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JTGE60-2008: [Replaced by JTG 3450-2019] Field test methods of subgrade and pavement for highway engineering
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/JTGE60-2008
Professional Standard of the People's Republic of China
JTG E60-2008
Field Test Methods of Subgrade and Pavement for
Highway Engineering
Issued on May 28, 2008 Implemented on September 1, 2008
Issued by the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China
Table of Contents
1 General Provisions ... 1
2 Terms and Symbols ... 1
2.1 Terms ... 1
2.2 Symbol ... 2
3 Field Sampling ... 3
T 0901—2008 Sampling method ... 3
4 Geometrical Dimension ... 4
T 0911-2008 Geometrical Dimension Testing Method of subgrade and pavement ... 4
T 0912——2008 Method for measuring depth of pavement - pitting and core drilling
methods ... 7
T 0913——2008 Method for measuring depth of pavement - Short Burst Radar method
... 9
T 0914——2008 Method for Testing Pavement Cross Slope - Geometrical Data Test
System ... 12
5 Compaction Degree ... 13
T 0921—2008 Method for Testing Compaction Degree - Pitting Sand Replacement
Method ... 13
T 0922-2008 Method for Testing Compaction Degree - Nuclear Wet Density Tester ... 18
T 0923—1995 Method for Testing Compaction Degree - Core Cutter Method ... 23
T 0924——2008 Method for Testing Compaction Degree of Asphalt Pavement - Core
Drilling Method ... 27
T 0925—2008 Method for Testing Compaction Degree - Non-nuclear Density Gauge ... 29
6 Roughness ... 30
T 0931—2008 Test Method for Roughness - Three-meter Ruler ... 30
T0932—2008 Method for Testing Roughness - Continuous Roughometer ... 31
T0933—2008 Method for Testing Roughness - Vehicular Bump-integrator ... 33
T0934—2008 Method for Testing Roughness - Vehicular Laser Roughometer ... 36
7 Strength and Modulus ... 39
T0941—2008 Testing Method for Field CBR of Soil Subgrade ... 39
T0943—2008 Method for Testing Rebound modulus of Soil Subgrade - Loading Plate 43
T0944—1995 Method for Testing Rebound modulus of Subgrade and Pavement -
Benkelman Beam Test ... 47
T0945—2008 Method for Testing Rebound modulus of Subgrade and Pavement -
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ... 50
8 Bearing Capacity ... 53
T 0951-2008 Method for Testing Rebound Deflection of Subgrade Pavement-Benkelman
Beam ... 53
T 0952-2008 Method for Testing the Pavement Deflection-Automatic Deflectometer ... 60
T 0953-2008 Method for Testing the Deflection with Falling Weight Deflectometer ... 63
9 Strength of Cement Concrete ... 66
T 0954—1995 Testing method of strength of cement concrete measured with
resiliometer ... 66
T 0955 - 1955 testing method testing method for the cement concrete flexural strength of
the pavement measured by the rebound method ... 72
T 0956—1995 Testing Method of the Strength of Cement Concrete by Speedy Method of
Powder Actuated Shot ... 77
10 Sliding Resistance Performance ... 81
T 0961 - 1995 Test Method on Determination of Pavement Texture Depth by Manual
Sanding Patch Method ... 81
T 0962 - 1995 Test Methods on Determination of Pavement Texture Depth by Electrical
Sanding Device ... 82
T 0966 - 2008 Test Method on Determination of Pavement Texture Depth by Vehicular
Laser Texture Depth Meter ... 85
T 0964 - 2008 Test Method on Determination of Pavement Friction Factor by Pendulum
Tester ... 87
T 0965 - 2008 Test Method on Determination of Pavement Friction Factor by
Single-Wheel Sideway Force Coefficient Test System ... 90
T 0967 - 2008 Test Method on Determination of Pavement Friction Factor By
Double-Wheel Sideway Force Coefficient Test System ... 93
T 0968 - 2008 Test Method on Determination of Pavement Friction Factor by Dynamic
Rotary Friction Factor Tester ... 95
11 Water Penetrations ... 97
T 0971 - 2008 Test Method on Water Permeability Coefficient Determination of Asphalt
Pavement ... 97
12 Faulted Joint Slabs ... 99
T 0972 - 1995 Test Method on Faulted Joint Slabs ... 99
13 Ruts ... 101
T 0973 - 2008 Test Method on Asphalt Pavement Rut ... 101
