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Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT18851.1-2012Non-destructive testing.Penetrant testing.Part 1.General principles ICS 19.100 J04 National Standards of People's Republic of China Replacing GB/T 18851.1-2005, GB/T 18851.5-2005 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 1.General (ISO 3452-1.2008, IDT) Published on.2012-09-03 2013-03-01 implementation General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China China National Standardization Administration issued ForewordGB/T 18851 "Non-destructive testing penetration testing" is divided into the following parts. --- Part 1.General; --- Part 2.Inspection of infiltration materials; --- Part 3.Reference test block; --- Part 4.Equipment. This part is the first part of GB/T 18851. This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009. This part replaces GB/T 18851.1-2005 "Non-destructive testing for penetration testing Part 1.General" and GB/T 18851.5- 2005 "Non-destructive testing for penetration testing Part 5.Verification methods". This part is based on GB/T 18851.1-2005 and integrates The main contents of GB/T 18851.5-2005, compared with GB/T 18851.1-2005, except for editorial changes, are as follows. ---Modified and added "normative references" (see Chapter 2, Chapter 2 of the.2005 edition); --- Added "terms and definitions" (see Chapter 3); ---Modified "safety warnings" (see Chapter 4, Chapter 4 of the.2005 edition); --- Revised the "General Provisions" (see Chapter 5, Chapter 3 of the.2005 edition); ---Modified "product, sensitivity and name" (see Chapter 6, Chapter 5 of the.2005 edition); --- Revised "the compatibility of test materials with the test piece" (see Chapter 7, Chapter 6 of the.2005 edition); ---Adjusted and revised the "Testing Procedures" (see Chapter 8, Chapters 7 through 12 of the.2005 edition); --- Removed "a set of instructions for penetration testing materials" (see Appendix A of the.2005 edition); --- Removed the "Permeability Testing Material Formulation Form" (see Appendix B of the.2005 edition); --- Removed the "Permeation Detection Process Card (example)" (see Appendix C of the.2005 edition); --- Added "main stage of penetration testing" (see Appendix A) and "international and European standards equivalent to each other in this section" (see Appendix B). This section uses the translation method equivalent to ISO 3452-1.2008 "Non-destructive testing penetration testing Part 1.General" (English version). This section has made the following editorial changes. --- Fixed a typographical error in the canonical Appendix C; --- Change the EN standard in the normative reference document to the corresponding ISO standard (see Appendix C). This part is proposed and managed by the National Non-Destructive Testing Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC56). This section drafted by. Shanghai Materials Research Institute, Shanghai Chengyou Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai Xinmeida Testing Equipment Co., Ltd. Shanghai Baosteel Industrial Testing Company, Shanghai Weicheng Bangda Testing Technology Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this section. Jin Yufei, Luo Yundong, Zhao Cheng, Ding Minghua, Zhu Hao. The previous versions of the standards replaced by this section are. ---GB/T 18851.1-2005; ---GB/T 18851.5-2005. Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 1.General1 ScopeThis part of GB/T 18851 specifies the discontinuity of the surface opening of the tested material (eg cracks, heavy skin, folds, pores and not Penetration detection method for fusion, etc.). This method is mainly used for metal materials, but can also be used for other materials as long as these materials are not porous. And it is inert with respect to the detection medium. Examples of the material to be inspected include castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, and the like. The term "discontinuous" as used in this section includes all acceptable or unacceptable meanings that have not been assessed. GB/T 18851.2 and GB/T 18851.3 specify the measurement and monitoring methods for the practical performance of penetration testing products.2 Normative referencesThe following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only dated versions apply to this article. Pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB/T 5097 Non-destructive testing for penetration testing and magnetic particle testing conditions (ISO 3059.2001, IDT) GB/T 9445 Non-destructive testing personnel qualification and certification (ISO 9712.2005, IDT) GB/T 12604.3 Non-destructive testing terminology penetration test (ISO 12706.2000, IDT) GB/T 18851.2 Non-destructive testing - Part 2.Examination