GB/T 17258-2022_English: PDF (GB/T17258-2022)
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Steel cylinders for the on-board storage of compressed natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles
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| Standard ID | GB/T 17258-2022 (GB/T17258-2022) | | Description (Translated English) | Steel cylinders for the on-board storage of compressed natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J74 | | Classification of International Standard | 23.020.30 | | Word Count Estimation | 38,338 | | Date of Issue | 2022-10-14 | | Date of Implementation | 2023-05-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 17258-2011 | | Drafting Organization | Beijing Tianhai Industry Co., Ltd., China Special Equipment Testing and Research Institute, Dalian Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection and Testing Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhejiang University, Sinoma Technology (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Jindun Pressure Vessel Co., Ltd., Zhongte Inspection Group Co., Ltd. | | Administrative Organization | National Gas Cylinder Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 31) | | Proposing organization | National Gas Cylinder Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 31) | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Management Committee | | Standard ID | GB 17258-2011 (GB17258-2011) | | Description (Translated English) | [GB/T 17258-2011] Steel cylinders for the on-board storage of compressed natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J74 | | Classification of International Standard | 23.020.30 | | Word Count Estimation | 33,395 | | Date of Issue | 2011-12-30 | | Date of Implementation | 2012-12-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB 17258-1998 | | Quoted Standard | GB/T 222; GB/T 223.11; GB/T 223.12; GB/T 223.13; GB/T 223.14; GB/T 223.16; GB/T 223.17; GB/T 223.18; GB/T 223.19; GB/T 223.20; GB/T 223.21; GB/T 223.22; GB/T 223.23; GB/T 223.25; GB/T 223.26; GB/T 223.28; GB/T 223.29; GB/T 223.30; GB/T 223.31; GB/T 223.3; GB/T 223.32; GB/T 223.33; GB/T 223.34; GB/T 223.36; GB/T 223.37; GB/T 223.38; GB/T 223.40; GB/T 223.41; GB/T 223.4; GB/T 223.42; GB/T 223.43; GB/T 223.46; GB/T 223.47; GB/T 223.48; GB/T 223.49; GB/T 223.50; GB/T 223.51; GB/T 223.5; GB/T 223.52; GB/T 223.53; GB/T 223.54; GB/T 223.55; GB/T 223.57; GB/T 223.58; GB/T 223.59; GB/T 223.60; GB/T 223.61; GB/T 223.6; GB/T 223.62; GB/T 223.63; GB/T 223.64; GB/T 223.65; GB/T 223.66; GB/T 223.67; GB/T 223.68; GB/T 223.69; GB/T 223.70; GB/T 223.71; GB/T 223.7; GB/T | | Adopted Standard | ISO 11439-2000, NEQ | | Drafting Organization | Beijing Tianhai Industry Co., Ltd. | | Administrative Organization | National Standardization Technical Committee cylinders | | Regulation (derived from) | Announcement of Newly Approved National Standards No. 22 of 2011 | | Proposing organization | National Standardization Technical Committee cylinder (SAC/TC 31) | | Issuing agency(ies) | Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China; Standardization Administration of China | | Summary | This Chinese standard specifies the automotive CNG cylinders (hereinafter referred to as cylinders) the type and parameters, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, coating, packaging, transportation and storage. This standard applies to the design, manufacture nominal working pressure of 20 MPa (refer to the standard pressure gauge), nominal water capacity of 30 L ~ 300 L, operating temperature of -40��C ~ 65��C, the design life of 15 years cylinders. Cylinders manufactured in accordance with this standard conform GB 18047 only for filling the car with compressed natural climate, as an automobile fuel, fixed in the car, conditions of use are not included due to additional load caused by external forces. This standard does not apply to use compressed natural gas filling station gas storage cylinders, does not apply to welded structures cylinders. | | Standard ID | GB 17258-1998 (GB17258-1998) | | Description (Translated English) | Steel cylinders for the on-board of compressed natural gas as a fuel for vehicles | | Sector / Industry | National Standard | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J74 | | Classification of International Standard | 23.020.30 | | Word Count Estimation | 18,181 | | Date of Issue | 1998-03-20 | | Date of Implementation | 1998-10-01 | | Quoted Standard | GB 8163-1987; GB 8335-1998; GB/T 8336-1998; GB/T 9251-1997; GB 9252-1988; GB/T 12606-1990; GB 12137-1989; GB/T 13298-1991; GB/T 13299-1991; GB 13440-1992; GB 13447-1992; GB 15385-1994; JB 4730-1994; YB/T 5148-1993; GB 222-1984; GB 223.1-1981; GB 223.2-1981; GB 223.3- 1988; GB 223.4-1988; GB 223.5-1988; GB/T 223.6-1994; GB 223.7-1981; GB 224-1987; GB 226-1991; GB 228-1987; GB/T 229-1994; GB 230-1991; GB 231-1984; GB 232-1988; GB 1979-1980; GB 5777-1986; GB 6397-1986; GB 7144-1986 | | Drafting Organization | Beijing Tianhai Industry Co., Ltd. | | Administrative Organization | National Standardization Technical Committee cylinders | | Proposing organization | Ministry of Labor of the People Republic of China | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Bureau of Technical Supervision | | Summary | This Chinese standard specifies the dedicated CNG cylinders car types and parameters, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, coating, packaging, transport and storage. This standard applies to the design, manufacture nominal working pressure of 16 ~ 20MPa, the nominal volume of 30 ~ 120L, working temperature -50 �� ~ 60 �� cylinders. Cylinders manufactured in accordance with this standard, allowing only filling compliance with the relevant standards and dehydration, desulphurization and de- light oil treatment, per standard cubic meter water content does not exceed 8mg and 20mg of hydrogen sulfide content of not more than natural gas as fuel. This standard does not apply to use compressed natural gas filling station gas storage cylinders, does not apply to composite cylinders. |
GB/T 17258-2022
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 23.020.30
CCS J 74
Replacing GB/T 17258-2011
Steel Cylinders for the On-board Storage of Compressed
Natural Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles
(ISO 11439:2013, Gas Cylinders - High Pressure Cylinders for the On-board Storage
of Natural Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles, NEQ)
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 12, 2022
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 1, 2023
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative References ... 5
3 Terms, Definitions and Symbols ... 6
4 Types and Parameters ... 8
5 Technical Requirements ... 9
6 Test Methods ... 15
7 Inspection Rules ... 22
8 Marking, Coating, Packaging, Transportation and Storage ... 31
9 Installation ... 34
10 Certificate of Conformity and Batch Inspection Quality Certificate ... 34
Appendix A (normative) Hydrogen Sulfide Stress Corrosion Test ... 36
Appendix B (informative) Determination Method for Maximum Allowable Defect
Size for Non-destructive Evaluation (NDE) ... 38
Appendix C (normative) Ultrasonic Testing ... 39
Appendix D (normative) Flattening Test Method ... 44
Appendix E (informative) Batch Inspection Quality Certificate of Steel Cylinders for
the On-board Storage of Compressed Natural Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles48
Bibliography ... 51
Steel Cylinders for the On-board Storage of Compressed
Natural Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles
1 Scope
This document specifies the types and parameters, technical requirements, test methods,
inspection rules, marking, coating, packaging, transportation and storage requirements of
steel cylinders for the on-board storage of compressed natural gas as a fuel for automotive
vehicles (hereinafter referred to as “steel cylinders”).