14 Construction Control ... 103
T 0981 - 2008 Test Method on Construction Temperature of Hot Mixture Asphalt (HMA)
... 103
T 0982 - 1995 Test Method on Determination of Asphalt Dosage by
Asphalt-Spray-Method Construction ... 105
T 0983 - 2008 Test Method on Determination of Total Asphalt Mixture Mass ... 106
T 0984 - 2008 Test Method on Penetration Depth Determination of Priming Oil at
Semi-Rigid Base... 108
Annex A Method on Random Sampling Point of Highway Subgrade Pavement ... 110
Annex B method on data reduction of test pavement section ... 117
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This standard is formulated in order to adapt the demand of highway construction and
management in China, guarantee the construction and maintenance quality of highway
subgrade and pavement engineering, and regulate field testing instrument and equipment, test
method and operating requirement.
1.0.2 This standard is applicable to field investigation, engineering quality testing and
technology condition testing of highway subgrade and pavement.
1.0.3 When the test methods specified in this standard are applied in the quality evaluation or
acceptance of road sections, the road section selection and sampling method shall comply the
corresponding technical specifications of construction and maintenance, or the requirements
of "Quality inspection and Evaluation Standards for Highway Engineering - Section 1: Civil
Engineering" (JTG F80/1).
1.0.4 The instruments and equipments for testing in this standard shall meet the requirements
of the corresponding standards and pass the inspection required,
1.0.5 The national legal system of units of measurement is adopted in this standard.
1.0.6 The field test of highway subgrade and pavement shall meet the requirements of the
current national and professional standards or codes, besides complying with the requirements
of this standard.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Subgrade width
Sum of driveway and shoulder widths, counted in meter (m). Intermediate zone, speed
change lane, climbing lane, emergency stop zone, if available, shall be included in this width.
2.1.2 Pavement width
The total width of driveway, side trip, speed change lane, climbing lane, hardened verge
and emergency stop zone, counted in meter (m).
2.1.3 Subgrade cross slope
A ratio between the height difference of trench center line and trench edge points to the
horizon distance hereof, expressed in a percentage (%).
2.1.4 Pavement cross slope
As for road with median strip, it is referred to the slope of the straight portion of road
camber surface; as for road with median strip, it is referred to the ratio of the height difference
(pavement - median strip juncture and edge of pavement to verge juncture points) to the
horizon distance hereof, expressed in a percentage (%).
2.1.5 Deviation of pavement center-line
Deviation distance of the actual center line of the pavement from the design center line,
counted in mm.
2.1.6 Degree of compaction
Ratio of the dry density and the standard maximum dry density of the road material after
compacting, expressed in a percentage.
2.1.7 Roughness
Vertical deviation of the pavement surface relative to the ideal plane.
2.1.8 Elastic modulus
Ratio of stress and strain of material within limit of elasticity.
2.1.9 Strength of cement concrete
Compressive strength of cement concrete standard specimen after being cured under the
required condition.
2.1.10 Deflection
Total vertical deformation (total deflection) or perpendicular rebound deformation
(rebound deflection) of subgrade or pavement surface under the specified load action,
expressed in 0.01mm;
2.1.11 Texture depth
Mean depth of opening cavity in road surface, namely, the macro-texture depth (TD),
counted in mm.
2.1.12 British pendulum number (BPN)
Representative value of the friction coefficient of the pavement under the dampness
condition, tested with pendulum type friction coefficient gauge; it is 100 times of the friction
coefficient.
