GB/T 18254-2016 PDF English
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High-carbon Chromium Bearing Steels
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High-carbon chromium bearing steel
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GB/T 18254-2016: High-carbon Chromium Bearing Steels---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT18254-2016
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.140.10
H 40
Replacing GB/T 18254-2002
High-carbon Chromium Bearing Steels
Issued on: AUGUST 29, 2016
Implemented on: JULY 1, 2017
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine of the People's Republic of China;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Application Scope... 6
2 Normative References... 6
3 Classification and Codes... 8
4 Ordering Content... 9
5 Dimensions, Shape and Weight... 9
6 Technical Requirements... 11
7 Test Method... 19
8 Inspection Rules... 22
9 Packaging, Marking and Quality Certification... 25
Annex A (Normative) Standard Diagrams of High-carbon Chromium Bearing
Steels... 26
Annex B (Normative) Test Method for Bluing Fracture... 43
Annex C (Normative) Sampling Diagrams for Microstructure, Carbide
Inhomogeneity and Microporosity... 45
1 Application Scope
This Standard specifies the classification and codes, ordering content, dimensions,
shape, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, packaging, marking and
quality certification of high-carbon chromium bearing steels.
This Standard applies to hot-rolled and forged round steels, round wire rods and cold-
drawn round steels (bar or coil shape) of high-carbon chromium bearing steels for
bearing rings and rollers (hereinafter referred to as steels).
Steels or steel billets of other varieties or specifications can be supplied as agreed on
by the supplier and the purchaser; the specific requirements shall be stated in the
contract.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition dated applies to this document. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including all
amendments) applies to this Standard.
GB/T 223.5, Steel and Iron – Determination of Acid-soluble Silicon and Total Silicon
Content - Reduced Molybdosilicate Spectrophotometric Method
GB/T 223.9, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Aluminium Content – Chrom
Azurol S Photometric Method
GB/T 223.11, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Chromium Content – Visual
Titration or Potentiometric Titration Method
GB/T 223.23, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Nickel Content – The
Dimethylglyoxime Spectrophotometric Method
GB/T 223.26, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Molybdenum Content – The
Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
GB/T 223.29, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Lead Content – Carrier
Precipitation-Xylenol Orange Spectrophotometric Method
GB/T 223.31, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Arsenic Content – Distillation-
molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
GB/T 223.47, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy – The Carrier
Precipitation-Molybdenum Blue Photometric Method for the Determination of
Antimony Content
GB/T 223.50, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy – The
Phenylfuorone-CTMAB Direct Photometric Method for the Determination of Tin
Content
GB/T 223.53, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy – The Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Copper
Content
GB/T 223.62, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy – The Butyl
Acetate Extraction Photometric Method for the Determination of Phosphorus
Content
GB/T 223.63, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy – The Sodium
(Potassium) Periodate Photometric Method for the Determination of Manganese
Content
GB/T 223.77, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy – The Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method for the Determination of Calcium Content
GB/T 223.85, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Sulfur Content – Infrared
Absorption Method after Combustion in an Induction Furnace
GB/T 223.86, Iron, Steel and Alloy – Determination of Total Carbon Content –
Infrared Absorption Method after Combustion in an Induction Furnace
GB/T 224-2008, Determination of Depth of Decarburization of Steels
GB/T 226, Test Method for Macrostructure and Defect of Steel by Etching
GB/T 231.1, Metallic Materials – Brinell Hardness Test – Part 1.Test Method
GB/T 702-2008, Hot-rolled Steel Bars – Dimensions, Shape, Weight and Tolerances
GB/T 905-1994, Dimension, Shape, Weight and Tolerance for Cold-Drawn Round,
Square and Hexagonal Steels
GB/T 908-2008, Forged Bars - Dimensions, Shape, Weight and Tolerances
GB/T 1814, Inspection Method for Steel Work Fractures
GB/T 1979, Standard Diagrams for Macrostructure and Defect of Structure Steels
GB/T 2101, General Requirement of Acceptance, Packaging, Marking and
Certification for Section Steel
GB/T 4336, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel – Determination of Multi-Element Contents
– Spark Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometric Method (Routine Method)
GB/T 10561-2005, Steel – Determination of Content of Nonmetallic Inclusions –
Micrographic Method Using Standard Diagrams
GB/T 11261, Steel and Iron – Determination of Oxygen Content – The Pulse
Heating Inert Gas Fusion-Infra-Red Absorption Method
GB/T 14981-2009, Dimension, Shape, Mass and Tolerance for Hot-rolled Round
Wire Rod
GB/T 20066, Steel and Iron-sampling and Preparation of Samples for the
Determination of Chemical Composition
GB/T 20123, Steel and Iron – Determination of Total Carbon and Sulfur Content
Infrared Absorption Method after Combustion in An Induction Furnace (Routine
Method)
GB/T 20125, Low-alloy Steel – Determination of Multi-Element Contents –
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Method
GB/T 5293, Metallic Materials - Forging Test
3 Classification and Codes
3.1 Steels are specified into the following in accordance with metallurgical quality.
a) quality steels;
b) high-grade quality steels (adding “A” after designation);
c) super-grade quality steels (adding “E” after designation).
