GB/T 13298-2015 PDF English
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| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivery | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| GB/T 13298-2015 | English | 125 |
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Inspection Methods of Microstructure for Metals
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| GB/T 13298-1991 | English | 105 |
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Metal. Inspection method of microstrcture
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GB/T 13298-2015: Inspection Methods of Microstructure for Metals---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT13298-2015
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.99
H 24
GB/T 13298-2015
Replacing GB/T 13298-1991
Inspection Methods of Microstructure for Metals
Issued on. SEPTEMBER 11, 2015
Implemented on. JUNE 1, 2016
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 5
2 Normative References... 5
3 Specimen Preparedness... 5
4 Specimen Grinding... 10
5 Specimen Polishing... 11
6 Microstructure Displaying... 12
7 Microstructure Inspection... 15
8 On-Site Metallographic Inspection... 18
9 Test Report... 18
Appendix A (Informative) Etchants Commonly Used by Metal... 19
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the specimen preparedness, specimen grinding, specimen
polishing, microstructure display, microstructure test, on-site metallographic and test
records for the metal microstructure inspection.
This Standard is applicable to the operation method of using metallographic
microscope to inspect the metal structure.
2 Normative References
The following documents are essential to the application of this document. For the
dated documents, only the versions with the dates indicated are applicable to this
document; for the undated documents, only the latest version (including all the
amendments) are applicable to this document.
YB/T 4377 Electrolytic Polishing Method of Metallographic Specimen
3 Specimen Preparedness
3.1 Specimen selection
3.1.1 General
To ensure the effectiveness of inspection, the selected metallographic specimen shall
represent the researched materials objectively and comprehensively as much as
possible. The specimen cutting direction, location, quantity shall be determined by the
metal manufacturing method, inspection purpose, relevant standards, and provisions
of both parties’ agreement.
3.1.2 Routine inspection
In addition to the special provisions in the product standard, it is recommended to
select from the position that can represent the characteristics of the materials; the
specimen shall contain the complete processing and impact area. For instance, the
specimen of steel strip or wire is suitable to cut from the end of the coil; cast specimen
shall contain the maximum and minimum segregation zones; heat treatment specimen
shall contain complete heat treatment layer; surface treatment specimen shall contain
all surface treatment layers; welding specimen shall contain weld seam, heat affected
zone, and base metal.
3.1.3 Failure analysis
The specimen shall be selected from the position of fracture or failure. Prior to cut the
metallographic specimen, finish the research against the failure surface; or finish at
least recording the failure situations. After that sampling from the normal position, and
compare their structures and performances.
3.2 Inspection direction and selection of inspection surface
4 Specimen Grinding
4.1 Specimen planishing
The cut specimen shall be firstly planished to make preparation for the next procedure
of grinding of sand paper. When grinding, use water to cool off the specimen, prevent
the changes of the specimen structure due to heating.
4.2 Specimen burnishing
4.2.1 Manual burnishing
After planishing, cleaning, and drying, the specimen shall be ground successively on
the different grain size of sand paper from coarse to fine; the sand paper shall be paved
on the flat glass, metal or plate. Each time the sand paper is changed, the specimen
shall rotate for 90° perpendicular to the old grinding mark; in such direction, burnish till
the old grinding mark disappear totally, and the new grinding mark is uniform.
4.2.2 Burnishing of mechanical milling machine
Place the sand paper and grinding plate of different grain size from coarse to fine on
the mechanical milling machine, and grind successively.
5 Specimen Polishing
5.1 General
Polish the grinding mark on the specimen to reach the mirror finish, and there are no
grinding defects. The polishing method can take mechanical polishing, electrolytic
polishing, chemical polishing, vibration polishing, micro-grinding and so on.
5.2 Mechanical polishing
5.2.1 Rough polishing
After the burnishing of sand paper, the specimen can be transferred to the polishing
machine equipped with nylon, woolen cloth or fine canvas to conduct rough polishing;
the polishing agent can use the find-grained diamond, alumina, magnesia, chromic
oxide, iron oxide, emery, and the like;
5.2.2 Precise polishing
5.3 Electrolytic polishing
Electrolytic polishing indicates that take the metal as the anode inserted in the
electrolytic cell; its surface generates selective corrosion due to the electrolytic reaction;
so that it is a method to polish the surface. The conditions of electrolytic polishing
depend on voltage, current, temperature and polishing time, and shall be implemented
as per the provisions of YB/T 4377.
5.4 Chemical polishing
Chemical polishing indicates the result that chemical reagents dissolve the uneven
specimen surface, and make it gradually smooth. However, it can only make the
specimen surface smooth rather than neat. It has good polishing effect against the
pure metal of iron, aluminum, copper, silver and etc..
5.5 Vibration polishing
Vibration polishing indicates driven by the industrial power (after half-wave
rectification), the spiral vibration system makes the specimen do the circular motion on
the grinding disk; meanwhile, it rotates itself; so that the polishing purpose is achieved.
It is commonly used to remove the stress or residual deformation layer on the
specimen surface, finally obtain high-quality surface.
5.6 Microscopic grinding
Microscopic grinding [Translator note. it should be Microscopic grinding machine] is
made of replacing the microtome blade with grinding head. After the specimen is cut
by the microtome, then it shall be ground by the microscopic grinding machine.
Microscopic grinding combines the burnishing and polishing into one step.