This document is applicable to the design and manufacturing of steel cylinders with a
nominal operating pressure of 20 MPa and 25 MPa, a nominal volume of 30 L ~ 300 L, an
operating temperature of 40 C ~ 65 C and a design service life of 15 years.
The steel cylinders manufactured in accordance with this document are only used as the
storage containers fixed on automotive vehicles and filled with compressed natural gas as
automobile fuels that complies with GB 18047; additional loads caused by external forces,
etc. are not included in the service conditions.
This document does not apply to gas storage steel cylinders used at compressed natural gas
filling stations, nor does it apply to steel cylinders of welded structure.
2 Normative References
The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document
through the normative references in this text. In terms of references with a specified date,
only versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references
without a specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to
this document.
GB/T 192 General Purpose Metric Screw Threads - Basic Profile
GB/T 196 General Purpose Metric Screw Threads - Basic Dimensions
GB/T 4157 Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and
Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S Environment
GB/T 4336 Carbon and Low-alloy Steel - Dimension of Multi-element Contents - Spark
Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometric Method (routine method)
GB/T 5777 Automated Full Peripheral Ultrasonic Testing of Seamless and Welded (except
submerged arc-welded) Steel Tubes for the Detection of Longitudinal and / or Transverse
S1---the design wall thickness at the center of the bottom of the steel cylinder, expressed in (mm);
S2---the design wall thickness of the grounding point at the concave bottom of the steel cylinder,
expressed in (mm).
Figure 2 -- Types of End Structure
5.3.3.4 There shall be a transition section between the annular shell at concave end of the
steel cylinder and the cylinder body, and the connection between the transition section and
the cylinder body shall be smooth.
5.3.4 Design of cylinder mouth
5.3.4.1 The thread of the cylinder mouth shall adopt tapered thread, which shall comply with
the stipulations of GB/T 8335 or relevant standards, and the number of effective threads
shall not be less than 8.
5.3.4.2 The thickness of the cylinder mouth shall have sufficient strength; the mouth shall
not be plastically deformed when bearing the torque of the upper valve and the additional
external force of the riveted neck ring.
5.3.5 Accessories
5.3.5.1 The cylinder valve shall comply with the stipulations of GB/T 17926 and shall be
equipped with a safety pressure relief device.
5.3.5.2 The nominal burst pressure of the rupture disc is the hydrostatic test pressure, and the
allowable deviation is 10%0 ; the operating temperature of the fusible plug is 110 C 5 C.
5.3.5.3 The rated discharge capacity of the safety pressure relief device shall be calculated in
accordance with GB/T 33215 and shall not be less than the safe discharge capacity of the gas
cylinder. In addition, it shall be ensured that the gas cylinder passes the fire burning test
specified in 6.15.
5.3.6 Maximum allowable defect size for non-destructive evaluation (NDE)
The maximum allowable defect size at any point of the steel cylinder shall be specified, so
as to prevent failure of the steel cylinder due to leakage or rupture during its service life. The
method of determining the maximum allowable defect size is shown in Appendix B.
5.4 Manufacture
5.4.1 General requirements
5.4.1.1 In addition to the stipulations of this document, the manufacture of steel cylinders
shall also comply with the stipulations of product drawings and relevant standards.
5.4.1.2 The body of the steel cylinders is generally manufactured through the following
methods:
a) Use steel billets, steel ingots and steel rods as the raw materials, and manufacture
through extrusion, stretching or spinning, thinning and mouth-closing;
b) Use seamless steel pipes as the raw materials, and manufacture through bottom-
closing and mouth-closing;
c) Use steel plates as the raw materials, and manufacture through stamping, stretching
or spinning, thinning and mouth-closing.
5.4.1.3 During the bottom-closing and forming process of tubular gas cylinders, metal shall
not be added, and welding shall not be performed.
5.4.1.4 The manufacture of the steel cylinders shall be managed in batches. In accordance
with the sequence of heat treatment, no more than 200 cylinders, plus the number of
cylinders used for destructive tests shall constitute one batch.
5.4.1.5 The depth of the concave end of the steel cylinders shall comply with the specified
design value; the thickness of the spherical shell and annular shell at the end shall comply
with the design requirements.
5.4.1.6 The preform made of seamless steel pipes by spinning shall be subject to process
evaluation; the inner surface of the end of the cylinder body shall not have visible concave
holes, wrinkles, bumps and scales; the defects at the end are allowed to be removed, but the
design thickness of the end shall be ensured; the cylinder body shall not be subject to
welding repair. For the gas cylinders made of seamless steel pipes through bottom-closing,
before mouth-closing, the bottom air-tight test shall be carried out one by one.
5.4.1.7 For the surface defects of the cylinder body, it is allowed to use special tools for
grinding; after grinding, the requirements of 7.1.3 shall be met.
5.4.2 Heat treatment
5.4.2.1 The body of the steel cylinders shall be subject to heat treatment as a whole. The heat
treatment shall be carried out in accordance with the process with assessed conformity.
