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Part 1.General aspects ICS 91.140.50 Q77 National Standards of People's Republic of China GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 Replaces GB/T 13878.1-292 Effects of electricity on people and livestock Part 1.General part (IEC /T S64979-1..2005, IDT) 2008-06-19 released 2009-04-01 implementation General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Published by China National Standardization Administration Table of ContentsForeword III Introduction IV 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Human body impedance 3 5 Effect of sinusoidal AC current in the range of 15 Hz to 100 Hz 6 Effect of DC current 12 Appendix Introduction 27 Appendix A (Normative Appendix) Measurement of Total Human Impedance ZT on Living People and Corpses and Statistical Analysis of Results 28 Appendix B (Normative Appendix) Impact of Frequency on Total Body Impedance (ZT) 30 Appendix C (Normative Appendix) Total Human Resistance (RT) of Direct Current 31 Appendix D (informative) Examples of ZT calculations 32 References 34 GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005ForewordGB/T 13870 "Effect of electric current on people and livestock" is divided into the following 5 parts. Part 1.General part; Part 2.Special circumstances; Part 3.The effect of current passing through the animal's body; Part 4.Effects of lightning currents passing through human and livestock bodies; Part 5.Contact voltage thresholds for physiological effects. This part is the first part of GB/T 13870 "Effect of electric current on people and livestock". This part is equivalent to adopting IEC 60479-1..2005 (4th edition) "Effects of current on people and livestock-Part 1.General part". This section is the same in technical content as IEC 60479-1..2005, but contains the following editorial changes. --- Replace the decimal symbol "," with the decimal symbol "."; --- Replace "this technical specification" with "this section"; --- Deleted the "preface" of the IEC standard; --- Rewrite the "Introduction" of the IEC Standard to "Introduction". This section replaces GB/T 13870.1-1992 "Effects of current on people and livestock-Part 1.General part". Compared with GB/T 13870.1-1992, this section has the following main changes. --- AC contact voltage UT of 50/60Hz from 25V to.200V. Under dry, wet conditions such as saline, 50% of living The relationship between the subject's total body impedance ZT and large, medium, and small contact surface areas. --- Figure 16 shows the AC contact voltage UT and contact measured in dry conditions with large contact surface area and hand-to-hand current path. Oscillogram of current IT. There are related instructions in the main text. --- The fibrillation data shown in Figure 19 are taken from experiments for dogs, pigs, and sheep, and humans use human impedance ZT (5%), Current contact voltage UT = 220V to 380V, taken from the statistics of electrical accidents in the transverse direction of the current flowing from hand to hand Count. There are related instructions in the main text. --- In Figure 20, curve B is from 10mA to 5mA, the time/current zone of the effect of the agreed AC (15Hz ~ 100Hz) current on people. area. There are related instructions in the main text. --- The shed current of 60Hz sine current given in Figure 23 is explained in the main text. --- About the new structure of the standard human body. Appendix A, Appendix B, and Appendix C of this part are normative appendixes, and Appendix D is an informative appendix. This part is proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Building Electrical Installations (SAC/TC205). This section is responsible for drafting units. CMC Design & Research Institute. The main drafters of this section. Wang Zengyao, He Xiangyu, Huang Baosheng. The previous versions of the standards replaced by this section are. --- GB/T 13878.1-292. GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005introductionThis part is equivalent to adopting IEC 60479-1..2005 (4th edition) "Effects of Electric Current on People and Livestocks Part 1.General Part", IEC This publication was published as a technical specification, and its contents are explained in the "Introduction" of the technical specification. This technical specification provides basic guidance on the effects of electric shock currents on people and livestock for use in developing electrical safety requirements. In order to avoid errors in interpreting this technical specification, it must be stated that the data listed are mainly based on tests performed on animals and by Data obtained from clinical observations. Only a few short-term electric shock tests have been performed on living people. Because the data obtained from the research on animals are too conservative, the technical specifications are normal for those with normal physiological conditions including children. Suitable for everyone, regardless of age and weight. however. There are other aspects to consider, such as the probability of failure, the probability of contact with a live or faulty part, the contact voltage Ratio to fault voltage, existing experience, technical feasibility, and economic issues. When specifying safety requirements, these parameters All must be carefully considered, such as stipulating the working characteristics