing corrosivity (Corrosionofmetalsandaloys-Corrosivityofatmospheres-Determinationofcorrosionrateof standardspecimensfortheevaluationofcorrosivity)3 Test sample requirements3.1 Sample type The exposed surface area of the sample should meet the following requirements. be able to provide a sufficient amount of water to ensure the reproducibility of the test results, to maximize Reduce edge effects and all loss of flow. The size of the flat rectangular sample should not be less than 100mm × 300mm (300cm2). If available The surface area can be accurately determined and all lost water can be collected continuously, and the surface area of the sample can be larger. The sample should be of sufficient thickness to ensure that the sample can Sufficient to withstand the predetermined test cycle. Effective thickness is between 1mm ~ 3mm. The surface of the test sample should be as close as possible to the actual product condition. 3.2 Sample preparation and processing Since atmospheric corrosion and metal loss testing may last for many years, ensure that samples can be clearly identified and recorded data carefully collected (Total water loss, pH, and total metal concentration) are very important. Avoid surface damage. The surface of all samples, especially the covering material, should be undamaged. To reduce surface contamination and ensure uniform surface Uniform, non-covered samples should be washed as much as possible before exposure to the material. A practical method is to remove the oil in acetone and isopropanol. It is not recommended to grind the sample, as the polished surface does not represent the true state of the product and greatly affects the degree of metal release. kind Fingerprints generated during product processing will affect the results. Use cotton gloves and touch the edges of the sample to avoid fingerprints. The back of each sample should be taped and the cut edges should be sealed with a non-metallic paint or wax to avoid metal release from these parts of the sample. Correct For covering materials, the cutting edges should be sealed. In the same place where the sample is placed, a blank sample rack of inert material (without the sample) should be exposed in parallel, and the washed blank sample should be collected The sedimentation rate of the rainwater is measured as the reference deposition rate of the test sample. 3.3 Sample marking Whenever possible, label test samples in a way that is not easily confused during exposure. It is recommended to mark both the rack and the sample. The sample can be marked by a score (should be on the back of the sample). Other marking methods can be used if they meet the requirements of legibility and durability. The area affected by the marker should be minimized. When nicks are used to identify overlay samples, the identification method should not affect or interfere with the test results. should All coating samples are scored before painting. 3.4 Number of samples For materials with a surface area of not less than 300 cm2 (see 3.1), one sample is sufficient. 3.5 Storage The time interval from sample preparation to the beginning of exposure should be as short as possible to reduce the corrosive effect caused during sample storage. Corrosive effect Should affect bleed results, especially for samples with very low metal release concentrations. Recommended time interval from sample preparation to start of exposure For a week, especially on bare metal and alloy surfaces. Since the bleed test can be performed on any surface, it is necessary to record the storage time and storage conditions before the test. If it is exposed to the sun The corrosion products and surface morphology should be analyzed after the beam. Keep the surface characteristics unchanged and avoid further oxidation. For short-term exposure, the time interval should be as short as possible. During sample storage, mechanical damage and contact with other samples should be avoided. Should choose temperature adjustable and relative humidity not greater than 50% Room to store samples. Particularly sensitive samples should be stored in a desiccator or sealed in plastic bags containing a desiccant (see ISO 4543). 3.6 Sample data record For each series of test samples, the data required to record the flow failure shall be evaluated (see Chapter 8). It should include the following. a) Bare metals and alloys. 1) Chemical composition, including major and minor alloying elements; 2) exposure appearance and surface area; 3) Surface finish characteristics (e.g. surface roughness, etc.); 4) Origin of the sample (eg storage conditions, pretreatment, surface aging). b) overlays and other surfaces. 1) Description of the substrate, if any; 2) Painting method description; 3) Description of cover material, chemical composition; 4) Cover layer thickness. Note 1. The chemical composition of each sample is different, just like the morphology of the cover layer in the exposure test. Note 2. The sample conditions can be recorded before and during the test.4 Atmospheric corrosion test site4.1 Test site requirements Atmospheric corrosion test sites shall be provided with means for outdoor exposure, i.e. direct exposure to all atmospheric conditions and atmospheric pollutants (see ISO 8565). Generally, a test area affected by a comprehensive climate should be selected as the test site. Buildings, structures, trees, and certain geographic features (river, Lakes, hills, and valleys) can cause wind, sources of pollution, and sunlight to be accidentally blocked. Unless the effects of man-made or natural characteristics are an expected part of the exposure plan, these characteristics should be avoided to affect the test results, such as Inevitably, these characteristics should be recorded. Similarly, the presence of low-growth bushes and other plants may affect the temperature and humidity of a given test site Degree distribution. Therefore, a site without low-growing bushes and other plants, or a height below 0.2m should be selected, and the test rack should be set at Drain well or set on gravel, concrete, or paved foundation. 