5.4.2.2 Oil or water-based quenching agent can be used as the quenching medium. When the
water-based quenching agent is used as the quenching medium, the cooling rate of the
cylinder body in the medium shall not be greater than 80% of the cooling rate in water at 20
C.
5.4.3 Non-destructive evaluation
After heat treatment, the body of the steel cylinders shall be subject to non-destructive
evaluation one by one.
5.4.4 Inner surface treatment of cylinder body
After the hydrostatic test, the body of the steel cylinders shall be subject to drying treatment
on the inner surface.
5.4.5 Accessories
5.4.5.1 Neck ring
If assembly is required, the assembly of the neck ring and the cylinder body shall not adopt
the mode of welding.
5.4.5.2 Cylinder cap
If assembly is required, the cylinder cap shall adopt a detachable structure.
5.4.5.3 Thread of accessories
For accessories with threaded connections, the thread profiles, sizes and tolerances shall
comply with the stipulations of GB/T 8335, GB/T 192, GB/T 196, GB/T 197 or GB/T 20668.
6 Test Methods
6.1 Wall Thickness and Manufacturing Tolerance
6.1.1 The wall thickness of the cylinder body shall be subject to the ultrasonic full-coverage
wall thickness measurement in accordance with Appendix C.
6.1.2 The manufacturing tolerance of the cylinder body is inspected with standard measuring
tools or special measuring tools and sample plates. The inspection items include the average
outer diameter, roundness, perpendicularity and straightness of the cylinder body.
6.2 Bottom Air-tight Test
Adopt an appropriate test device to pressurize the central area of the inner surface of the
bottom of the tubular cylinders; the pressurized area shall be at least 1/16 of the bottom area
of the cylinder body, and the diameter of the pressurized area shall be at least 20 mm; the
test medium can be clean air or nitrogen. After pressurizing to the test pressure of the air-
tight test, during the pressure holding period, brush soap solution at the center of the outer
surface of the bottom; hold the pressure for at least 1 min. During the pressure holding
period, observe whether the central area of the bottom of the cylinder body leaks.
6.3 Inner and Outer Surfaces
Conduct visual inspection; ensure sufficient brightness in the inspection environment. When
inspecting the inner surface, endoscopic lamps or endoscopes can be used.
6.8 Metallographic Test
6.8.1 The metallographic specimen can be cut from the cylinder body of the tensile test. The
preparation, size and method of the specimen shall comply with GB/T 13298.
6.8.2 The evaluation of microstructure shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 13320.
6.8.3 The depth of the decarburized layer shall comply with GB/T 224.
6.9 Non-destructive Evaluation
On-line automatic ultrasonic testing equipment shall be adopted for the evaluation, which
shall be performed in accordance with Appendix C.
6.10 Hardness Testing
Hardness shall be tested online in accordance with GB/T 230.1 or GB/T 231.1.
6.11 Hydrostatic Test
In accordance with the external measurement method specified in GB/T 9251, carry out the
hydrostatic test; the test pressure is 1.5P.
6.12 Air-tight Test
After passing the hydrostatic test, in accordance with the test method specified in GB/T
12137, conduct the air-tight test; the test pressure is P.
6.13 Hydrostatic Burst Test
6.13.1 The hydrostatic burst test shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 15385.
6.13.2 The pressure rise rate of the hydrostatic burst test shall not exceed 0.5 MPa/s.
6.13.3 The pressure - time or pressure - water inflow curve shall be automatically drawn, so
as to determine the yield pressure and burst pressure of the cylinder body.
6.14 Pressure Cycling Test
6.14.1 The pressure cycling test shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 9252.
6.14.2 The upper limit of the cyclic pressure shall not be lower than the hydrostatic test
pressure (Ph) of the gas cylinder; the lower limit of the cyclic pressure shall not be higher
than 2 MPa; the pressure cycling rate shall not exceed 10 times/min.
6.15 Fire Burning Test
6.15.1 Placement of steel cylinder
The steel cylinder shall be horizontally placed, and the lower side of the cylinder body shall
be about 100 mm above the fire source. Metal baffles shall be used to prevent flames from
directly contacting the cylinder valve and the pressure relief device. The metal baffles shall
not directly contact the pressure relief device and the cylinder valve.
6.15.2 Fire source
The length of the fire source is 1.65 m; the flame is evenly distributed. Within the length
range of the fire source, the flame shall be able to touch the outer surfaces of the lower part
and both sides of the steel cylinder.
6.15.3 Temperature and pressure measurement
At least 3 thermocouples shall be evenly arranged along the lower side of the steel cylinder,
so as to monitor the surface temperature; the distance between them is not less than 0.75 m.
Meanwhile, a pressure gauge for measuring and monitoring the pressure in the cylinder shall
be configured. Use metal baffles to prevent the flame from directly contacting the
thermocouples, or embed the thermocouples in a metal block whose side length is less than
25 mm. During the test, at an interval of no more than 30 s, the temperature of the
thermocouples and the pressure in the steel cylinder shall be recorded once.
6.15.4 General test requirements
Use natural gas or air to pressurize the steel cylinder to the nominal operating pressure.
During the fire burning test, measures shall be taken to prevent the sudden explosion of the
steel cylinder. After ignition, the flame shall quickly spread a length of 1.65 m and surround
the lower part and both sides of the steel cylinder. Within 5 min after ignition, at least one
thermocouple shall indicate a temperature of 590 C, and it shall not be lower than this
temperature during the subsequent test. For steel cylinders with a length not greater than
1.65 m, the central position shall be placed above the center of the fire source. For steel
cylinders with a length greater than 1.65 m, place them in accordance with the following
requirements:
a) If one end of the steel cylinder is equipped with a pressure relief device, the fire
source starts at the other end of the steel cylinder;
b) If both ends of the steel cylinder are equipped with pressure relief devices, then,
the fire source shall be at the center between the pressure relief devices;
c) If the steel cylinder is protected by an additional insulation layer, two fire burning
tests shall be carried out under the operating pressure: one with the center of the
fire source in the middle of the length of the steel cylinder; one with another
cylinder, so that the fire source starts at one of the two ends of the steel cylinder.