of osmotic materials (ISO 3452-2.2006, IDT) GB/T 18851.3 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 3.Reference test blocks (ISO 3452-3.1998, IDT) GB/T 18851.4 Non-destructive testing - Part 2.Equipment (ISO 3452-4.1998, IDT)3 Terms and definitionsThe terms and definitions defined in GB/T 12604.3 apply to this document.4 safety warningPenetration testing techniques often use hazardous, flammable, and/or volatile materials, so care should be taken. Long-term and repeated contact of these materials with skin or mucous membranes should be avoided. The work area should be adequately ventilated and kept away from heat, sparks and unobstructed open flames as required by relevant regulations. Always use permeation testing products and equipment in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. When using a UV-A (ultraviolet) source, care should be taken to ensure that unfiltered radiation from the UV-A source does not directly strike the operator's eye. eye. Whether the lamp is integral or split, the UV-A filter should always be in good condition. Pay attention to laws and regulations regarding hygiene, safety, environmental protection and storage.5 General5.1 personnel Testing shall be carried out or supervised by qualified personnel, and if required, shall be funded in accordance with GB/T 9445 or the system agreed by the parties to the contract. Identification and certification. 5.2 Method summary The surface to be inspected should be cleaned and dried before the penetration test. Then apply the appropriate penetrant to the test area to allow it to penetrate into the Check for discontinuities in the opening on the surface. After a suitable penetration time, the excess penetrant on the surface is removed and the developer is applied. Thus sucking out Penetrants that penetrate and remain in discontinuities provide a clear, easy-to-see and magnified discontinuous display. It is advisable to stipulate the coordination of non-destructive testing, unless the parties to the contract agree, in order to prevent the contaminants from blocking the discontinuity of the opening, the penetration test Should be implemented first. If the penetration test is performed after any other non-destructive testing technique, the surface to be inspected should be applied prior to the application of the penetrant. Carefully clean to remove contaminants. 5.3 Sequence of operations The general sequence of operations is listed in Appendix A. The usual detection process is. a) preparation and pre-cleaning (see 8.2); b) applying a penetrant (see 8.3); c) remove excess penetrant (see 8.4); d) applying a developer (see 8.5); e) observation (see 8.6); f) records (see 8.7); g) Post-cleaning (see 8.8). 5.4 Equipment The equipment used for penetration testing is related to the number, size and shape of the objects being inspected. See GB/T 18851.4 for equipment requirements. 5.5 Effectiveness The effectiveness of penetration testing is related to many factors, such as. a) the type of infiltration material and testing equipment; b) surface preparation and condition; c) the material being inspected and the expected discontinuity; d) the temperature of the surface being inspected; e) penetration and development time; f) Observation conditions, etc. 6 product, sensitivity and name 6.1 Product Family Penetration testing has a variety of detection systems. The product family is a combination of the following permeation-detecting materials known. penetrants, removers, and imaging agents. Manufacturer should press GB/T 18851.2 Inspection of penetrants and removers. Approved product families should be used. 6.2 Testing products The test products are given in Table 1. 6.3 Sensitivity The sensitivity level of the product family shall be determined using the Type 1 reference test block described in GB/T 18851.3.The grade being assessed is usually Refers to the method used by the approved product family for type testing. 6.4 Name Approved product family for penetration testing, giving the name of the type, method and method of testing the product, and A display diagram of the sensitivity level obtained by detecting the type 1 reference test block described in GB/T 18851.3. Example. When the permeation detection system is GB/T 18851.1 and GB/T 18851.2, a family has been approved, including fluorescent penetrants. (I), water (A) as a remover, dry powder imaging agent (a) and level 2 system sensitivity, the name of this product family is expressed as GB/T 18851 (ISO 3452) - IAa - 2. Table 1 Test products Penetrant remover imaging agent Type name method name mode name Fluorescent penetrant Coloring penetrant Dual-purpose (fluorescent coloring) penetrant Lipophilic emulsifier Oil-based emulsifier 2.Flowing water