2.1.13 Sideway force coefficient
Ratio of test axle direction frictional resistance and vertical load, between the special tyre
and the damp pavement when the test wheel runs at a certain velocity at the inclination of
20°from the direction of travel; it is named SFC for short, and also called zero dimension.
2.1.14 Water permeability coefficient
Volume of water penetrating into pavement of the required area within in unit time, under
the specified initial head pressure, counted in mL/min.
2.1.15 Faulted joint slabs
Elevation revulsion between different structures or adjacent cement concrete slabs,
counted in mm.
2.1.16 Rut
Longitudinal zonary rut groove left on the wheel path of roadway, after flow distortion,
abrasion and sinkage caused by repeated running of motor vehicles; the depth of rut is
counted in mm.
2.1.17 Field CBR of soil subgrade
Ratio of the load pressure and the normal pressure of the required penetration amount,
expressed in a percentage. The required penetration amount is read from the load pressure -
penetration curve, gained by the penetration test conducted as required under the field
conditions of highway soil subgrade.
2.2 Symbol
δm——Roughness (maximum clearance);
△ CL——Deviation of pavement center-line;
RL——Depth of pavement rut;
TD——Texture depth;
BPN——British pendulum number;
SFC——Sideway force coefficient;
Cw——Water permeability coefficient;
E0——Resilience modulus of soil subgrade;
E1——Resilience modulus of pavement material;
CBR——California bearing ratio (CBR) of soil subgrade;
μ——Poisson ratio of pavement material;
VBI——Accumulated displacement of bump-integrator;
IRI——International roughness index;
OWP——Driveway outside wheelmarks position;
IWP——Driveway inside wheelmarks position.
3 Field Sampling
T 0901—2008 Sampling Method
1 Objective and application scope
1.1 This method is applicable to pavement core drilling rig or cutter drilling or cutting
representative samples of pavement.
1.2 This method is applicable to sampling cement concrete surface layer, asphalt mixture
surface layer or inorganic material-binding stabilized bases (cement, lime and pulverized fuel
ash), for testing basal density or other physical mechanic properties.
1.3 The diameter of the core sample drilled in this method should not be less than 3 times of
the maximal aggregate particle size.
2 Technical requirements on equipments and materials
The following instruments / equipments and materials are required in this method:
(1) Pavement core drilling rig: pull type (manual type) or vehicular type; driven by engine
or electric power; the bit diameter may beφ100mm or φ 150mm, and determined as required;
equipped with trickling cooling device.
(2) Pavement cutter: hand-push type or pull type; driven by engine or electric power
motor, or motor vehicle powered hydraulic pump; equipped with diamond saw blade and
trickling cooling device.
(3) Platform balance.
(4) Sample container (bag) or iron pan.
(5) Dry ice (solid CO2).
(6) Specimen label
(7) Other: pickaxe, spade, measuring rule (rope), brush, hard paper, cotton yarn, etc.
3 Method and procedure
3.1 Preparation
(1) Road section determining: select a worked section, a road section finished a day, or an
inspection road section with required length selected in accordance with the requirements of
the related standard.
(2) Determining the position of sampling through the method specified in Annex A.
(3) Clearing the sampling location.
3.2 Sampling procedure
(1) Drawing out a standard or approximate area (on sampling pavement) for drilling
location with chalk; the cut area of the pavement shall be determined according to the
objective and demand.
(2) Perpendicularly aligning the drill at the pavement, lowering the bit, and mounting the
drill stably to keep the drill from moving in the running procedure.
(1) Length measuring instrument: steel tape.
(2) Theodolite, precision level, tower ruler or total-station meter.
(3) Other: chalk, etc.
3 Method and Procedure
3.1 Preparation
(1) Accurately restore the stake number on subgrade or pavement.
(2) In accordance with the relevant construction specifications or the requirements of
"Quality inspection and Evaluation Standards for Highway Engineering - Section 1: Civil
Engineering" (JTG F80/1), select the position of tested cross section and the mileage stake
number on a testing road section and make marks in the tested cross section by the method
specified in Annex A. Generally, select same cross section position for testing pavement width,
cross slope, elevation and center-line plane deviation, and the position should be on the stake
with integral number.