6.16 Gunshot Test
Use an armor-piercing bullet with a diameter of at least 7.62 mm to penetrate a steel cylinder
7.1.12.1 In accordance with the requirements of 6.11, carry out the hydrostatic test. Under
the hydrostatic test pressure (Ph), the pressure holding time shall not be less than 30 s; the
pointer of the pressure gauge shall not fall back, and the cylinder body shall not leak or be
obviously deformed. The rate of residual volumetric deformation shall not be greater than
5%.
7.1.12.2 The hydrostatic test report shall include the measured water volume and mass of the
steel cylinder. The values of the water volume and mass shall retain one decimal place.
EXAMPLE: the measured value of water volume or mass is 100.675: the value of water volume
is expressed as 100.6, and the value of mass is expressed as 100.7.
7.1.13 Air-tight test
The test pressure of the air-tight test shall be the nominal operating pressure; the pressure
holding time shall not be less than 1 min. The cylinder body, cylinder valve, and the
connection between the cylinder body and the cylinder valve shall not leak. If leakage
occurs due to assembly, it is allowed to carry out the test again.
7.1.14 Hydrostatic burst test
7.1.14.1 Check the pressure - time or pressure - water inflow curve of the hydrostatic burst
test; determine the measured yield pressure (Py) and the measured burst pressure (Pb) of the
cylinder body, which shall comply with the following requirements:
a) Py Ph/F;
b) Pb 1.6 Ph.
7.1.14.2 After the burst of the body of the steel cylinder, there shall be no fragments; the
burst opening shall be on the cylinder body; the breach crack shall not extend to the cylinder
mouth; the shape and size of the breach on the cylinder body shall comply with the
stipulations of Figure 8.
7.1.14.3 The main breach of the cylinder body shall be a plastic fracture, i.e., there shall be
an obvious shear lip on the edge of the fracture, and there shall be no obvious metal defects
on the fracture.
7.3 Batch Test
7.3.1 The batch test items shall satisfy the stipulations of Table 5.
7.3.2 One steel cylinder shall be randomly taken from each batch of steel cylinders for the
determination of various performance indicators (including tensile test, impact test, cold
bend test or flattening test) after the heat treatment of the cylinder body, and the steel
cylinder shall be subject to end dissection.
7.3.3 One steel cylinder shall be randomly taken from each batch of steel cylinders for the
hydrostatic burst test.
7.3.4 One steel cylinder shall be randomly taken from each batch of steel cylinders for the
pressure cycling test, and the test frequency is as follows:
a) For the first time, take one steel cylinder from each batch for the pressure cycling
test; the number of pressure cycles is not less than 15,000;
b) If 10 consecutive production batches belong to the same design family (i.e., similar
materials and processes, and compliance with the limiting conditions of design
alterations, see 7.2.3), and no leakage or rupture occurs after the number of
pressure cycles in the above-mentioned a) test reaches at least 22,500 times, then,
the frequency of the pressure cycling test can be reduced to one steel cylinder
taken from every five production batches;
c) If 10 consecutive production batches belong to the same design family, and no
leakage or rupture occurs after the number of pressure cycles in the above-
mentioned a) test reaches at least 30,000 times, then, the frequency of the pressure
cycling test can be reduced to one steel cylinder taken from every ten production
batches;
d) If the interruption exceeds 3 months from the last pressure cycling test, then, the
test frequency reduced in b) or c) above shall become invalid, and from the next
production batch, one cylinder shall be taken from each production batch for the
pressure cycling test, so as to re-establish the batch pressure cycling test frequency
reduced in b) or c);
e) If the pressure cycling test with a reduced frequency does not comply with the
number of pressure cycles (respectively, 22,500 and 30,000) required in test b) or
c), then, it is necessary to repeat the batch pressure cycling test frequency in a) for
at least 10 batches, so as to re-establish the batch pressure cycling test frequency
reduced in b) or c).
If the pressure cycling test in the above a), b) or c) of the steel cylinders cannot satisfy the
requirement of at least 15,000 times, then, it shall be handled in accordance with the
program in 7.5, so as to find out the cause of failure and correct it. Then, take three steel
cylinders from this batch and repeat the pressure cycling test. If any one of the steel
cylinders fails to reach 15,000 times, then, the batch of steel cylinders shall be scrapped.
7.4 One-by-one Inspection
Each steel cylinder produced in the same batch shall be subject to one-by-one inspection.
The inspection items shall comply with the stipulations of Table 5.
7.5 Re-inspection Rules
If the test result is disqualified, find out the cause of the disqualification and proceed in
accordance with the following requirements.
a) If the disqualification is caused by abnormal test operation or measurement error,
then, the test shall be repeated; if the result of the re-test is qualified, then, the
product shall be deemed as qualified in the test.
b) If it is confirmed that the failure is caused by heat treatment, it is allowed to re-
perform heat treatment on this batch of steel cylinders, but the number of repeated
heat treatment shall not be more than two times; the steel cylinders that have been
subject to the re-performed heat treatment shall ensure the design wall thickness;
the batch of steel cylinders that have been subject to the re-performed heat
treatment shall receive batch inspection as a new batch; in the quality inspection
record, the series numbers, reasons and conclusions of the steel cylinders under
repeat heat treatment shall be stated.
c) If it is confirmed that the disqualification is caused by reasons other than heat
treatment, all defective steel cylinders can be scrapped, or repaired in a suitable
mode. The repaired steel cylinders shall be subject to batch inspection again; if
they are qualified in the test, they shall be returned to the original batch.
8 Marking, Coating, Packaging, Transportation and
Storage
8.1 Marking
8.1.1 Steel impression mark of steel cylinders
8.1.1.1 The steel impression mark of the steel cylinders shall be on the curved shoulder of
the cylinder body, and the form shown in Figure 9 can be adopted.
8.1.1.2 The steel impression mark on the steel cylinders can also be arranged along the
circumference of the cylinder shoulder, and the arrangement of each item may not be in the
sequence of the index numbers in Figure 9, but the items shall not be missing.
12---code of manufacturer;
13---design service life.