rinse Solvent (liquid) Hydrophilic emulsifier 1.Optional pre-flush (water) 2.Emulsifier (water dilution) 3.Final rinse (water) Water and solvent Dry powder Water soluble Water suspension Solvent type (non-water wet type) Water or solvent type for special applications (Example. peelable imaging agent) Note. For permeation testing products used in special occasions, it is necessary to meet special requirements related to fire resistance, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other contaminants. See, see GB/T 18851.2.7 Detecting the compatibility of materials with the tested parts7.1 Overview The penetration test product should be compatible with the intended use of the material being tested and the workpiece. 7.2 Compatibility of penetration testing products The penetration testing materials should be compatible with each other. Permeable materials from different manufacturers should not be mixed when filling the container. When loss occurs, it should not be used by different manufacturers. The materials are complemented by each other. 7.3 Compatibility of the infiltration test material with the test piece 7.3.1 In most cases, the compatibility of the product is evaluated by the corrosion test method specified in GB/T 18851.2. 7.3.2 Penetration testing materials may adversely affect the chemical or physical properties of certain non-metallic materials, and therefore in the inspection of shaped parts and Confirm the compatibility of the assembled parts (including materials, etc.) before they are confirmed. 7.3.3 In locations where contamination may occur, it must be ensured that the infiltration test material does not adversely affect fuel, lubricants, liquid fluids, etc. 7.3.4 In the case of peroxide rocket fuel, explosive containers (including all explosive propulsion, engine or combustion chamber materials connected to it), liquid oxygen Penetration testing materials are used on related workpieces such as equipment or nuclear reactors, and their compatibility should have special requirements. 7.3.5 After the post-cleaning, if the permeation test material remains on the test piece, corrosion may occur (such as stress corrosion or fatigue corrosion). The possibility of waiting).8 Test procedure8.1 Written testing procedures If required by the contract, an approved written test procedure should be prepared prior to testing. 8.2 Preparation and pre-cleaning Contaminants such as dirt, rust, oil, grease or paint should be removed. Mechanical or chemical methods, or both, if necessary The method is used. The pre-cleaning should ensure that there is no residue on the surface to be inspected so that the penetrant can easily penetrate into any discontinuity. The cleaning area should be large enough to prevent Interference from the area near the actual surface being inspected. 8.2.1 Mechanical pre-cleaning Suitable methods such as brushing, rubbing, grinding, spraying, high-pressure water jetting, etc. should be used to remove dirt, slag, rust, and the like. These methods can remove the surface Contaminants, but for the removal of contaminants from surface discontinuities, there is usually no power. In all cases, especially in shot peening, It should be ensured that the discontinuities are not obstructed by plastic deformation or blocked by abrasive materials. If necessary, after the subsequent surface etching treatment, it should be carried out as appropriate Rinse and dry to ensure that the discontinuities are open. 8.2.2 Chemical pre-cleaning Chemical pre-cleaning should use a suitable chemical cleaner to remove residues such as grease, oil, paint or etched materials. The residue produced by the chemical pre-cleaning process reacts with the penetrant and thereby causes its sensitivity to decrease. Especially acid and chromic acid The salt can greatly reduce the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent penetrant and the color of the coloring penetrant. Therefore, the chemical agent on the surface to be inspected should be removed, that is, in the clear After the washing process, a suitable washing method including washing with water or the like can be used. 8.2.3 Drying As a final step of pre-cleaning, the test piece should be thoroughly dried so that no moisture or solvent remains in the discontinuity. 8.3 Application of penetrant 8.3.1 Method of application The penetrant can be applied by spraying, brushing, pouring, dipping or the like. During the entire infiltration time, it should be ensured that the surface to be inspected is always sufficiently wetted. 