4.2 Test site location and safety The exposure site chosen should represent atmospheric conditions with specific characteristics, such as rural, urban, marine or industrial environments. If possible, exposure The field should be located at or near temperature, humidity, precipitation characteristics (rainfall, rainfall intensity), gaseous and/or particulate pollutants by the environment or health organization. And other places for continuous meteorological and environmental monitoring. Near-point sources of corrosive emissions should be avoided. Ideally, the test site should be used Fence or other means to protect the sample from human or animal damage and to prevent growing plants from touching the sample. 4.3 Exposure Rack The exposure rack is a device that firmly fixes the test sample to the test site, and will not significantly degrade and will not be attached to it. The effect of corrosion or loss of test samples. As long as there is sufficient strength and durability, metal materials or wood can be used. If necessary, Applying a suitable cover provides additional protection to the metal exposure rack. Exposure racks can be configured with properly protected and maintained wood. Choice of materials The design of the support frame should not affect or interfere with the test results. The designed test stand shall ensure that the exposed sample is at 45 ° to the level. The test stand shall be designed so that the test sample is not The effect of water loss from the sample and splash water from the ground. The minimum height of the exposure rack should be selected to prevent rainwater splashing and snow storage, and Should not be less than 0.5m.5 Test site characteristicsThe corrosion rate of standard samples should be determined directly according to ISO 9226, combined with environmental parameters measured on site or collected from other sources Environmental data to characterize the atmospheric conditions of the test site. The recommended atmospheric characteristics and environmental data are as follows. --- Air temperature in degrees Celsius (° C); ---Relative humidity,%; --- Precipitation in millimeters per year (mm/a); --- Precipitation pH value based on weighted average of H concentration in annual precipitation; --- Sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3); or sulfur dioxide (SO2) deposition rate in milligrams Days per square meter [mg/(m2 · d)]; --- Chloride ion (Cl-) deposition rate, unit is milligram per square meter day [mg/(m2 · d)], usually only used in marine test sites. The collection or determination of other factors depends on the specific requirements of the test. The atmosphere of the test site was characterized according to ISO 4226 and ISO 9169. Concentration should be determined according to ISO 4221 and ISO 9225 Deposition rate. Determine or evaluate the level of atmospheric corrosivity in accordance with the method described in ISO 9226, combined with environmental data. In order to compare the results of the loss rate measurement, it is recommended to directly measure the corrosion on the front side of the same sample in the loss exposure test. The tape is covered and the cut edges are coated with wax or lacquer as described in 3.2.6 Operating conditionsEach sample should be installed on one side on a fixed device with an inclined groove. The inclined groove can collect the lost water of the washed sample. Leaching The liquid is transferred into the container through the groove (see Figure 1). Fixtures, grooves and containers should be made of inert materials such as polymethyl methacrylate Or polyethylene. The width of the fixture extending to the sample should be as small as possible to avoid dilution of the lost water, usually less than 0.5cm. Explanation. 1 --- panel; 2 --- Inert material fixing device; 3--inert material edges; 4--flange; 5 --- silicon tube; 6 --- polyethylene container for collecting lost water. Figure 1 Schematic diagram of recommended inert material fixture for measuring bleed rate The test sample placement requirements are as follows. --- There is no contact between the test sample and any material that may affect its corrosion or bleed test conditions; --- Corrosion products and the loss of water from the surface containing released metals should not drip from one test sample to another; --- Collect the total loss of water on the surface of the washed sample; --- The draining collection container is convenient for regular replacement; --- easy access to the surface of the test sample; --- Protect the test sample from falling, accidental contamination or damage; --- All test samples are exposed to the same conditions and contact air as uniformly as possible in all directions; --- Normally, the surface of the northern hemisphere test sample faces south, and the southern hemisphere test sample faces north He faces, like the ocean; --- The slope of the test sample should be 45 ° from the level.7 Test procedure7.1 Test time The total exposure period and season depend on the type of test sample and the purpose of the test. Recommended minimum total exposure period 1 year, preferably 5 years. The exposure period of the cover sample should be not less than 5 years. 