Figure 9 -- Schematic Diagram of Steel Impression Marks of Steel Cylinders
8.1.2 Electronic identification mark of steel cylinders
8.1.2.1 Every steel cylinder exiting the factory shall be equipped with a firm and
indestructible electronic identification mark (for example, a QR code or an electronic chip)
in a conspicuous position as the electronic certificate of conformity of the steel cylinder
product.
8.1.2.2 The information recorded in the electronic certificate of conformity of the steel
cylinder product shall be effectively stored and publicized on the safety traceability
information platform of steel cylinders. The stored and publicized information shall be
traceable, exchangeable, query-able and tamper-proof.
8.1.3 Color mark
The color of the steel cylinders is brown; the characters are “Natural Gas”; the characters are
white; the others shall comply with GB/T 7144.
8.2 Coating
8.2.1 Before the steel cylinder is coated, the surface oil stains, rust and other impurities shall
be removed, and the coating can be carried out under dry conditions.
8.2.2 The coating shall be uniform and firm, and there shall be no defects like air bubbles,
paint flow marks, cracks and peeling, etc.
8.3 Packaging
8.3.1 In accordance with the user’s requirements, if the steel cylinders are not equipped with
a cylinder valve, then, the mouth of the cylinder shall be sealed with reliable measures, so as
to prevent contamination.
8.3.2 The packaging can be in bundles, boxes or in bulk.
8.4 Transportation
8.4.1 The transportation of the steel cylinders shall comply with the stipulations of the
transportation department.
8.4.2 During the transportation, loading and unloading of the steel cylinders, it is necessary
to prevent collision, moisture and damage to the accessories.
8.5 Storage
......
GB 17258-2011
Steel cylinders for the on-board storage of compressed natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles
ICS 23.020.30
J74
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Replacing GB 17258-1998
Cars of compressed natural gas
(ISO 11439.2000, Gascylinders-Highpressurecylindersfortheon-board
storageofnaturalgasasafuelforautomotivevehicles, NEQ)
Issued on.2011-12-30
2012-12-01 implementation
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China
Standardization Administration of China released
Table of Contents
Introduction Ⅲ
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions, symbols 2
Type 3 and 4 parameters
5 Technical requirements 4
6 Test methods 7
7 Inspection rules 11
8 signs, coating, packaging, transportation and storage 16
9 Installation 18
10 product certification, inspection and batch certification valve quality certificate 18
Appendix A (normative) Test method for flattening 19
Appendix B (normative) sulfide stress corrosion test 22
Annex C (normative) Ultrasonic Testing 23
Annex D (normative) Magnetic particle testing 26
Annex E (informative) automotive CNG cylinders batch testing quality certificate 28
Foreword
All the technical contents of this standard is mandatory.
Accordance with the standards GB/T 1.1-2009. Drafting Rules "Standardization Guide Part 1 standard structure and preparation of" given.
This standard replaces GB 17258-1998 "car with compressed natural gas."
This standard compared with GB 17258-1998 standard, the main revisions are as follows.
--- Standard Scope.
a) nominal working pressure increased from 16MPa ~ 20MPa limited to 20MPa;
b) nominal water capacity increased from 30L ~ 120L expanded to 30L ~ 300L;
c) the working temperature from -50 ℃ ~ 60 ℃ revised to -40 ℃ ~ 65 ℃;
d) the provisions of this standard only for filling cylinders in line with GB 18047 of CNG;
e) deleting the "does not apply to composite cylinders" and added provisions "do not apply to cylinders of welded structures" in.
--- Cylinder specifications.
Cancel the sub-file and volume of water to the cylinder diameter.
--- Change the cylinder model name.
--- Original hydrostatic test pressure "to 5/3 times the nominal working pressure" to "1.5 times the nominal working pressure."
--- Cylinders under actual tensile strength of the bottle from the original "no greater than 880N/mm2" increase in the provision of adequate test data case
Actual tensile strength not more than 950MPa.
--- Change the design wall thickness calculation formula.
--- Deletion of the concave end finite element requirements.
--- Changing the bursting disc and fusible plug parameters.
--- Batch uniform regulations for the "bottle by heat treatment order, of not more than 200 the number of bottles plus destructive testing body as a group."
--- Added Appendix A flattening test method requirements.
--- Added Appendix B to sulfide stress corrosion test requirements.
--- Added Appendix C of ultrasonic testing requirements, an increase in Appendix D of magnetic particle testing requirements, and provides tensile strength greater than
880MPa cylinders should be used ultrasonic testing.
--- Hydraulic test methods require the use of external measurement method.
--- Change Methods of test for the fire requirements.
--- Shooting test requirements increase, the abolition of explosive impact test requirements.
--- Cold bending and flattening test. Only one of the corresponding test.
--- Changing the parameter range bottle manufacturing tolerances.
--- Change the tensile and impact performance bottle after heat treatment.
--- Increased requirements for design changes.
The standard reference method using redrafted ISO 11439.2000 "with high-pressure gas cylinders car bottle" establishment, and ISO 11439.2000 a
Consistency not equivalent. Revision of this standard reference used ISO 11439.2000 "with high-pressure natural gas vehicle cylinders bottle" CNG-1 metal
The contents of the cylinder portion.
This standard by the National Standardization Technical Committee cylinder (SAC/TC31) and focal points.
This standard was drafted. Beijing Tianhai Industry Co., Ltd., the National Standardization Technical Committee cylinders.
The main drafters of this standard. Solutions for the United States, Danfeng Wen, Hu Sheng-Cai, Wu Yan.
This standard superseded standard previously issued as follows.
--- GB 17258-1998.
Cars of compressed natural gas
1 Scope
This standard specifies the automotive types and parameters of compressed natural gas (hereinafter referred to as cylinders), technical requirements, test methods, inspection regulations
Then, signs, coating, packaging, transportation and storage.
This standard applies to the design, manufacture nominal working pressure of 20MPa (this refers to the standard pressure gauge), the nominal water volume of 30L ~
300L, operating temperature of -40 ℃ ~ 65 ℃, the design life of 15 years cylinders.
Fuel cylinders manufactured according to the standards in line with GB 18047 only for filling of CNG used as automobile, fixed in the car
The use; conditions of use are not included because of the additional load caused by an external force.