8.3.2 Temperature The temperature of the surface to be inspected should generally be between 10 ° C and 50 ° C. In special cases, it can also be used at temperatures not lower than 5 °C. When the temperature is lower than 10 ° C or higher than 50 ° C, the infiltration product family and process specifications should be specifically confirmed according to GB/T 18851.2. Note. At low temperatures, water vapor freezes on the surface and discontinuously, which will prevent the penetrant from entering discontinuities. 8.3.3 Penetration time The appropriate permeation time is related to the performance of the penetrant, the temperature at the time of application, the material of the test piece, and the discontinuity to be inspected. The penetration time is preferably between 5 min and 60 min. The permeation time should be at least as long as the time taken to determine the sensitivity (see 6.3). Otherwise, the actual penetration time should be recorded in the written test procedure. In any case, the penetrant should not be allowed during the infiltration time. dry. 8.4 Removal of excess penetrant 8.4.1 Overview Avoid removing the penetrant from the discontinuity when applying the remover. 8.4.2 Water Excess penetrant should be removed using a suitable rinsing technique. For example. jet rinsing or wiping with a damp cloth. Use the flushing method, pay attention to Reduce the effects of mechanical action. The temperature of the water should not exceed 50 °C. 8.4.3 Solvent Usually, first remove the excess penetrant with a clean, lint-free cloth, then use a clean, lint-free cloth with a little solvent. Clear. Any other removal technique should be agreed by the parties to the contract, especially if the solvent remover is sprayed directly onto the test piece. 8.4.4 Emulsifier 8.4.4.1 Hydrophilic (water dilutable) The emulsifier is applied such that the post-emulsified penetrant becomes washable to facilitate removal from the surface to be inspected. To remove the surface to be inspected Most of the excess penetrant and the subsequent application of a hydrophilic emulsifier produce a uniform effect, before applying the emulsifier, it is advisable Washed. The emulsifier should be applied using an immersion or foaming device. Emulsifier concentration and contact time should be approved by the user according to the manufacturer's instructions. Test to assess. The emulsifier contact time should not exceed the time measured by the pretest. After emulsification, the final water wash should be carried out in accordance with 8.4.2. 8.4.4.2 lipophilic (oil based) The emulsifier is applied such that the post-emulsified penetrant becomes washable to facilitate removal from the surface to be inspected. It can only use immersion technology Apply. The emulsifier contact time should be assessed by the user through pre-test according to the manufacturer's instructions. The contact time should be sufficient as long as the excess penetrant on the surface to be inspected can be removed during subsequent washing. The emulsification time should not be too long. emulsification After that, it should be washed with water according to 8.4.2. 8.4.5 Water and solvent First, water should be used to remove excess water-washing penetrant (see 8.4.2). Then use a clean, lint-free cloth with a little solvent Line clear. 8.4.6 Excess penetrant removal effect check When removing excess penetrant from the surface to be inspected, visual inspection of the penetrant residue should be performed. For fluorescent penetrants, should be in the UV-A source Go on. The minimum irradiance of UV-A on the surface to be inspected should not be less than 3 W/m 2 (300 μW/cm 2). After removing excess penetrant, if there is excessive background on the surface of the specimen, it should be decided by appropriately qualified personnel. deal with. 8.4.7 Drying To facilitate rapid drying of excess moisture, any water droplets and accumulated water on the specimen should be removed. In addition to the use of water-based imaging agents, the surface to be inspected should be removed as quickly as possible after removal of excess penetrant. dry. a) wipe with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth; b) evaporating at ambient temperature after hot water immersion; c) evaporating at elevated temperature; d) circulating air; e) A combination of the methods listed in a)~d). If compressed air is used, special care should be taken to ensure that the gas is free of moisture and oil and that the surface of the specimen is kept as low as possible. Hit the pressure. The method of drying the test piece should ensure that the penetrant that has entered the discontinuity is not dried. The surface temperature should not exceed 50 ° C when dry, unless otherwise agreed. 8.5 Applying imaging agent 8.5.1 Overview The developer during use should be kept in a uniform state and applied uniformly to the surface to be inspected. Application of the developer should be carried out as soon as possible after removal of excess penetrant. 