of protective appliances in electrical installations. The reason why it takes the form of technical specifications is that it brings together the results obtained so far, and these results are being used by the IEC technical committee 64 It will be used as a basis for developing electric shock protection requirements. Considering the importance of these results, there are good reasons to make it an IEC publication, So that other IEC committees and countries that need this information can use it as a guide. This technical specification applies to ventricular fibrillation thresholds that are primarily caused by current death. Recent thresholds for cardiac physiology and fibrillation Analysis of the results of research work has led to the possibility of a better understanding of the effects of major physical parameters, especially the duration of current flow influences. This technical specification contains information on various physiological effects of human impedance and human current thresholds, and this information can be combined for easy reference It is used to evaluate the AC and DC contact voltage thresholds such as the path of current through the human body, the wet conditions of contact, and the skin contact area. related Information on the physiological effects of exposure voltage thresholds is included in the IEC 6201 publication. This technical specification is more applicable to the effect of current. Other non-electrical phenomena when assessing the effects of any event on people and livestock, This should include consideration of falls, fever, fire or other phenomena. These issues are beyond the scope of this technical specification, but as such, they can Energy is extremely important. Recently, research on other physical parameters of the body, especially the waveform and frequency of current and human impedance has been carried out. The technique This fourth revision of the technical specification should be seen as the result of the logical development and evolution of the third edition. Chapter 2 (3rd edition) of this technical specification contains little information on human impedance, and also on impedance and contact surface area. The relationship between them is also limited to dry conditions. Therefore, under dry, water-wet and saline-wet conditions, when the AC 50Hz contact voltage is 25V, the current path is hand-to-hand. Ten persons were measured with a medium and small contact surface area. From these measurements, 5%, 50% and 95% of the measured The object's impedance value. In view of discomfort and the possibility of danger, use a large contact surface area under dry, water-wet and salt-wet conditions (Magnitude 1000 mm2), and use medium and small contact surface area (magnitude 1000 mm2 and 100mm2), in the case of AC contact voltage from 25V to.200V, only one person was measured. Nevertheless, with the help of With the use of the deviation function, it is still possible to obtain values about the total impedance ZT of the human subject at 5%, 50%, and 95% of the subject. Also use the same A person also took smaller contact areas (10mm2 and 1mm2) and measured between fingertips. For large contact surface areas, the contact voltage is between.200V and 700V, and even higher to a gradual value. The total body impedance ZT of the subject under the conditions of 5%, 50%, and 95%, and the ZT value measured on the corpse is determined by considering The temperature of the corpse during this period was 37 ° C for humans, which improved the method used in the second edition of the technical specification. Provides AC impedance of the human body with large, medium, and small contact surface areas under dry, water-wet, and saline-wet conditions GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 And new knowledge of human DC resistance rt with large contact area under dry conditions. It should be noted that these thresholds are valid for all people (men, women and children) regardless of their health. people Often the concern is whether these thresholds vary from person to person, but if you look at the background of these opinions, you will find that these different opinions are not true. International basis. Some test results show that women's perception threshold and escape threshold are lower than men's, which may also be the case for children. In addition, in Chapter 5, a reference is made to the cardiac current coefficient F with a current path of one foot to one foot. This is for The danger of electrical danger is important. GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 Effects of electricity on people and livestock Part 1.General part 1 Scope As far as a given current path through the human body is concerned, the danger to the person mainly depends on the value of the current and the energization time. But when In many cases, the time/current zones specified in the following clauses are not actually used directly in the design of electric shock protection. Must be a letter of time The allowable limit value of the number of contact voltages (that is, the product of the current through the human body and the human body impedance) is used as a criterion. Because the impedance of the human body varies with contact Voltage. Therefore, the relationship between current and voltage is not linear, so the relationship data needs to be