3.2 Steels are classified into the following in accordance with casting process.
a) moulded steels;
b) continuously cast steels.
3.3 Steels are classified into the following in accordance with processing method for
application.
a) steels for pressure processing, UP;
b) steels for machining, UC.
3.4 Steels are classified into the following in accordance with end use.
a) for rings, T;
b) for rollers, G;
4 Ordering Content
The contracts based on this Standard shall include the following content.
a) product name (description);
b) designation;
c) a reference to this Standard;
d) dimensions and accuracy;
e) weight and/or quantity;
f) casting method (continuous casting if not specified);
g) processing method for application
h) metallurgical quality;
i) delivery condition;
j) end use (for rings if not specified);
k) surface condition (when peeling, polishing or machining is required, it shall
be specified);
l) items or indexes which shall be agreed on by the supplier and the purchaser
and indicated in the contract;
m) other special requirements.
5 Dimensions, Shape and Weight
5.1 Dimensions and tolerances
5.1.1 Diameters of steels and their tolerances
As specified in Table 1.
Table 1 – Diameters of Steels and Their Tolerances
Steel type Metallurgical quality Diameter and tolerance
Hot-rolled round steels
Quality steel and high-grade
quality steels Group 2 in Table 1 in GB/T 702-2008
Super-grade quality steels Group 1 in Table 1 in GB/T 702-2008
Forged round steels - Group 1 in GB/T 908-2008
Cold-drawn round steels - Grade h11 in GB/T 905-1994a
Round wire rod
Quality steel and high-grade
quality steels Accuracy grade B in GB/T 14981-2009
Super-grade quality steels Accuracy grade C in GB/T 14981-2009
a Steels of other grades can also be delivered as agreed on by the supplier and the purchaser and it
shall be stated in the contract.
5.1.2 Length
5.1.2.1 Normal length of steels shall be as specified as follows.
a) 3 000 mm ~ 8 000 mm for hot-rolled round steels;
b) 2 000 mm ~ 6 000 mm for forged round steels;
c) 3 000 mm ~ 6 000 mm for cold-drawn round steels.
5.1.2.2 Steels shall be delivered in a specified length range; the difference between
the maximum and minimum lengths in each bundle shall not be greater than 1 000 mm.
5.1.2.3 For steels to be delivered in specified length or double length, the deviations
of their length shall not exceed.
5.2 Shape and tolerances
5.2.1 Out-of-roundness
Out-of-roundness of steels shall be as specified in Table 2.
5.2.2 Bend
Bend of steels shall be as specified in Table 3.
5.2.3 Torsion
Steels shall be free from significant torsion.
6 Technical Requirements
6.1 Designation and chemical composition
6.1.1 Designation and chemical composition (by heat analysis) of steels shall be as
specified in Table 4; their residual element content shall be as specified in Table 5.
6.1.2 Unless user’s consent is obtained, the manufacturer shall not add calcium or its
alloy for deoxidation or control of the morphology of non-metallic inclusions.
6.1.3 Tolerances for the chemical composition of finished steels (or steel billets) shall
be as specified in Table 6.
6.1.4 Spark method for testing
Steels shall be tested with the spark method or spectroscopic method. The test can be
omitted if the supplier can guarantee this.
6.2 Smelting process
Steels shall be treated by vacuum degassing.
6.3 Delivery condition
Delivery condition of steels shall be as specified in Table 7.
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Brinell hardness of spheroidized annealed or softened annealed steels shall be
as specified in Table 8.
6.4.2 Steels can be delivered in other hardness as required by the purchaser; the
specific indexes shall be as agreed on by the supplier and the purchaser and stated in
the contract.
6.5 Forging
6.5.1 Forging test shall be carried out for hot-rolled, forged, unannealed steels and
cold-drawn round steels for upsetting and stamping. The side of test specimens shall
be checked by visual inspection after forging, which shall be free from crack, tear, fold
or bubble. The specific requirements are as follows.
a) hot forging test shall be carried out for hot-rolled forged steels with a diameter
not greater than 60 mm;
b) cold forging test shall be carried out for cold-drawn round steels with a diameter
not greater than 30 mm.
6.5.2 Forging test can be omitted if the supplier can guarantee this.
6.6 Macrostructure
Etch macroscopic inspection shall be carried out for steels. The transverse etching test
specimens shall be free from residual hole, crack, subsurface blowhole, overburnt,
flakes and other harmful defects. The criteria for centre porosity, general porosity,
pattern segregation and centre segregation shall be as specified in Table 9.
6.7 Fracture
6.7.1 Annealed fracture
6.7.1.1 Annealed fracture inspection shall be carried out for hot-rolled spheroidized
and softened annealed steels and cold-drawn round steels with a nominal diameter
not greater than 30 mm. The annealed fracture shall show fine grain size, without
shrinkage cavity, crack or overheating.
6.7.1.2 The inspection can be omitted if the supplier can guarantee that annealed
fracture is as specified.