8.5.2 Dry powder Dry powder imaging agents can only be used with fluorescent penetrants. Such developers should be sprayed, electrostatically sprayed, bunched, fluidized or sprayed A technique such as a powder tank is uniformly applied to the surface to be inspected. The surface to be inspected should be covered with a thin layer and no local accumulation is allowed. 8.5.3 Water suspension imaging agent Such developers should be applied by immersion in an agitated suspension or by spraying with appropriate equipment in accordance with approved process procedures. A uniform thin layer. The immersion time and temperature of such imaging agents should be obtained by the user through pre-test evaluation according to the manufacturer's instructions. The immersion time should be as short as possible as long as the best results are obtained. The specimen to be inspected should be dried by evaporation and/or using a circulating air oven. 8.5.4 Solvent-based imaging agent Such a developer should be applied by uniform spraying. Such a developer should be sprayed to and slightly wet the surface to be inspected and a uniform Thin layer. 8.5.5 Water-soluble imaging agent Such imaging agents should be applied by immersion or by spraying with appropriate equipment in accordance with approved process procedures to provide a uniform thin layer. This class The immersion time and temperature of the developer should be obtained by the user through pre-test evaluation according to the manufacturer's instructions. Just make sure you get the most As a result, the immersion time should be as short as possible. The specimen to be inspected should be dried by evaporation and/or using a circulating air oven. 8.5.6 Water-based or solvent-based imaging agents for special applications (eg peelable imaging agents) When the display appearing in the penetration detection process requires recording, the following process procedure should be employed. --- Wipe off the developer with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth; --- Apply the same penetrant in any convenient way and then operate strictly in the same way as the original, until application Imaging agent --- The test piece is applied with a peelable developer after removing excess penetrant and drying, as recommended by the manufacturer; --- Carefully peel off the developer cover after the recommended development time has elapsed. The overlay that is in direct contact with the specimen is presented There is a display. 8.5.7 Development time The development time should be between 10min and 30min; the time can be extended with the consent of the parties to the contract. The development time begins with. --- After the dry imaging agent is applied, --- After the wet developer is applied and dried. 8.6 Observation 8.6.1 Overview Usually, the first observation is performed immediately after the application of the dry developer or the drying of the wet developer, which is advantageous for explaining the display. When the imaging time has just passed, the final observation should be made. Auxiliary tools for visual inspection, such as amplifiers or spectacles, can be used. Note. Information about the display is limited by its diameter, width or visibility. 8.6.2 Observation conditions 8.6.2.1 Fluorescence infiltration Photosensitive glasses should not be worn. In order to adapt the operator's eyes entering the detection chamber to dark light, a sufficient time transition should be given, usually at least 5 min. UV radiation should not be directed at the operator's eyes. All surfaces that the operator can observe should not fluoresce. There should be no paper or cloth that fluoresces under UV light in the operator's field of view. If necessary, a UV-A backlight can be installed in the test chamber for the operator to move freely. The surface to be inspected shall be observed under UV-A radiation source according to GB/T 5097.The UV-A irradiance on the surface to be inspected should not be less than 10W/m2 (1000 μW/cm2). At the time of detection, the maximum visible light in the above dark room should be limited to 20 lx. 8.6.2.2 Color penetration The surface to be inspected shall be detected under natural light or artificial white light, and the illuminance on the surface of the object to be inspected shall not be less than 500 lx. Observation conditions should be Avoid glare and reflected light. 8.7 Record You can use any of the following methods to record. a) written description; b) sketches; c) tape; d) peelable imaging agent; e) photo; f) photocopying; g) Video. 