6 Microstructure Displaying
6.1 General
After polishing, the specimen microstructure shall be directly displayed without
treatment; or use physical or chemical method to conduct special treatment against
the specimen, so that various structures can appear good contrast, and display clearly.
The common methods include optical method, etching method, and interference layer
method.
6.2 Optical method
Since different structures have different reflection intensity and colour against the light,
which can be used to distinguish and display the metallographic microstructure. Specimen
shall be observed without any other treatment; or use the polarized light differential
interference and other accessories on the microscope to observe the specimen.
6.3 Etching method
6.3.1 Chemical etching
The process that the chemical reagent and specimen surface occur chemical
dissolution or electrochemical dissolution, so that display the metal microstructure.
6.3.2 Electrolytic etching
Take specimen as the anode of the circuit, and immerse it into appropriate electrolytic
etching solution, so that display the metal microstructure. The etching conditions
depend on voltage, current, temperature, and time.
6.3.3 Constant potential etching
Constant potential etching is further development of electrolytic etching; use
potentiostat to ensure the constant potential of the anode specimen during the etching
process; the etching (separate etching and successive etching) or coloring treatment
can be selected against the specific phase of the structure according to its polarization
conditions.
6.4 Interference layer method
A thin film is formed on the polished surface of the metal specimen; through the multiple
reflection and interference phenomena of the incident light, utilizing different optical
constants and film thickness of the different phases, make good black-and-white and
color contrast among structures, so that identify various metal phase.
6.4.1 Film forming method by chemical etching
A method of forming a thin film on the metal specimen surface by using the chemical
reagent. Different phases in the metal may form different-thickness thin film due to the
different potential, so that make the various phases, orientations, different grains, sub-
grains, dendrites generate different interference color and display the structure
difference due to the multiple reflections and interference phenomena. It is commonly
used for phase identification, grain phase observation, and segregation structure.
6.4.2 Anode film-coating method
Anode film-coating method is the result of anodizing or anodizing treatment. In the
anode region, the electrochemical anodic metal generates ionization reaction; and the
metal ions in the solution of anode region react with pure chemical deposition of some
anions; then form a thin film on the specimen surface that exhibits anisotropy to light.
Under the polarized light, use differential interference or sensitive plate, grains with
different orientations generate different colorful colours. Generally, pure aluminum,
high-purity aluminum, soft aluminum alloy, and cast aluminum requires to take anode
film-coating method, which shows clean grains under polarized light.
7 Microstructure Inspection
7.1 Microscope
7.1.1 The common illumination modes of metallurgical microscope include bright field,
dark field, polarized light, differential interference contrast (DIC).
7.1.2 The microscope shall be installed in dry, ventilated, dust-free, vibration-free,
non-corrosive atmosphere of chamber; and place on a stable table and/or base,
preferably there is damping device nearby.
7.2 Microscopic observation
7.2.1 Generally, the total appearance of specimen shall be firstly observed at low
magnification; then inspect at different magnification times as per the test purpose.
According to the research requirements, observe in the following methods.
7.2.2 The lens selection depends on the desired magnification times (choose
properly according to the instruction manual of the microscope). Generally, in order to
fully use the resolution of microscope object lens, the effective magnification times
shall not be greater than 1000× numerical aperture (N, A) of object lens; after that
select proper eye lens to match the object lens, so that prevent the false magnification.
7.2.3 The light source shall be adjusted properly, the emitted light shall be stable and
have sufficient intensity. Adjust the location of light source and concentration, so that
the light beam can shoot into the center of vertical luminaire entrance; and obtain the
uniform brightness of the obtained image.
7.2.4 The color filter depends on the type of object lens. If it is achromatic lens, use
the yellow, green color filter; if it is wholly achromatic lens, use either yellow, green or
blue color filter. The color of the color filter shall be consistent with the color of the
phase need to be identify.
7.2.5 The specimen shall be placed on the microscope carrier stably; so its plane is
perpendicular to the optical axis of the microscope. After that move the carrier, select
the proper structure position on the specimen and adjust the microscope focal length,
so that the image can be clear.
7.2.6 The aperture stop of the microscope shall be adjusted to proper size according
to the microscope magnification times and microstructure; so that the image observed
under the object lens can be clear and have good contrast.
7.2.7 The field stop of the microscope shall be adjusted to proper size; so that the
bright range of the image is within the size range of picture; and obtain the optimal
image contrast.
7.3 Image acquisition
7.3.1 The actual magnification proportion of image shall use micrometer to calibrate;
for the microscope equipped with image analysis software, the system scale of the
image analysis software shall be verified and calibrated regularly. The calibration of
system scale can be carried out according to the instruction manual of the image
analysis software.
7.4 Image analysis
The acquired microstructure can be conducted microstructure analysist and
quantitative metallographic analysis as required.
7.4.1 Microstructure analysis
Usually, the following test and analysis can be carried out.
7.4.2 Quantitative metallographic analysis
8 On-Site Metallographic Inspection
When conducting the structure non-destructive test on the large parts or components
like large gears, shafts, and pipes, the inspection point can be selected directly on the
workpiece, then perform the burnishing, polishing, etching and other processes.
9 Test Report
The test report shall contain the following contents.
a) Material name, grade, specification, batch number, number, thermal treatment
process, sampling quantity, position and direction;
b) This Standard number;
c) Using instrument and model;
d) Structure displaying method; if the etching method is adopted, indicate the type
of etchant;
e) Test results;
f) Report date and number;
g) Signature of inspector and auditor.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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