given. Different parts of the human body such as the skin, The resistive and capacitive components of blood, muscles, other tissues, and joints that respond to current constitute the body's impedance. The value of the body impedance depends on several factors, especially the current path, the contact voltage, the duration of the current, the frequency, and the skin moisture course Degree, contact surface area, pressure and temperature applied. The impedance values listed in this standard are mainly obtained from careful examination of data obtained from corpses and a few living people. The effect of AC current on the human body is basically the AC current effect at the frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz most commonly used in electrical devices. Relevant research results are based, but the data given are considered to be applicable to the frequency range of 15Hz to 100Hz, at the beginning of this range The frequency threshold is higher than the threshold of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Mainly, this chapter first considers the risk of ventricular fibrillation because it is the cause The main mechanism for fatal accidents. In terms of the number of DC applications, DC accidents are much less than expected, only in very unfavorable situations, such as in Fatal accidents can only occur in mines; part of the reason is that the charged DC charged body is easier to get rid of, and when the duration of the shock is longer than the heart During the cycle, the ventricular fibrillation threshold of DC current is much higher than that of AC. Note. GB/T 13870 includes information on human impedance and human current thresholds for various physiological effects. This information can be combined for reference Of human body current pathways, wet conditions of contact, and AC and DC contact voltage thresholds of skin contact areas. The data of the physical effects are included in the GB/T 3805 standard. 2 Normative references The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this section after being quoted in this part of GB/T 13870.Any quotes with dates This document does not apply to all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions. However, agreement is encouraged under this section The parties discussed whether the latest versions of these documents could be used. For undated references, the latest version applies to this section. GB/T 3805-1993 Extra Low Voltage (ELV) Limit (eqv IEC 61201..1992) IEC Guide 104.Development of safety publications and use of basic safety publications and classified safety publications. 3 Terms and definitions This standard applies the following terms and definitions. 3.1 General definition 3.1.1 Electric current flowing vertically through the human torso (such as from hands to feet). 3.1.2 Current flowing across the human torso (eg, from hand to hand). GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 3.1.3 Zi The impedance between the two electrodes in contact with two parts of the human body, regardless of skin impedance. 3.1.4 Zs The impedance between the electrodes on the skin and the subcutaneously conductive tissue. 3.1.5 ZT The vector sum of human body impedance and skin impedance (see Figure 1). 3.1.6 R0 The resistance that limits the peak value of the current when the contact voltage appears. 3.1.7 Condition of the humidity of the surface area of the skin when the living person is resting under normal indoor environmental conditions. 3.1.8 Conditions for immersion in water from municipal water supply (average resistivity ρ = 3,500 Ωcm, pH = 7 to 9) for 1 min, skin contact surface area. 3.1.9 Immerse in an aqueous solution of 3% NaCl (sodium chloride) (average resistivity ρ = 30Ωcm, pH = 7-9) for 1 min, and contact the surface area of the skin conditions of. Note. It is assumed that the wet conditions of the salt water simulate the skin conditions of a person after swimming or immersion in sea water, and further investigation is necessary. 3.1.10 FD At a given contact voltage, the total human impedance ZT of a certain percentage of the population divided by the total human impedance Zt of 50% of the population. FD (X%, UT) = ZT (X%, UT) ZT (50%, UT) 3.2 Effect of sinusoidal AC current in the range of 15H 狕 ～ 100H 狕 3.2.1 The minimum value of contact current that can cause any sensation through the human body. 3.2.2 The minimum contact current that can cause muscles to contract unconsciously. 3.2.3 The maximum value of the contact current when a person holds the electrode by themselves can get rid of the electrode. GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 3.2.4 Minimal contact current that can cause ventricular fibrillation through the human body. 3.2.5 The strength of the electric field (current density) generated by the current through a certain path in the heart and the amount of contact with the current through the left hand to the feet at The ratio of the electric field strength (current density) generated in the heart. Note. In the heart, the current density is directly proportional to the electric field strength. 3.2.6 A short period of time in the cardiac cycle, during which the cardiac fibers are in an uncoordinated state of excitement, if stimulated by a sufficient current And ventricular fibrillation occurs. Note. The vulnerability period corresponds to the anterior segment of the T wave in the electrocardiogram, which is about 10% of the cardiac cycle (see Figure 17 and Figure 18). 