(3) Determine the boundary position of the design width of the parts of subgrade and
pavement according to the requirements of road construction; make marks on the testing
position with chalk.
(4) Determine the position of the vertical section for testing design elevation according to
the requirements of road construction; make marks on the testing position with chalk.
(5) In accordance with the requirements of the road construction, on the cross section
perpendicular to the center-line, determine the actual center line position of the pavement
after forming.
(6) According to the road camber shape specified in the road design, determine the
junction position of the curve and the straight portion, and the juncture of pavement and verge
(hardened verge), as references for the cross slope test; if the curbstone or median strip is
available, take the edge of the curbstone on both sides as the reference point for cross slope
testing, and make a mark with chalk.
3.2 Test procedure for width and overall width of the parts of subgrade and pavement
With a steel rule, horizontally measure the widths of the parts of subgrade and pavement
along the vertical direction of the center line, express the result in meter (m), accurate to
0.005m for expressway and Class I highway; accurate to 0.01m for other highways. the steel
rule shall be kept horizontal in the test, and it must not hang to the pavement for testing. the
flexible rule must not be adopted.
3.3 Test procedure of vertical section elevation
(1) Arrange the precision level on even section of the pavement, level the precision level
and erect the tower ruler on the testing position of the center-line, and take the reference point
elevation nearby the line. Measure and record the elevation reading of the measuring point,
expressed in meter (m), accurate to 0.001m.
(2) Continuously measure all measuring points, and align them with the reference point.
3.4 Test procedure of pavement cross slope
(1) Pavement arranged with median strip: Arrange the precision level on even section of
the pavement, level the precision level and erect the tower respectively on the edge (d1) of the
side trip on the junction between pavement and median strip, and the junction (d2) (or edge of
outside curbstone) of the pavement and the verge; the points d1 and d2 must be located on
same cross section; measure the elevations of d1 and d2, and record the elevation readings,
(6) Other: enamel tray, cotton yarn, etc.
3 Method and Procedure
3.1 The thickness of base or sand-gravel pavement may be tested by the pitting method, and
the thickness of cement concrete pavement slab shall be tested by drilling method.
3.2 Procedure of pitting method:
(1) Randomly sample and determine the pitting position by the method specified in
Annex A in accordance with the requirements of the current standards; if old road is sampled
and significant defect or seam like hole exists on the pitting position, the position aside may
be sampled.
(2) On the tested position, select a 40cm×40cm even surface, and clean it with brush.
(3) Select proper implements like pickaxe, shovel and chisel according to the hardness
degree of the material, excavate the material of this layer till the bottom surface. To be
convenient for excavation, reduce the cut surface as smaller as possible; shape the hole a
circle, and shovel the material out and placed it in a enamel tray while excavating.
(4) Clean the hole bottom with a brush, and confirm that the top surface of the lower layer
is exposed.
(5) Horizontally span the steel rule on the hole, adopt another steel rule or caliper to
extend to the hole bottom perpendicularly on the middle position, and measure the distance
from the hole bottom to the first steel rule. The measured distance is the thickness of the
tested layer, expressed in mm, accurate to 1mm.
3.3 Test procedure of drilling (coring) method:
(1) Randomly sample and determine the drilling position by the method specified in
Annex A in accordance with the requirements of the current standards; if old road is sampled
and significant defect or seam like hole exists on the drill position, the position aside may be
sampled.
(2) Drill and core with the pavement core drilling rig by the method specified in T 0901,
and the diameter of shaped core shall meet the requirements of Article 2 in this method. The
drilling depth must reach the thickness of the tested layer.
(3) Take the core sample out carefully, clear away the gray soil on the bottom surface, and
find out the boundary surface to the lower layer.
(4) Measure the height from the surface to the boundary surface with a steel rule or
caliper on four symmetrical points (at cross direction) along the circle, and work out the mean
values of four measured heights. The mean value is the thickness of the tested layer, accurate
to 1mm.
