GB/T 16865-2023 PDF English
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Test pieces and methods for tensile test for wrought aluminium, magnesium and their alloy products
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| GB/T 16865-2013 | English | 185 |
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Test pieces and method for tensile test for wrought aluminium and magnesium alloys products
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| GB/T 16865-1997 | English | 399 |
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Test pieces for tensile test for wrought aluminum and magnesium alloy products
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GB/T 16865-2023: Test pieces and methods for tensile test for wrought aluminium, magnesium and their alloy products
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT16865-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.10
CCS H 22
Replacing GB/T 16865-2013
Test Pieces and Methods for Tensile Test for Wrought
Aluminum, Magnesium and Their Alloy Products
Issued on. AUGUST 6, 2023
Implemented on. MARCH 1, 2024
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 6
2 Normative References... 6
3 Terms and Definitions... 7
4 Method Overview... 7
5 Instruments and Equipment... 8
6 Specimens... 13
7 Test Procedures... 42
8 Result Determination... 64
9 Test Report... 65
Appendix A (informative) Estimation Method for Beam Displacement Rate... 67
1 Scope
This document specifies the specimen requirements and test methods for the tensile test of
wrought aluminum, magnesium and their alloy products.
This document is applicable to the room-temperature, high-temperature and low-temperature
tensile test of wrought aluminum, magnesium and their alloy plates, strips, foils, pipes, rods,
profiles, wires, forgings and other processed products.
2 Normative References
The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document
through the normative references in the text. In terms of references with a specified date, only
versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references without a
specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 3246 (all parts) Inspection Method for Structure of Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum
Alloy Products
GB/T 8170 Rules of Rounding off for Numerical Values & Expression and Judgement of
Limiting Values
GB/T 10623 Metallic Material - Mechanical Testing - Vocabulary
GB/T 12160-2019 Metallic Materials - Calibration of Extensometers Systems Used in Uniaxial
Testing
GB/T 16825.1-2022 Metallic Materials - Calibration and Verification of Static Uniaxial Testing
Machines - Part 1.Tension / Compression Testing Machines - Calibration and Verification of
the Force-measuring System
GB/T 22638.11 Test Methods for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Foils - Part 11.
Determination of Mechanical Properties
GB/T 34104-2017 Metallic Materials - Verification of the Alignment of Testing Machines
JJG 139 Tension, Compression and Universal Testing Machines
JJG 475 Electronic Universal Testing Machine
JJG 762 Extensometer
JJG 1063 Electro-hydraulic Servo Universal Testing Machines
3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 10623 are applicable to this document.
4 Method Overview
Apply axial tension to the specimen (see Figure 1) and determine the mechanical properties of
the specimen. In accordance with test temperature, tensile test is divided into three categories.
5 Instruments and Equipment
5.1 Testing Machine
5.1.1 The testing machine force measuring system shall be calibrated in accordance with JJG
139, JJG 475 or JJG 1063.The accuracy of the testing machine force measuring system used
for the determination of room-temperature tensile mechanical properties of aluminum foil
products shall reach or be superior to Level 0.5 specified in GB/T 16825.1-2022.The accuracy
of the testing machine force measuring system used for the determination of mechanical
properties of other products shall reach or be superior to Level 1.
5.1.2 The maximum load required for the test should be within the range of 10% ~ 90% of the
maximum load of the testing machine.
5.1.3 Testing machines used for the determination of elastic modulus or mechanical properties
of aviation and aerospace materials shall be inspected for coaxiality in accordance with GB/T
34104-2017.
5.2 Extensometer
5.2.1 The extensometer system shall be calibrated in accordance with JJG 762.When
determining the elastic modulus, the accuracy of the extensometer shall reach or be superior to
Level 0.5 specified in GB/T 12160-2019; when determining other mechanical properties, the
accuracy of the extensometer shall reach or be superior to Level 1.
5.2.2 When determining the elastic modulus, the extensometer system shall be able to measure
the average deformation on at least two opposite sides of the specimen. When adopting the
automatic method to determine the plastic strain ratio, the extensometer system shall be able to
measure the deformation in the length direction and the width direction of the rectangular
specimen.
5.2.3 The gauge length of the extensometer (Le) should be greater than half of the original gauge
length (L0) and not greater than the original gauge length (L0); when using an extensometer to
determine the elongation after break, the gauge length of the extensometer (Le) shall be equal
to the original gauge length (L0).
5.2.4 The part of the extensometer used for high-temperature tensile test or low-temperature
tensile test that extends outside the heating device or cooling device shall be able to prevent
interference from air flow.
5.2.5 Non-contact extensometer should be used for the determination of room-temperature
tensile mechanical properties of aluminum foil.