This standard does not apply to compressed natural gas fueling stations with gas cylinders, the cylinder does not apply to welded structures.
2 Normative references
The following documents for the application of this document is essential. For dated references, only the dated version suitable for use herein
Member. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 222 chemical composition of finished steel tolerance
GB/T 223 (all parts), steel and alloy chemical analysis method
Determination of depth of decarburization GB/T 224 steel
GB/T 226 steel macrostructure and defect etching test method
RT Test Method. Test Part 1 GB/T 228.1 metallic materials tensile
GB/T 229 metal Charpy pendulum impact test method
GB/T 232 metallic materials - Bend test
GB/T 1979 structure steel macrostructure and defect rating FIG.
GB/T 4157-2006 Metal anti environmental cracking special form of laboratory tests in hydrogen sulfide environment
GB/T 4336 carbon steel and low alloy steel spark source atomic emission spectrometry method (conventional method)
GB/T 5777 seamless steel pipe ultrasonic testing method
GB 7144 cylinders color logo
GB 8335 cylinders dedicated thread
GB/T 8336 cylinders dedicated thread gauge
GB/T 9251 Test methods for hydraulic cylinders
GB/T 9252 cylinders Fatigue Test Method
GB/T 12137 Test method for airtightness of cylinders
GB/T 12606 pipe magnetic flux leakage inspection method
GB/T 13005 cylinders term
GB/T 13298 metal microstructure inspection method
GB/T 13320 forging steel Metallographic grading atlas and assessing method
GB 13447 seamless cylinders billets
GB 15385 hydraulic cylinders burst test methods
GB 18047 CNG
GB 18248 seamless steel gas cylinders
GB/T 23907 Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing by test piece
3 Terms and definitions, symbols
3.1 Terms and Definitions
GB/T 13005 and established the following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1.1
Design stress factor designstressfactor
The ratio of wall stress and guaranteed minimum yield stress of the water pressure test conditions.
3.1.2
Batch batch
It means a design using the same conditions, with the same outer diameter, the wall thickness of the design, with the same furnace of steel, made of a method of manufacturing the same, according to the same
Heat treatment specifications for continuous heat treatment defined by the number of cylinders.
3.2 Symbol
The following symbols apply to this document.
A Elongation rate,%
Original thickness of a curved flat specimen, mm
αKV impact value, J/cm2
Original width b flat specimen, mm
C bottle burst test loop to break the tear length, mm
Df cold bending test apex diameter, mm
D0 cylinder barrel outside diameter, mm
E artificial defect length, mm
F design stress factor (see 5.2.2)
H height or convex outer cylinder bottom outer concave bottom height, mm
Specimen original label L0 flat pitch, mm
l cylinder barrel length, mm
Pb measured bursting pressure, MPa
Ph hydrostatic test pressure, MPa
Found yield pressure Py, MPa
The yield stress guaranteed value Re bottle material heat treatment, MPa
Rea Found yield stress, MPa
Rg bottle material after heat treatment, the tensile strength guaranteed value, MPa
Found tensile strength Rm, MPa
r cylinder end and the concave inner bottom corner radius, mm
S cylinder design cylinder wall thickness, mm
Sa cylinder barrel measured average wall thickness, mm
S0 flat cross-sectional area of the original specimen, mm2
S1 cylinder bottom center of the design wall thickness, mm
S2 cylinder concave bottom ground design wall thickness, mm
T artificial defect depth, mm
Ty flattening test specified indenter spacing, mm
W artificial defect width, mm
4 types and parameters
Type 4.1
Cylinder bottles generally to comply with the type shown in Fig.
1 bottle cylinder structure type
4.2 Parameter
Cylinder nominal volume of water and tolerances shall comply with the requirements in Table 1.
Table 1 nominal cylinder volume of water and tolerances
Nominal water volume/L tolerance /%
≥30 ~ 120
2.5
-2.5
> 120 ~ 300
1.25
-1.25
4.3 Model tag
Cylinder model consists of the following components.
CNG1
Cars of compressed natural gas
- □
Nominal diameter, mm
- □
Nominal water capacity, L
- □
Nominal working pressure, MPa
- □
Type A or T or S
Example. The nominal working pressure of 20MPa, nominal water capacity of 60L, an outside diameter of 229, structural type of cylinder A, the model is marked as "CNG1-229-
60-20A ".
5 Technical requirements
5.1 General provisions bottle material
5.1.1 bottle material should be used furnace or basic oxygen blowing smelting of non-aging steel sedation.
5.1.2 bottle material should be of high quality chrome-molybdenum steel.
5.1.3 bottle material shall comply with the relevant standards, and a quality certificate of compliance. Cylinder manufacturing unit should be in front of the cylinder manufacturing furnace tank
Number of material chemical composition analysis, analysis method according to GB/T 223 or GB/T 4336 execution.
5.1.4 bottle material can be selected or 30CrMo 34CrMo4 grades for the two materials. If the selection of other materials, which chemically defined See
Table 2, which allows deviation should be consistent with the provisions of GB/T 222's. For non-intentionally added alloying elements of vanadium, the total content of niobium, titanium, boron, zirconium shall not be
More than 0.15%.
Table 2 cylinder bottle chemical composition and mass fraction (%)
C Si Mn Cr Mo SPSP Ni Cu
≤0.37 0.17 ~ 0.37 0.40 ~ 0.90 0.80 ~ 1.20 0.15 ~ 0.30 ≤0.020 ≤0.020 ≤0.030 ≤0.30 ≤0.20
5.1.5 billet
5.1.5.1 slab shape and size tolerances shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB 13447.
5.1.5.2 furnace number shall material slab of low magnification for analysis, analytical method according to GB/T 226 carried out the assessment macrostructure
Reference should be consistent with GB/T 1979 regulations. Billet macrostructure not allowed to have white spots, residual shrinkage, delamination, bubbles, foreign bodies and inclusions; center
Loose is not greater than 1.5, segregation is not more than 2.5.
5.1.6 seamless pipe
5.1.6.1 seamless steel tube size shape, surface quality inside and outside and tolerances shall comply with the provisions of GB 18248.