7.2 Periodic collection of bleed samples The lost water in the container should be continuously collected. The container should be replaced before it is completely filled to ensure that the released metal is not lost and Able to determine the actual amount of rainwater from the scouring sample and the amount of rainwater affected by the current exposure conditions and wind direction. If the collection container is too full, Meteorological measurements of rainfall in a specific sampling period or estimates of scouring rainfall based on previous similar sampling periods. Time to change the collection container The interval depends on the amount of precipitation, the prevailing precipitation conditions, and the volume of the container used. According to the characteristics of rainwater, the recommended collection container volume is 2L ~ 5L. If the collected lost water evaporates, the lost water should be collected more frequently to reduce the impact of lost water evaporation (e.g. with aluminum Foil covering collection container). For samples that release low concentrations of metals, mainly cover layer samples, pickling should be used to avoid metal contamination. The collected collection container is used to measure the loss of water.The container should be immersed in a pure 10% nitric acid (HNO3) solution for at least 24 hours before use. Wash with pure water at least 4 times, and then dry in the laboratory ambient air. Note. The purity of the ultrapure water used here can refer to the EW-Ⅰ grade electronic grade water in GB/T 11146.1. In order to determine the baseline metal concentration, the bleed water from the same inert sample rack of the same exposure conditions and cycle should be collected at the same time. Should follow Subtract the measured reference metal concentration from the product loss data. After collection, the collected leaching solution should be transported to the laboratory to determine the volume and pH of the leached water (laboratory ambient temperature) Bottom) and analyze the total metal content. Before analysis, nitric acid (HNO3) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) should be used to acidify the leaching solution to a pH of less than 3. Acidification can dissolve metal complexes that may be formed on the walls of the container, thereby protecting water loss. After acidification, the lost solution can be stored for a while before analysis. Month (or longer) (preferably in dark conditions). 7.3 Evaluation of results According to the metal to be analyzed, the metal concentration exceeding 1mg/L is usually determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Metal concentration In the range of micrograms per liter (μg/L), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy can be used Method for analysis. After subtracting the reference concentration measured at each sampling period, add the metal content released at each sampling period (metal concentration multiplied by The volume of water lost is collected), and the total amount of metal released can be calculated in grams per square meter [g/(m2 · a)]. Churn rate Another expression is micrometers per year (μm/a). The former is more suitable for characterizing actual metal loss rates, while the latter is more suitable for comparative corrosion rate. The loss rate is based on the total volume of rainwater on the scouring surface and is expressed as L/m2 (based on the exposure area of the sample at a 45 ° angle to the horizontal plane. It is largely affected by the wind direction at that time) or expressed as the millimeter precipitation on the washed surface during the total exposure cycle degree). The meteorological unit "mm precipitation" is mainly used to predict and compare the rate of metal loss from different sites and oblique directions of the surface. The churn rate can be calculated according to formula (1). MR = A · t (1) Where. MR --- metal loss rate in grams per square meter [g/(m2 · a)]; m --- the total mass of metal collected in the lost water, in grams (g); A --- metal surface area in square meters (m2); t --- Exposure time, the unit is year (a). Among them, the total mass is the sum of each individual mass obtained by subtracting the reference deposition mass from different sampling results. Suggested stall The total exposure time measured by the rate is at least 1 year, preferably 5 years. Even if the drain water should be replaced regularly before it fills up the collection container, unexpected precipitation affected by the season may cause The drain water overflows. In this case, it should be assumed that the measured metal concentration of rainwater can represent the entire sampling period. In this case, take The total amount of rain in the sample period should be based on meteorological measurements of rainfall in a specific sampling period by nearby weather stations, or based on similar sampling periods Period.8 Test reportThe test report should contain at least the following information. a) data on storage conditions of samples before exposure; b) data on test samples, including the preparation, inclination and orientation of the exposed samples, and any differences in recommended operating conditions; c) characterization of the test site (see Chapter 5); d) data on the date of exposure and the time interval between collections; e) information on specific sampling periods, including spill collection containers, accidental exposure