5.3 Fixture
The test fixtures can be wedge-shaped fixture (see Figure 2), flat-pushing fixture (see Figure 3),
shoulder fixture (see Figure 4), collar fixture (see Figure 5), threaded fixture (see Figure 6) and
pin fixture (see Figure 7), etc. The clamping surfaces of wedge-shaped fixture and flat-pushing
fixture can be serrated surfaces and smooth rubber surfaces, etc.
5.4 Data Collection System
When determining the elastic modulus, data shall be collected through a computer. The
minimum data collection frequency (fmin) of the data collection system is calculated in
accordance with Formula (1), and the value is expressed in Hertz (Hz). The calculation results
are expressed to one decimal place, and numerical rounding is carried out in accordance with
the stipulations of GB/T 8170.
5.5 Temperature Control System
6 Specimens
6.1 Classification of Specimens
In accordance with the gauge length, specimens can be classified into proportional specimens
and fixed gauge specimens (non-proportional specimens). The category and cross-sectional
shape of the specimens shall comply with the stipulations of Table 2.
6.2 Model and Size of Specimens
6.2.1 Proportional specimens
6.2.2 Fixed gauge specimens
6.3 Selection of Specimen Category and Model
6.3.1 Specimen selection principle
6.3.3 Extruded (or drawn and rolled) rods, wires, pipes or extruded profiles and extruded
plates The specimen selection of extruded (or drawn and rolled) rods, wires, pipes or extruded profiles
and extruded plates shall comply with the stipulations of Table 13.
6.4 Specimen Cutting
6.4.1 General stipulations
6.4.1.1 In accordance with the sampling direction, the specimens are divided into longitudinal
specimens, transverse specimens and high-direction specimens. For longitudinal specimens, the
longitudinal axis of the specimens is parallel to the direction of the metal streamline; for
transverse specimens, the longitudinal axis of the specimens is located on the cross section
perpendicular to the metal streamline, and parallel to the long side (or cross-sectional width)
direction of the cross section,
6.4.1.2 For each test, at least 2 parallel specimens shall be cut. When using preliminary tests to
estimate the beam displacement rate, an additional parallel specimen shall be cut.
6.4.2 Rolled plates, strips and foils
6.4.2.1 For rolled plates, strips and foils of magnesium alloys, pure aluminum and aluminum
alloys that cannot be heat-treated and strengthened, longitudinal specimens (the longitudinal
axis of the specimens is parallel to the rolling direction) shall be taken. When the width of the
aluminum alloy products that can be heat-treated and strengthened is not less than 230 mm,
transverse specimens shall be cut (the longitudinal axis of the specimens is perpendicular to the
rolling direction);
6.4.2.3 When specified in the product standards or order sheets (or contracts), for aviation
products with a product thickness greater than 38.1 mm, the specimen can be cut at 1/4 of the
thickness; for aviation products with a product thickness not greater than 38.1 mm, the
specimen can be cut at the center of the thickness. Otherwise, when the product thickness is
greater than 40 mm, the specimen shall be cut at 1/4 of the thickness; when the product thickness
is not greater than 40 mm, the specimen shall be cut at the center of the thickness.
6.4.3 Extruded (or drawn and rolled) rods, wires, pipes or extruded profiles and extruded
plates
Along the direction of extrusion, at the front end of the extrusion, cut longitudinal specimens.
When the demand-side requires cutting of transverse specimens or high-direction specimens, it
shall be indicated in the order sheet (or contract). The specimen cutting of extruded or cold
drawn (rolled) products shall comply with the stipulations of Table 15.
6.4.4 Forging products
6.4.4.1 Longitudinal specimens, transverse specimens and high-direction specimens shall be
cut from forging products.
6.4.4.2 Specimens of forgings may be cut from an extension of the forgings, or from an
additionally produced specimen piece. The cutting of the forging specimens shall also comply
with the stipulations of Table 16.
6.5 Identification and Preparation of Specimens
6.5.1 Identification of specimens
Each specimen shall be clearly identified, and the identification shall not affect the test.
6.5.2 Preparation of specimens
6.5.2.1 When cutting and machining specimens, sufficient machining allowance shall be left in
the sample blank. The specimens shall be machined to an appropriate depth each time and
thoroughly cooled (for example, using cutting fluid), so as to reduce the impact of hardening or
overheating on the mechanical properties during the machining process.
6.5.2.2 After specimen machining, burrs shall be removed, and sharp edges should be
chamfered.
6.5.2.3 The surface of the specimen shall be free of significant transverse tool marks,
mechanical damage, obvious quenching deformation, cracks or metallurgical defects visible to
the naked eye.
6.5.2.4 For rectangular specimen blanks cut from plates, strips and profiles, and arc-shaped
specimen blanks cut from pipes and profiles, their original surfaces should be retained and shall
not be damaged. Straightening or flattening of wires and sheet (strip) specimens cut from coils
is allowed, but the straightening shall not have a significant impact on the mechanical properties
of the specimens. For specimens whose elongation is not determined, the test can be carried out
directly without straightening.