8.8 Post-cleaning and protection 8.8.1 Post-cleaning After the test is completed, it is necessary to check the parts only if the penetration test product may be harmful to the subsequent process or function. Post-cleaning. 8.8.2 Protection If required, appropriate corrosion protection should be applied to the tested parts. 8.9 Retest If retesting is required, such as if the display cannot be clearly assessed, the entire test procedure should be repeated from the pre-cleaning. If necessary, the test procedure should select more favorable test conditions. Different types of penetrants are not allowed or come from different The same type of penetrant of the supplier, unless cleaned, has been confirmed to completely remove the penetrant residue remaining in the discontinuity.9 Test reportPerform the test report in this section and include the following information. a) Information of the inspected article. ● name; ● size; ● Material; ● surface condition; ● Production stage. b) The purpose of the test. c) The name of the infiltration system used (as specified in 6.4), giving the manufacturer's name and product name and their batch number. d) Test instructions. e) Deviation from the test instructions. f) Test results (detected discontinuous description). g) Inspection location, date of inspection, operator name. h) Check the name, license status and signature of the supervisor. The test report shall contain all the extremely important details related to the method of assessing the test result, additional information about the test piece, when However, these data should be appropriately changed depending on the type of the specimen to be inspected. If other formats are used, they should include all the information in items a)~h) of this chapter. Details. If the requirements of the test procedure specified in 8.1 are fulfilled, this includes the information mentioned in a)~d) of this chapter and the appropriate When the method of backing up the information in this chapter e) ~ h), the test report can be omitted.Appendix A(normative appendix) Main stage of penetration testingAppendix B(informative appendix) Test report example Test Report Company Name. Reference Standard Number. Department. Reference Standard Number. Penetration Test Report Number. Page, Total Page Plan. Checked. Client. Production order number. Order number. Drawing number. Checked parts. More detailed information, for example Weld Plan No.. Review Plan No.. Size. Weld number. Whole lot number. Unit number. Part number. Material. Casting Number. Mold Number. Surface condition. Heat treatment conditions. Pretreatment. Test instructions. (eg technical conditions, test instructions, delivery conditions) examination range. Penetrant system Name. (More detailed information, such as whether there is a corrosion element in GB/T 18851.2) manufacturer. product name Penetrant. Batch number. Excess penetrant remover. Batch number. Imaging agent. Batch number. Process specification Detection temperature. Removal of excess penetrant (more details, such as preservatives). Pre-cleaning. Emulsification time. Dry. Dry. Penetration time. imaging time. After cleaning. Differences from the test instructions. Difference with GB/T 18851.1. Test results. (eg details about discontinuous position, type, distribution, size and quantity, sketches, etc.) Inspection location. Inspection date. Operator name. Evaluation (according to the test procedure). Acceptable. Not acceptable. Remarks. Inspection Supervisor. Certification Status. Date. Signature. Or delegated representative/expert. Date. Signature. Or testing agency. Date. Signature.Appendix C(normative appendix) International and European standards equivalent to each other in this section The following documents are consistent with the documents referenced in ISO 3452-1.2008. EN473 Non-destructive testing personnel qualification and certification General ISO 9712 Non-destructive testing personnel qualification and certification prEN571-2 - Non-destructive testing - Part 2.Part 2 test ISO 3452-2 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 2.Infiltration Material inspection prEN571-3 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 3.Reference test blocks ISO 3452-3 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 3.Reference Test block prEN1330-6 Terminology for non-destructive testing - Part 6.Penetration testing ISO 12706 Non-destructive testing terminology prEN956 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing equipment ISO 3452-4 Non-destructive testing - Penetration testing - Part 4.Equipment prEN1956 Non-destructive testing for penetration testing and magnetic particle testing conditions ISO 3059 non-destructive testing for penetration testing and magnetic particle inspection condition ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. |