3.4 During the construction of asphalt pavement, the measuring points may be selected
randomly as required if the asphalt mixture has not cooled down; insert a screwdriver to the
bottom surface of the asphalt layer, and measure the depth with a ruler. The measured reading
is the thickness of the asphalt layer, expressed in mm, accurate to 1mm.
3.5 The pit and drill hole is filled up with the materials same to the sampling layer by the
following procedures:
(1) Clean the residue in the hole and absorb out the water left in drilling.
(2) The pit and drill hole left on inorganic binding material stable layer and cement
concrete pavement slab shall be filled up with fresh material with same mixing proportion to
the one of the sampled material by layers, and compacted with a hammer. A little amount of
12
radar wave identification software, and the thickness of the layers are worked out on the base
of the two-way travel times.
5 Report
The pavement depth test report shall include the mean thickness, standard deviation and
thickness representative value of the tested road section.
T 0914——2008 Method for Testing Pavement Cross Slope - Geometrical Data Test
System
1 Objective and Application Scope
1.1 This method is applicable to the continuous acquisition of the pavement cross slope data
by the geometrical data test system under normal running condition.
1.2 Data acquisition, transmission, recording and data processing in this method are
automatically controlled and conducted by special software.
1.3 This method is applicable to the engineering quality acceptance of new and reconstructed
pavement, and the cross slope evaluation of traffic pavement free of severe hollow or rut.
1.4 In the testing process, the pavement shall be clean, and the test shall be conducted in the
time period of small wind force.
2 Technical Requirements on Equipments and Materials
The geometrical data test system consists of bearing vehicle, data collecting processing
system and distance measurement system.
2.1 Basic technical requirement and parameter of bearing vehicle
The body height of the bearing vehicle for the geometrical data test system should not
exceed 1.7m, and the type of the vehicle shall satisfy the requirement of the equipment
manufacturer.
2.2 Technical requirement and parameter of test system
(1) Distance calibrated error: ≤0.1%.
(2) Working temperature: -10~60℃.
(3) Cross slope resolution: ≤0.1°.
3 Method and Procedure
3.1 Preparation
(1) Check the tire pressure, and ensure the air pressure under normal working condition.
(2) Distance calibration: the distance calibration must be conducted when the bearing
vehicle runs per 5000km or re-tyred. the distance calibration length is 1000m, within the error
of 0.1%.
(3) Open the power of the control panel, and inspect control function keys, indicator
lights and technical parameter selecting status.
3.2 Test Procedure
(1) Open the test system, and the preheating time shall not be shorter than the requirement
specified in the equipment operating manual.
(2) The system deviation calibration must be conducted in accordance with the method
specified in the equipment operating manual before staring the test each time or when the
continuous test length of the system exceeds 100km.
(3) Set the required test modes in the requirements in the equipment operating manual and
the field technical requirements of the tested road section.
13
(4) The driver expedite the test vehicle to the testing velocity (30 ~ 90km/h) at constant
acceleration. The test vehicle runs into the tested road section along the normal wheel path. In
the testing process, the bearing vehicle shall run at a constant speed along the traffic lane,
without overtaking or changing the direction.
(5) After accessing the tested road section, the test staff must input initial point and
terminal pint of the tested road section and other required special marking points into the test
data record timely and accurately.
(6) When the bearing vehicle pulls out from the tested road section, the operating staff
stops the data acquisition and recording, and restores the parts of the system initial state.
(7) He operating staff shall inspect the test data. The content hereof shall be normal.
otherwise, the test shall be redone.
(8) Close the power supply of the test system, and complete the test.
4 Report
The report shall include the mean value, standard deviation and variation coefficient of
the cross slope value.
5 Compaction Degree
T 0921—2008 Method for Testing Compaction Degree - Pitting Sand Replacement
Method
1 Objective and Application Scope
1.1 This method is applicable to the density and compaction degree field test for material
compacted layers of base (or sub-base), sand-gravel pavement and subgrade soil. And it is not
applicable to compaction degree test for macroscopic void or macro-porous material
compacted layers like rock-fill road embankment.