3.3 Effect of DC current 3.3.1 RT The sum of the body's internal resistance and skin resistance. 3.3.2 The ratio of the direct current to the root-mean-square (r.m.s) value of the equivalent alternating current that can induce the same probability of ventricular fibrillation. Note. Taking the duration of the shock exceeding one cardiac cycle and the probability of ventricular fibrillation as 50%, the equivalent factor for 10s is approximately. 犽 = Id. c. - Fibrillation Ia. c. -Fibrillation (r.m.s) = 300mA80mA = 3.75 (See Figure 20 and Figure 22) 3.3.3 Direct contact current through the human body with the feet in positive polarity. 3.3.4 Direct contact current through the human body with the feet in negative polarity. 4 Human body impedance The impedance of the human body depends on many factors, but especially the path of the current, the contact voltage, the duration of the current, the frequency, the skin's Moisture level, contact surface area, applied pressure and temperature. The schematic diagram of human impedance is shown in Figure 1. The internal impedance of the human body can be considered largely resistive. Its value is mainly determined by the current path and has a small relationship with the contact surface area. Note 1.Measurements show that there is very little capacitive component in the impedance of the human body (see dotted line in Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the internal impedance of different parts of the human body, expressed as a percentage of impedance from one hand to one foot. When the current path is hand-to-hand or hand-to-foot, the impedance is mainly the limbs (arms and legs). If we ignore the impedance of the human torso, we can get GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 Figure 3 shows a simplified circuit diagram. Note 2.To simplify the circuit, it is assumed that the impedance values of the arms and legs are the same. 4.2 Skin impedance (Z （) Skin impedance can be thought of as a network of resistors and capacitors consisting of a semi-insulating layer and many small electrical conductors (pores). When the current increases Skin impedance decreases. Sometimes traces of current can be seen (see 4.7). The impedance value of the skin depends on the voltage, frequency, energization time, contact surface area, contact pressure, skin moisture level, skin temperature Degree and kind. For lower contact voltage, even the same person, the skin impedance value will vary greatly with different conditions, such as Surface area and conditions (dry, humid, sweating), temperature, rapid breathing, etc. For higher contact voltages, the skin impedance is significantly lower Drop, and when skin breaks down, it becomes negligible. As for the effect of frequency, the skin impedance decreases as the frequency increases. 4.3 Total body impedance (ZT) The total impedance of the human body is composed of resistive and capacitive components. Compared with the lower contact voltage, the skin impedance ZS has a significant change, and the total body impedance ZT has a similar change. For higher contact voltages, the effect of skin impedance on total impedance is getting smaller and smaller, and its value is close to the value of internal impedance Zi. see Figure 4 to Figure 9. Regarding the effect of frequency, taking into account the compliance relationship between frequency and skin impedance, the total impedance of the human body is higher at DC and decreases with increasing frequency. At the moment when the contact voltage appears, the human body capacitance is not yet charged, so the skin impedances Zs1 and ZS2 are negligible, so the initial resistance Ro It is approximately equal to the impedance Zi in the human body (see Figure 1). The initial resistance Ro mainly depends on the current path and has less relationship with the contact surface. The initial resistance Ro limits the peak value of the short-pulse current (such as an electric shock from an electric fence controller). 4.5 Total body impedance (ZT) Large, medium and small contact surface areas (in the order of 10,000 mm2, 1000mm2 and 100mm2), the total body impedance of 50% of the living subjects, at AC contact voltage UT from 25V to.200V The relationship curves are shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9. 4.5.1 50H 狕/60H 狕 sinusoidal AC current with large contact surface area The total human body impedance values in Tables 1, 2 and 3 are applicable to living people who are dry (Table 1), wet with water (Table 2) Large contact surface area (in the order of 10,000 mm2) under the condition of being wet with salt water (Table 3), and the current path is hand-to-hand. Figure 4 shows the contact voltage for a large contact surface area under dry, water-wet, and saline-wet conditions. Up to 700V, 50% of the total impedance of the human subject. Tables 1, 2 and 3 show the values of the total impedance ZT of the human body as known to living adults. About people for children The total body impedance, ZT, is currently expected to be slightly higher than that of adulthood, but of the same order of magnitude. Table 1 Dry conditions, large contact surface area, 50H 狕/60H 狕 AC current path is the total body impedance ZT