6.7.2 Bluing fracture
Bluing fracture inspection shall be carried out for super-grade quality steel. The
inspection results shall not be greater than 2.5 mm/dm2.The maximum length of single
strand shall not exceed 3 mm.
7 Test Method
7.1 Dimensions and shape
Dimensional measurement of steels shall be carried out with calipers or templates
which can guarantee necessary accuracy.
7.2 Chemical composition
7.3 Hardness
The test method for Brinell hardness shall be as specified in GB/T 231.1.
7.4 Forging
The method for forging test shall be as specified in YB/T 5293.
7.5 Macrostructure
The microstructure etch test method shall be as specified in GB/T 226.The evaluation
methods and standard diagrams shall be as specified in GB/T 1979 and the standard
diagrams no. 1 ~ 4 in Annex A.
7.6 Fracture
7.6.1 The preparation of test specimens and method for annealed fracture and
quenched fracture test shall be as specified in GB/T 1814.
7.6.2 The preparation of test specimens and test method for bluing fracture shall be
as specified in Annex B.
7.7 Non-metallic inclusions
Test specimens of non-metallic inclusions shall be observed after quenching and
tempering as specified in 7.14 and magnification for 100 times. The evaluation
methods and standard diagrams shall be as specified in method A in GB/T 20561-2005.
7.8 Decarburized layer
Measurement of decarburized layer of the surface of steels shall be carried out in
accordance with the metallographic method in GB/T 224-2008.
7.9 Microstructure
Take transverse test specimens for the microstructure inspection. After using 2% nitric
acid-alcoholic solution to etch polished surface, carry out observation by magnifying
for 500 times and 1000 times (1 000 times during arbitration); evaluate them in
accordance with standard diagram no. 5 in Annex A.
7.10 Inhomogeneity of carbide
7.10.1 Take transverse test specimens for carbide network inspection; carry out
quenching and tempering treatment in accordance with 7.14; use 4% nitric acid-
alcoholic solution for etching after polishing. Magnify for 500 times for spheroidized
annealed steels and evaluate them in accordance with standard diagram no. 6 in
Annex A; magnify for 200 times for hot-rolled (forged), softened annealed steels and
evaluate them in accordance with standard diagram no. 7 in Annex A. The supplier can
also evaluate carbide network on longitudinal test specimens, but the transverse shall
prevail.
7.10.2 Take longitudinal test specimens for carbide band inspection; carry out
quenching and tempering treatment in accordance with 7.14; use 4% nitric acid-
alcoholic solution for etching after polishing. Magnify for 100 times and 500 times in
combination; evaluate the aggregation degree, size and shape of carbide in
accordance with standard diagram no. 8 in Annex A.
7.10.3 Take longitudinal test specimens for carbide liquation inspection; carry out
quenching and tempering treatment in accordance with 7.14; use 4% nitric acid-
alcoholic solution for etching after polishing; magnify for 100 times and evaluate them
in accordance with standard diagram no. 9 in Annex A.
8 Inspection Rules
8.1 Inspection and acceptance
8.1.1 Ex-factory inspection shall be carried out by the quality and technology
supervision department of the supplier for the quality of steels. The purchaser shall be
entitled to carry out acceptance in accordance with the specifications of this Standard.
8.1.2 Inspection personnel can be dispatched to steel mill at any time as required by
the user. Steel mill shall provide facilities for the work of the inspection personnel of
the user in order to ensure steels to be delivered meet the requirements of this
Standard. The inspection personnel of the user shall not disturb the production and
operation of steel mill without reason.
8.2 Grouping rules
Steels shall be inspected and accepted by batch. Each batch is composed of steels of
the same furnace number, designation, size, delivery condition and heat treatment
batch.
8.3 Sampling quantity and sampling position
8.3.1 Sampling quantity and sampling positions for all inspection items of each batch
of steels shall be as specified in Table 18.
8.3.2 Sampling for chemical analysis shall be as specified in GB/T 20066.Oxygen
content is tested on steel billets or steel materials. The sampling positions include. for
steels with a diameter not less than 20 mm, one half of the radius of steels; for steels
with a diameter less than 20 mm, the centre of steels.
8.3.3 Sampling positions for macrostructure, bluing fracture and quenched fracture
shall be specified as follows.
a) moulded steels. the manufacturer shall take 1 test specimen from the head and
tail of any steel ingot from the first, middle and last mould stool when casting
each furnace of steels, 6 test specimens in total; if only two stools are cast in one
furnace, take one steel ingot randomly from the first stool and take two steel
ingots from the second stool, 3 test specimens in total, including one test
specimen from the head and tail respectively; if only one mould steel is cast, take
three steel ingots randomly, including one test specimen from the head and tail
respectively. The test specimens shall be cut from the corresponding locations
of rolled (forged) billets or materials before processing;
b) continuously cast steel. if the inspection is carried out on steels, then take one
test specimen each from either end of any six pieces of steels.
9 Packaging, Marking and Quality Certification
9.1 Each bundle or each piece of steels shall be painted with colour strips or furnished
with signs or labels on the end surface or 100 mm ~ 150 mm from the end, as specified
in Table 21.
9.2 Packaging and quality certification of steels shall be as specified in GB/T 2101.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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