5.1.6.2 seamless steel pipe wall thickness deviation should not exceed 25% of its minimum thickness.
5.1.6.3 seamless pipe mills should be delivered by the root testing, testing should be GB/T 5777 or GB/T 12606 were qualified level
To L2.
5.2 Design
5.2.1 General provisions
5.2.1.1 cylinder wall thickness design calculations should be based on the hydrostatic test pressure ph prevail. Hydrostatic test pressure shall be nominal working pressure of 1.5 times.
5.2.1.2 cylinder wall thickness chosen design calculations yield stress guaranteed value shall not exceed 90% of the tensile strength guaranteed values.
5.2.1.3 The maximum tensile strength of the barrel material response was limited, the measured tensile strength of the material bottle cylinder should not be greater than 880MPa.
If the upper limit of the tensile strength is greater than the design requirements of 880MPa, cylinder manufacturing enterprises to cope with its limited maximum sulfur and phosphorus content of the material resistance
After the sulfide stress corrosion testing, providing full and effective test data under the premise reported cylinders design qualification approval, it may be appropriate to increase the timber
Tensile limit of the material, but should be less than 950MPa.
5.2.2 Design of the wall thickness
Design cylinder wall thickness S shall formula (1) calculation, to be consistent with the formula (2) requirements, and shall not be less than 1.5mm.
S = D02 1-
FRe- 3ph
FR
(1)
Where, F take 0.6Re/Rg
Or lesser value of 0.71.
S≥ D0250 1
(2)
5.2.3 end design
5.2.3.1 end structure, there are four types.
a) with a hemispherical finish [see Figure 2a)];
b) hemispherical [see FIG. 2b)];
c) dish [see Fig. 2c)];
d) concave [see Figure 2d)].
5.2.3.2 cylinder dished end structure should meet the following requirements.
a) r≥0.075D0;
b) When 0.22≤H/D0 < 0.4 when, S1≥1.5S;
c) When the H/D0≥0.4, S1≥S.
5.2.3.3 When the cylinders are designed to use the female end of the structure, the end of the design dimensions shall comply with the following requirements.
a) S1≥2S;
b) S2≥2S;
c) r≥0.075D0;
d) H≥0.12D0.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Figure 2 Figure end structure type
Should transition between the ring and the cylinder housing 5.2.3.4 cylinder concave end portion of the cylinder is connected with the transition should be a smooth transition.
5.2.4 bottle design
5.2.4.1 Cylinders should taper bottle screw thread, taper threads shall comply with GB 8335 or the relevant standards, effective thread number is not less than
8 buckle.
5.2.4.2 The thickness of the cylinder bottle, it should ensure that there is sufficient strength in the bottle and should bear the valve torque and riveting additional outer collar
Does not produce plastic deformation force.
5.2.5 Accessories
Should be equipped with safety relief devices 5.2.5.1 on the cylinder valve, safety relief device shall comply with the relevant standards.
Type 5.2.5.2 Safety relief devices on cylinders should be bursting disc - fusible alloy composition. Bursting disc burst pressure for the hydrostatic test pressure
Force tolerance is 10% -0. Fusible plug operating temperature of 110 ℃ ± 5 ℃. Discharge capacity safety relief device should be able to meet 7.1.14
The fire test requirements.
5.2.5.3 cylinder valve and bottle thread with valve assembly shall ensure that after leaving 2-5 pitch thread.
5.3 Manufacturing
5.3.1 General provisions
5.3.1.1 Cylinders manufacturing shall comply with the provisions of this standard should meet the product design and related standards.
5.3.1.2 cylinder bottle manufacturing generally use the following methods. In billets as raw material, pull red stretch cuffs made of seamless steel tubes for the original or
Expected by the end of spinning close, shut made. At the bottom of the sealing process should not add any metal objects.
5.3.1.3 Cylinders shall be manufactured batch management, order the bottle by heat treatment, to no more than 200 bottles plus destructive testing is a number of body
A batch.
5.3.1.4 stretched by pulling red bottle made its concave end value depth should meet the design requirements, the thickness of the spherical shell and the shell ring should break ends
Co-design requirements.
Preforms made by the spinning process should be seamless steel 5.3.1.5 assessment; there should be no visible surface recessed hole, fold the inner end portion of the bottle body,
Convex tumors and scale; defect ends allowed to clear, but it should ensure that the ends of the design thickness; bottles do not allow welding process.
5.3.1.6 surface defects of the bottle allows the use of special tools for grinding, after grinding shall comply with the requirements of 7.1.2.
5.3.2 Heat Treatment
5.3.2.1 cylinder bottle shall be the overall heat treatment, heat treatment should be assessed by a qualified processes.
5.3.2.2 quenching temperature should not exceed 930 ℃, tempering temperature of not less than 538 ℃.
5.3.2.3 Available oil or water-based hardening agent as the quenching medium. When water-based hardening agent as the quenching medium, the bottle in a medium speed cooling
Degree should not exceed 20 ℃ water in the cooling rate of 80%.
5.3.3 Non-destructive testing
Cylinders should be heat-treated by the bottle only non-destructive testing.
5.3.4 bottle body surface treatment
Cylinder bottle after the hydrostatic test, the inner surface should be dry.
5.3.5 Accessories
5.3.5.1 For mounting collar assembly, collar and bottle prohibited by welding.
5.3.5.2 For bottle cap assembly, the bottle cap should adopt the removable structure.
5.3.5.3 using threaded attachment, the thread form, dimensions and tolerances shall comply with GB 8335 or the relevant standards.
6 Test methods
6.1 wall thickness and manufacturing tolerances
6.1.1 bottle thickness should ultrasonic thickness measurement.
6.1.2 bottle manufacturing tolerances using standard or proprietary measuring gauges, model inspection, inspection items include average outside diameter of the cylinder, roundness,
Squareness and straightness.
6.2, the outer surface
Visual inspection of the environment should ensure sufficient brightness; by means of an endoscope or endoscopic lamp inner surface examination.
6.3 bottle thread
Visual and amount of thread according to GB/T 8336 or the relevant standards compliance checks.
6.4 Determination of the performance indicators after heat treatment bottle
6.4.1 Sampling
6.4.1.1 specimens shall be cylindrical central interception, using flat-kind specimen interception portion of the sample shown in Figure 3.
