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GB/T 228.1-2021: Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See step-by-step procedure Status: Valid GB/T 228.1: Historical versions
Similar standardsGB/T 228.1-2021: Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test at room temperature---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT228.1-2021 NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 77.040.10 CCS H 22 Replacing GB/T 228.1-2010 Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at room temperature (ISO 6892-1.2019, MOD) Issued on: DECEMBER 31, 2021 Implemented on: JULY 01, 2022 Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China. Table of ContentsForeword... 4 Introduction... 7 1 Scope... 8 2 Normative references... 8 3 Terms and definitions... 9 4 Symbols and descriptions... 17 5 Principles... 19 6 Specimens... 19 7 Determination of original cross-sectional area... 21 8 Original gauge length and extensometer gauge length... 22 9 Accuracy of test equipment... 23 10 Test requirements... 23 11 Determination of upper yield strength... 29 12 Determination of lower yield strength... 29 13 Determination of proof strength, plastic extension... 30 14 Determination of proof strength, total extension... 32 15 Verification and determination of permanent set strength... 32 16 Determination of percentage yield point extension... 32 17 Determination of percentage plastic extension at maximum force... 33 18 Determination of percentage total extension at maximum force... 34 19 Determination of percentage total extension at fracture... 34 20 Determination of percentage elongation after fracture... 34 21 Determination of percentage reduction of area... 35 22 Round-off of test result values... 36 23 Test report... 36 24 Measurement uncertainty... 37 Annex A (informative) Structural changes between this document and ISO 6892-1.2019 ... 45 Annex B (informative) Technical differences between this document and ISO 6892- 1.2019 and their reasons... 46 Annex C (informative) Recommendations for the use of computer-controlled tensile testing machines... 49ForewordThis document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2020 "Directives for standardization - Part 1.Rules for the structure and drafting of standardizing documents". This document is Part 1 of GB/T 228 "Metallic materials - Tensile testing". The following parts of GB/T 228 have been issued. - Part 1.Method of test at room temperature; - Part 2.Method of test at elevated temperature; - Part 3.Method of test at low temperature; - Part 4.Method of test in liquid helium. This document replaces GB/T 228.1-2010 "Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1. Method of test at room temperature". Compared with GB/T 228.1-2010, in addition to structural and editorial changes, the main technical changes in this document are as follows. a) Add JJG 139, JJG 475, JJG 762, JJG 1063 as normative references (see Chapter 2 of this document); b) Add 3 terms and definitions. "modulus of elasticity", "default value" and "coefficient of determination" (see Chapter 3 of this document); c) Add selection of extensometer gauge length (see Chapter 8 of this document); d) Add general information about testing rate (see 10.3.1 of this document); e) Add two different types of strain rate control modes in the testing rate based on strain rate (Method A). Method A1 and Method A2, as well as specific explanations for Method A1 and Method A2 (see 10.3.2 of this document); f) Add representation of computer-compatible standards (see C.5 of this document); g) Add the normative annex "Determination of modulus of elasticity for metallic materials by uniaxial tensile test" (see Annex D of this document); h) Change the longitudinal arc specimen (see Table H.1 of this document, Table E.1 of Edition 2010); i) Change the estimation of the displacement rate of the compensating beam to account for the deformation of the testing machine system (see Annex I of this document, Annex F of Edition 2010); Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at room temperature1 ScopeThis document specifies the definitions, symbols and descriptions, principles, specimens and their dimensional measurements, test equipment, test requirements, performance measurements, numerical rounding of test results, and test reports for tensile tests of metallic materials. This document applies to the determination of the tensile properties of metallic materials at room temperature. NOTE. Annex C gives additional recommendations for computer-controlled testing machines.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 2975, Steel and steel products - Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing (GB/T 2975-2018, ISO 377.2017, MOD) GB/T 8170, Rules of rounding off for numerical values and expression and judgement of limiting values GB/T 10623, Metallic material - Mechanical testing - Vocabulary (GB/T 10623- 2008, ISO 23718.2007, MOD) GB/T 12160, Metallic materials - Calibration of extensometers systems used in uniaxial testing (GB/T 12160-2019, ISO 9513.2012, IDT) GB/T 16825.1, Verification of static uniaxial testing machines - Part 1. Tension/compression testing machines - Verification and calibration of the force- measuring system (GB/T 16825.1-2008, ISO 7500-1.2004, IDT) GB/T 22066, Evaluation for computerized data acquisition systems for used in static uniaxial testing machines JJG 139, Verification regulation of Tension, Compression and Universal Testing Machines JJG 475, Verification Regulation of Electronic Universal Testing Machine JJG 762, Verification Regulation for Extensometer JJG 1063, Verification Regulation of Electro-hydraulic Servo Universal Testing Machines3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 10623 as well as the followings apply. 