from hand to hand Contact voltage / Total human impedance ZT value of not exceeding the following three items/Ω 5% of the test object 50% of the test object 95% of the test object 25 1750 3250 6100 50 1375 2500 4600 75 1125.2000 36,000 100.1990 1725 3125 125 900 1550 2675 150 850 1400 2350 175 8225 1325 2175 2000 800 1275 2050 GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 Table 1 (continued) Contact voltage / Total human impedance ZT value of not exceeding the following three items/Ω 5% of the test object 50% of the test object 95% of the test object 225 7775 1225 1900 400,700,950, 1275 500 6225 850 1150 700 5775 7755 1050 1000 575 775 1050 Asymptotic value = internal impedance 575 7775 1050 Note 1.Some measurements show that the current path is the total impedance of the human body from one hand to one foot, which is slightly lower than the total path impedance of the human body from hand to hand (10% -30%). Note 2.For the ZT value of a living person, the duration corresponding to the current is about 0.1s. For longer duration, the ZT value may decrease (about 10% ～ 20%), and when the skin is completely ruptured, ZT is close to the internal impedance Zi. Note 3.For the standard value of 230V (network-system 3L + N-230V/400V), it can be assumed that the total impedance of the human body and the contact voltage are Same at 225V. Note 4.The ZT value is rounded to a value of 25Ω. Table 2 Water wet conditions, large contact surface area, 50H５/60H 狕 AC current path is the total body impedance ZT from hand to hand Contact voltage / Total human body impedance ZT value not exceeding the following three items/Ω 5% of the test object 50% of the test object 95% of the test object 25 1175 2175 4100 50 1100.2000 3675 75 1025 1825 3275 100 975 1675 2950 125 900 1550 2675 150 850 1400 2350 175 8225 1325 2175 2000 800 1275 2050 225 7775 1225 1900 400,700,950, 1275 500 6225 850 1150 700 5775 7755 1050 1000 575 775 1050 Asymptotic value = internal impedance 575 7775 1050 Note 1.Some measurements show that the current path is the total impedance of the human body from one hand to one foot, which is slightly lower than the current path from hand to hand (10% to 30%). Note 2.For the ZT value of a living person, the duration corresponding to the current is about 0.1s. For longer duration, the ZT value may decrease (about 10% ～ 20%), and when the skin is completely ruptured, ZT is close to the internal impedance Zi. Note 3.For the standard value of 230V (network-system 3L + N-230V/400V), it can be assumed that the total impedance of the human body and the contact voltage are Same at 225V. Note 4.The ZT value is rounded to a value of 25Ω. Table 3 Saline wetting conditions, large contact surface area, 50H 狕/60H 狕 AC current path is the total body impedance ZT from hand to hand Contact voltage / Total human body impedance ZT value not exceeding the following three items/Ω 5% of the test object 50% of the test object 95% of the test object 25 960 1300 1755 50 9440 1275 1720 75 9220 1250 1685 100 88 1225 1655 GB/T 13870.1-2008/IEC /TS 60479-1.1..2005 Table 3 (continued) Contact voltage / Total human body impedance ZT value not exceeding the following three items/Ω 5% of the test object 50% of the test object 95% of the test object 125 8250 12600 1620 150 830 1180 1590 175 8110 1155 1560 2000 7190 1135 1530 225 7770 1115 1505 400,700,950, 1275 500 6225 850 1150 700 5775 7755 1050 1000 575 775 1050 Asymptotic value = internal impedance 575 7775 1050 Note 1.Some measurements show that the current path is the total impedance of the human body from one hand to one foot, which is slightly lower than the total path impedance of the human body from hand to hand (10% -30%). Note 2.For the ZT value of a living person, the duration corresponding to the current is about 0.1s. For longer duration, the ZT value may decrease (about 10% ～ 20%), and when the skin is completely ruptured, ZT is close to the internal impedance Zi. Note 3.For the standard voltage of 230V (network-system 3L + N-230V/400V), it can be assumed that the total impedance of the human body and the contact voltage are The 225V time is the same. Note 4.The ZT value is rounded to a value of 5Ω. As explained in Appendix A, the values given in Tables 1 to 3 are taken from the dead and living people (adults, men and women). The result of line measurement is inferred. Number of total body impedance and dry conditions in water-wet conditions where the voltage is above 125V and saline-wet conditions where the voltage is above 400V The values are the same (see Figure 4). 4.5.2 AC current of 50H 狕/60H 关于 for medium and small contact surface area The values of the body impedance Zi and the body's initial resistance Ro (see 4.6) depend only to a small extent on the contact surface area. However, when the contact surface area is very small of a few square millimeters, its value increases. After the skin is broken down (after the contact voltage exceeds about 100V and the current lasts for a relatively long duration), the total impedance of the human body is ZT The value is close to the internal impedance Zi and depends only to a small extent on the surface area of the contact and its wet conditions. Under dry, water-wet and saline-wet conditions, the AC contact voltage UT for 50 Hz cha... ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. |