6.4.1.2 Number of Samples
a) in longitudinal tensile test specimens 2;
b) take the lateral impact test specimen 3;
c) take the ring to the cold bend test specimens 2 or flattening test a sample bottle or a ring flattening test specimens.
6.4.2 Tensile Test
6.4.2.1 Determination of tensile test items should include. tensile strength, yield stress, elongation.
6.4.2.2 Tensile specimens prepared in the shape shown in Figure 4, take L0 = 5.65 S0.
6.4.2.3 tensile specimen size and shape of the tensile test method shall GB/T 228 executed.
6.4.3 Impact test
6.4.3.1 Impact of the sample using the width of not less than 3mm and not more than 10mm with a V-notch specimens do lateral impact.
6.4.3.2 Impact of the sample bottle should be on the interception, V-notch shall be perpendicular to the surface of the bottle wall, as shown in Figure 5. For less than the thickness of the bottle
10mm lateral impact specimen processing four faces arcuate outer surface of the bottle body is not machined. For bottle thickness greater than 10mm
Specimens, if through the inner and outer surfaces of the sample processing width of 10mm, the width of the sample taken 10mm; if the issues can not be the final wall thickness
The sample was processed into a thickness of 10mm, the width of the sample should be as close to the original thickness.
Requirements 6.4.3.3 6.4.3.2 in addition to the provisions of the shape and size of sample bias and impact test method shall GB/T 229 executed.
6.4.3.4 bottle wall thickness is insufficient to process standard sample, may be exempted from the impact test.
6.4.4 cold bend test
Width 6.4.4.1 cold bend test specimens shall be 4 times the wall thickness of the bottle, and not less than 25mm, the sample processing only four faces, bottles vivo
Arcuate wall surface is not machined.
6.4.4.2 Production and cold bending test specimens according to the method GB/T 232 implementation of the sample as shown in Figure 6 is bent.
6.4.5 Flattening test
6.4.5.1 Flattening test method is executed in accordance with Appendix A.
6.4.5.2 For flattening test specimen ring on the bottle should intercept width of the bottle wall thickness not less than four times the sample loop of 25mm,
Only on the edge of the specimen ring machined sample ring with flat head flattening.
Explanation.
1 --- lateral impact specimens;
2 --- tensile test specimens;
3 --- cold-formed or flattened ring sample specimen.
3 a schematic diagram of the sample position
b≤4a;
b D0/8。
Figure 4 tensile specimen
Explanation.
1 --- lateral impact specimens;
2 --- cylinder longitudinal;
3 --- Charpy V-notch.
Figure 5 a schematic lateral impact specimen
6 a schematic diagram cold bend test
6.4.6 sulfide stress corrosion test
Sulfide stress corrosion tests performed in Appendix B.
6.5 Anatomy ends
6.5.1 end anatomy [Fig. 2b), c), d)] interception on the sample bottle should test the mechanical properties of the height dimension of the sample bottle should be retained
Transition ends above the barrel portion.
6.5.2 sectional specimen shall be on the axis of the bottle, with 5-10 times the magnifying glass to observe the cut surface after polishing, using standard or special gage
Used measuring tools, model size for bottom inspection.
6.6 Metallographic
6.6.1 intercept metallographic sample bottle from the tensile test, sample preparation, size and methods should be GB/T 13298 execution.
6.6.2 Evaluation of microstructure according to GB/T 13320 execution.
6.6.3 decarburization depth according to GB/T 224 executed.
6.7 NDT
It shall be automatically recorded online or on-line ultrasonic testing magnetic particle inspection, ultrasonic testing in accordance with Appendix C execution, magnetic particle testing performed in accordance with Appendix D
Row. For tensile strength greater than 880MPa guarantee cylinders should be used ultrasonic testing.
6.8 Hydrostatic Test
Hydrostatic test should be carried out using the volume residual deformation rate testing outside the test method according to GB/T 9251 in the external measurement method test execution.
6.9 tightness test
Tightness test according to GB/T 12137 execution.
6.10 hydraulic burst test
6.10.1 hydraulic burst test execution according to GB 15385.
6.10.2 boost pressure burst test shall not exceed the rate of 0.5MPa/s.
6.10.3 should automatically draw the pressure - time and pressure - curve into the water to determine the yield pressure and burst pressure of the bottle.
6.11 Fatigue Test
6.11.1 fatigue test according to GB/T 9252 execution.
6.11.2 The upper pressure limit cycle should not be less than the cylinder hydrostatic test pressure ph, circulating pressure lower limit should not exceed 2MPa, pressure cycling speed
Rate shall not exceed 10 cycles per minute.
6.12 Fire test
6.12.1 cylinder placed
Cylinders should be placed horizontally, and the underside of the bottle top about 100mm at the fire source. Metal shield should be used to prevent direct flame contact with bottle
Valves and pressure relief devices. Metal should not be in direct contact flap relief device and cylinder valve.
6.12.2 fire source
Fire source length 1.65m, the flame evenly distributed. Length within the fire source, the flame should be able to reach the outer surface of the cylinder and the lower part of both sides.
6.12.3 Temperature and pressure measurements
With at least three uniformly disposed along the lower side of the thermocouple cylinders to monitor the surface temperature, the separation distance of not less than 0.75m. At the same time should be equipped
Means to measure and monitor bottle pressure gauge.
To prevent direct contact with the flame thermocouple with a metal bezel, a thermocouple may be embedded in the metal block in the side length of less than 25mm. Tested
Process should be intervals of not more than 30s time record temperature and pressure of a thermocouple inside the cylinder.
6.12.4 General test requirements
With natural gas or air to the cylinder is pressurized to nominal working pressure.
When the fire test, the cylinder shall take measures to prevent sudden explosion.
After ignition, the flame should be quickly filled with 1.65m in length, and both sides of the lower portion of the cylinder by its surrounds.
After ignition within 5min, should have at least one thermocouple indicates the temperature reaches 590 ℃, and not lower than that in the subsequent course of the experiment
temperature.
≤1.65m the length of the cylinder, the center position should be placed in the uppe...
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