1.2 The density and compaction degree test with pitting and sand replacement method shall
meet the following requirements:
(1) A small-sand inserting barrel (φ100mm) should be adopted when the maximum
particle size of the aggregate is less than 13.2mm, and the tested thickness is not larger than
150mm.
(2) A large-sand inserting barrel (φ150mm) shall be adopted when the maximum particle
size of the aggregate is equal to or greater than 13.2mm and not larger than 31.5mm and the
tested thickness is not larger than 200mm.
2 Technical Requirements on Equipments and Materials
The following instruments / equipments and materials are required in this method:
(1) Sands inserting barrel: two types, large one and small one, are adopted as required. the
type and main dimension hereof is detailed in Figure T 0921 and Table T0921. a sands
inserting barrel which the dimension disagrees with ones in the table, and that does not affect
the use, may be adopted. The upper part is a sand storage barrel, and a round pore is opened
on the center of the barrel; the lower part is a resupinate cone funnel, and its upper end is
opened with a pore which the diameter is same to the one of the round pore on the bottom of
the sand storage barrel; the funnel welded on a steel plate, and a round hole is opened on the
center of the steel plate to connected with the upper pore of the resupinate funnel. A switch (a
sheet iron) is arranged between the bottom of the sand storage barrel and the steel plate. An
end of the sheet iron is articulated with the steel plate, and the other end stretches outside of
19
(2) The factors like particle size of material, grading, evenness and composition have less
effects on the test result. But some materials (like kaolin, mica, gypsum and lime) containing
crystal water or organic substance may significantly affect the test. The tests for them shall be
contrasted with other responsible approaches, adjusting the test results.
(3) In the tests for hot-mix asphalt composite pavement paved just now, the instrument
cannot be placed on the pavement, and it shall be shifted from the pavement for cooling after
the test, avoiding affecting the test result.
(4) In the test, there shall be no nuclear instrument and other radioactive sources within
10 m around the instrument.
3 Calibration of Instruments
(1) The nuclear wet density tester shall be calibrated a time within per 12 months; the
calibration can be conducted by the instrument manufacturer or independent qualified service
institution.
(2) New instruments may not be calibrated if calibrated in advance in the manufacturer.
the existing instruments after being repaired may result in the structure, so the instrument
must be used upon being calibrated. in the calibration verification process, the instrument
must be recalibrated if it cannot satisfy the specified limits.
(3) The density (or water ratio) tested by the instrument after calibration shall meet the
requirements, the calibration on each test depth of all calibration blocks shall be ±16kg/m3.
4 Technical Requirements on Equipments and Materials
The following instruments / equipments and materials are required in this method:
(1) Nuclear wet density tester: The instrument shall meet the health protection and safety
standards specified the country, the measuring range of the density shall be 1.12~2.73g/cm3,
The measurement error is not larger than ±0.03g/cm3; The measuring range of the water ratio
is 0~0.64g/cm3, And the measurement error is not larger than±0.015g/cm3. It includes the
following components:
① Gamma ray source: double sealed isotope radioactive source, cesium—137,
cobalt—60 or radium—226, etc.
② Neutron source: americium (241)—beryllium, etc.
③ Detector: gamma-ray detector, like G - M counter tube; thermal neutron detector, like
helium—3 tube.
④ Reading display device: LCD display, impulse counter, rate meter, or direct reading
meter.
⑤ Standard counter block: a material block with uniform and content density and
hydrogen content; it is used for testing the running condition of the instrument and providing
the reference standard for radiation counting.
⑥ Drill rod; drill the test hole for inserting gauge rod.
⑦ Safety protection equipments: the equipments meeting the country specified
requirements.
⑧ Strike-off stick, drill rod, connection wire, etc.
(2) Fine sand: 0.15~0.3mm.
(3) Balance or platform scales.
(4) Other: brush, etc.
5 Meth...
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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