6.5.2.5 The preparation of aluminum foil specimens shall comply with the stipulations of GB/T 22638.11.
6.5.2.6 Except for pre-treatment membrane products, anodized membrane products, anodized
composite membrane products or electrophoretic paint products, other surface-treated products
shall remove the membrane layer on the surface of the specimens.
7 Test Procedures
WARNING---during the test, there is a risk of injury caused by the testing machine
clamping the human body. Testers shall not put their hands or head and other body parts
within the movement range of the testing machine’s action part.
7.1 Measurement of Original Sizes of Specimens
7.2 Calculation of Original Cross-sectional Area (S0) of Specimens
7.2.1 Requirements for rounding and error
7.2.2 Circular specimens
In accordance with Formula (2), calculate the original cross-sectional area (S0) of circular
specimens, expressed in (mm2).
7.2.3 Rectangular specimens
In accordance with Formula (3), calculate the cross-sectional area of the three locations of the
rectangular specimens, expressed in (mm2). Select the smallest area among the three locations
as the original cross-sectional area (S0) of the specimens.
7.2.4 Arc-shaped specimens
7.2.4.1 In accordance with Formula (4), calculate the cross-sectional area of the three locations
of the arc-shaped specimens, expressed in (mm2). Select the smallest area among the three
locations as the original cross-sectional area (S0) of the specimens.
7.3 Marking of Original Gauge Length (L0) of Specimens
7.3.2 Other products
7.4 Selection of Fixtures
Fixtures should be selected in accordance with Table 18.
7.5 Zero-point Setting of Test Force
After the assembly of the clamping system is completed, and before the two ends of the
specimen are clamped, set the zero-point of the force measurement system.
7.6 Specimen Clamping
7.6.1 Clamp the specimen on the testing machine and try to ensure that the longitudinal axis of
the specimen coincides with the centerline of the clamping system (see Figure 1).
7.6.2 In order to obtain a straight specimen and ensure that the specimen is aligned with the
chuck, a pretension force not exceeding 5% of the specified strength can be applied. For
rectangular specimens or arc-shaped specimens, a positioning device should be used to ensure
that the specimen is aligned with the chuck.
7.6.3 When multiple extensometers are clamped to determine the elastic modulus, the specimen
can be preloaded to the upper stress limit of the evaluation area for the determination of elastic
modulus. The difference between the strain increment measured by any extensometer and the
average strain increment shall be within the range of 3%, otherwise, the specimen shall be re-
clamped.
7.6.4 The clamping of aluminum foil specimens shall also comply with the stipulations of GB/T 22638.11.
7.7 Installation of Temperature Sensor
When performing high-temperature tensile test or low-temperature tensile test, temperature
sensors shall be installed. When the length of the parallel part of the specimen is not less than
50 mm, one temperature sensor shall be respectively installed at both ends and the middle of
the parallel part of the specimen.
7.8 Settings of Test Temperature and Holding Time
In accordance with Table 19, set the test temperature and holding time.
7.9 Extensometer Clamping and Gauge Length Correction
The extensometer clamping and gauge length correction shall comply with the stipulations of
Table 20.When determining the elastic modulus, the clamping position of the extensometer
shall be symmetrical. When clamping a contact-type extensometer, the clamping force shall be
appropriate to ensure accurate strain measurement and avoid obvious clamping marks.
7.10 Settings of Test Rate1)
7.11 Determination of Mechanical Properties
7.11.1 Specimen loading
7.11.2 Determination of elastic modulus (E)
7.11.3 Determination of specified non-proportional elongation strength (Rp0.2)
7.11.5 Determination of elongation after break (A)
7.11.6 Determination of elongation (Ae) at yield point
On the force-extension curve, read the extension (Le_1) corresponding to the first yield plateau,
as shown in Figure 32.In accordance with Formula (17), calculate the elongation (Ae) at the
yield point, expressed in (%). The calculation results shall retain two decimal places and
rounded in accordance with the stipulations of GB/T 8170.
7.11.9 Determination of reduction of area (Z)
7.11.10 Determination of strain hardening index (value n)
8 Result Determination
8.1 When one of the following circumstances occurs in the test, the test results are invalid, and
the same quantity of specimens shall be taken from the same batch of materials for a re-test.
8.2 When the results automatically calculated by the test software are abnormal (for example,
outliers appearing in the results of multiple parallel samples), it is advisable to manually check
whether the various parameters calculated by the software are accurately set and re-calculate or
export the data to manually calculate the results.
9 Test Report
The test report shall include the following contents.
a) Material and specimen identification;
b) Specimen type;
c) Specimen direction;
d) Fracture size of specimen test;
e) Test rate method;
f) One or several of tensile strength, specified non-proportional elongation strength,
elongation after break, elongation at yield point, total elongation at maximum force,
plastic elongation at maximum force, reduction of area, elastic modulus, strain
hardening index, and plastic strain ratio;
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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