conditions (such as storms, hail, etc.); f) Collect information on total metal concentration, pH, and volume of water lost during each sampling cycle, and Information on inert sample racks exposed to the sun; g) quantitative results of churn rate evaluation in grams per square meter [g/(m2 · a)]; h) annual rainfall in millimeters per year (mm/a); i) The reference sedimentation rate of the test sample based on the measurement of the loss of water from the blank sample rack, in grams per square meter per year [g/(m2 · a)].Appendix A(Informative appendix) Conditions Affecting the Evaluation of Metal Loss Rate of Bare-Based Materials in Special Applications of Atmospheric Corrosion A.1 General The metal loss rate determination procedure described in this standard is used to compare different types of materials, different types of corrosion protection measures, or different Atmospheric Environment. Given the changes in pollutants in a given outdoor environment, these data can also be used to establish long-term trends. The data only represent normal exposure conditions, and cannot be directly applied to the assessment of the loss rate under special applications or special exposure conditions. this In addition, if the measured churn data is lacking, sometimes the churn rate needs to be evaluated. Many known parameters affect the corrosion rate and Loss rates, such as precipitation, shadowing effects, wind conditions, age and direction of sample use, and radioactive sources. Some relevant information or experience on this conversion or evaluation is briefly listed below. In the long run, the bleed rate is always less than or equal to the corrosion rate, and is often significantly less than the corrosion rate on the bare metal surface. Even if Therefore, in certain cases, the corrosion rate can be used to estimate the conservatively estimated upper limit of the bleed rate. This has a very low corrosion rate for known The area is very effective (see A.9). When calculating the conservatively estimated upper limit of the bleed rate based on corrosion data obtained by conventional methods, the difference in corrosion between the reverse and front sides of the sample must be considered different. If they are equivalent, the bleed rate is usually less than the corrosion rate, as described earlier. However, if compared with the front corrosion rate, the back The negligible corrosion rate means that the conservatively estimated upper limit of the bleed rate is usually less than twice the corrosion rate because the characterization of the corrosion rate is Take into account the total area, including front and back. A.2 Effects of exposure time In the long term (more than 1 year), the metal loss rate of outdoor building materials due to the formation of corrosion products appears relatively constant or Slightly downward trend. In a particular rainy season with given rainfall characteristics, the rate of churn will be very high in the first stage, which is the so-called first rush Washing, which depends on the exposure conditions at the time before the rainfall event, and then the rate of churn begins to decrease and become relatively constant in the remaining stages. When integrated During multiple rainfall events, the cumulative amount of metal lost on a bare test surface with corrosion products in a given test site increases approximately linearly with time The relationship is that the loss rate is relatively constant and has nothing to do with the exposure time. As long as the environmental conditions at a given exposure site are not significant between years of exposure The change of the amount of metal per unit of rainfall on the bare metal surface is relatively constant. A.3 Impact of corrosion product evolution Bare building materials usually form relatively porous corrosion products, which depends on the environmental conditions and exposure time at that time. Compared with denser surface oxides, corrosion products are able to retain humidity and environmental pollutants for longer periods of time. However, measured by corrosion products The resulting churn rate is only slightly higher. Although corrosion products may have different chemical compositions and densities, the results are always the same. but, From a risk assessment perspective, these differences are small. A.4 Impact of rainfall Given the concentration of pollutants and surface inclination, the rate of leaching is closely related to the rainfall on the scouring surface, and rainfall as a medium dissolves and transports Dissolved metal from the surface. For some bare metals, the linear relationship between total loss and total rainfall is a simple and conservative rough estimate meter. However, the actual amount of loss depends on the specific material and is related to the environmental and pollution conditions before the rainfall, and the characteristics of the rainwater such as intensity, composition and pH) are closely related. A.5 Influence of surface orientation The rate of loss of building surfaces... ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. Tips & Frequently Asked Questions:Question 1: How long will the true-PDF of English version of GB/T 38213-2019 be delivered?Answer: The full copy PDF of English version of GB/T 38213-2019 can be downloaded in 9 seconds, and it will also be emailed to you in 9 seconds (double mechanisms to ensure the delivery reliably), with PDF-invoice.Question 2: Can I share the purchased PDF of GB/T 38213-2019_English with my colleagues?Answer: Yes. 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