3.1 gauge length; L The length of the parallel portion of the specimen on which elongation is measured at any moment during the test. 3.1.1 original gauge length; Lo The specimen gauge length before applying force at room temperature (3.1). 3.1.2 final gauge length after fracture; Lu At room temperature, the two parts of the fractured specimen are closely butted together. The axes of the two parts are ensured to be on the same straight line. The gauge length (3.1) after the fracture of the specimen is measured.4 Symbols and descriptionsThe symbols used in this document and their corresponding descriptions are shown in Table 1.5 PrinciplesIn the test, use tension to stretch the specimen. Generally, stretch it till it breaks. Determine one or more of the mechanical properties defined in Chapter 3. Unless otherwise specified, the test shall be carried out at room temperature between 10°C~35°C. For laboratories whose room temperature does not meet the above requirements, the laboratory shall evaluate the impact of testing machines operating under such environmental conditions on test results and/or calibration data. When testing and calibration activities exceed the requirements of 10°C~35°C, the temperature shall be recorded and reported. If there is a large temperature gradient during testing and/or calibration, the measurement uncertainty may increase, and out- of-tolerance conditions may occur.6 Specimens6.1 Shape and size 6.1.1 General requirements The shape and size of the specimen depends on the shape and size of the test metal product. Specimens are typically cut from billets from products, pressed billets or castings and machined into test specimens. However, products of equal cross-section (such as sections, bars, wires) and cast specimens (cast irons and cast non-ferrous alloys) may be tested without machining. The cross-section of the specimen can be circular, rectangular, polygonal or annular. In special cases, certain constant cross-sectional shapes may be used. 6.1.2 Machined specimens If the dimensions of the gripping end of the specimen and the parallel length are not the same, they shall be connected by a transition arc. If the transition radius is not specified in the corresponding appendix (see 6.2), it is recommended to specify it in the relevant product standard. The shape of the gripping end of the specimen shall be suitable for the grip of the testing machine. The axis of the specimen shall coincide with the action line of the force. The parallel length Lc of the specimen or the free length between the grips when the specimen does not have a transition arc shall be greater than the original gauge length (Lo). 6.1.3 Unmachined specimens If the specimen is a length or test bar of unmachined product, the length between the two grips shall be sufficient, so as to make the original gauge mark and the collet have a reasonable distance (see Annex E ~ Annex H). 6.2 Specimen types The main types of test specimens are specified in Annex E to Annex H according to the shape of the product, see Table 2.Other specimen types may also be specified in the relevant product standard. 6.3 Specimen preparation The blanks shall be cut, and specimens shall be prepared in accordance with the relevant product standards for different materials. For example, steel products shall meet the requirements of GB/T 2975.7 Determination of original cross-sectional areaThe relevant dimensions of the specimen shall be measured at a sufficient number of points in the area of the parallel length of the specimen. It is recommended that when measuring the cross-sectional area of the specimen, measurements shall be made at a minimum of three different locations along the parallel length of the specimen. The original cross-sectional area (So) is the average value of the calculated cross- sectional area based on the measured actual dimensions. The calculation accuracy of the original cross-sectional area depends on the specimen type. Annex E ~ Annex H give the evaluation methods of the original cross-sectional area So of different types of specimens. A detailed description of the measurement accuracy is also provided.8 Original gauge length and extensometer gauge length8.1 Selection of original gauge length For proportional specimens, if the original gauge length is not 5.65 (where So is the original cross-sectional area of the parallel length), symbol A shall be accompanied by the following subscript indicating the proportionality coefficient used. For example, A11.3 represents the percentage elongation after fracture of the original gauge length (Lo) calculated according to formula (1). For non-proportional specimens (see Annex E and Annex G), symbol A shall be accompanied by the following subscript indicating the original gauge length (in mm) used. For example, A80mm represents the percentage elongation after fracture when the original gauge length (Lo) is 80mm. 8.2 Marks of original gauge length For manual determination of percentage elongation after fracture A, both ends of the original gauge length Lo shall be marked with thin dots or lines. However, marks that cause premature fracture cannot be used. The original gauge length shall be marked with an accuracy of ±1%. For proportional specimens, if the difference between the calculated value of the original gauge length and its marked value is less than 10% Lo, the calculated value of the original gauge length can be rounded to the nearest multiple of 5mm according to GB/T 8170. ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. 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