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GB/T 1040.1-2025: Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: General principles Delivery: 9 seconds. True-PDF full-copy in English & invoice will be downloaded + auto-delivered via email. See step-by-step procedure Status: Valid GB/T 1040.1: Historical versions
Similar standardsGB/T 1040.1-2025: Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 1: General principles---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT1040.1-2025GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 83.080.01 CCS G 31 Replacing GB/T 1040.1-2018 Plastics - Determination of Tensile Properties - Part 1. General Principles (ISO 527-1.2019, MOD) Issued on: MARCH 28, 2025 Implemented on: OCTOBER 1, 2025 Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Table of ContentsForeword... 3 Introduction... 7 1 Scope... 8 2 Normative References... 8 3 Terms and Definitions... 9 4 Principle and Method... 14 5 Equipment... 15 6 Specimen... 20 7 Number of Specimens... 22 8 Conditioning... 22 9 Test Procedures... 22 10 Calculation and Expression of Results... 25 11 Precision... 29 12 Test Report... 29 Appendix A (informative) Determination of Yield Strain... 31 Appendix B (normative) Calibration Requirements for Determining Tensile Modulus ... 34 Appendix C (informative) Extensometer Accuracy for Determining Poisson’s Ratio 36 Bibliography... 37 Plastics - Determination of Tensile Properties - Part 1. General Principles1 ScopeThis document specifies the general principles for determining the tensile properties of plastics and composite materials under specified conditions. Other parts of this document specify the methods for determining the tensile properties of different types of specimens for different types of materials. This document is used to study the tensile properties of specimens and to determine the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and other aspects of the tensile stressstrain relations under specified conditions. This document applies to the following materials. ---Unfilled, filled and reinforced rigid and semi-rigid (see 3.12 and 3.13) thermoplastic molding, extrusion and casting materials; rigid and semi-rigid thermoplastic sheets and films. ---Rigid and semi-rigid thermosetting molding materials, including filled and reinforced composite materials; rigid and semi-rigid thermosetting board materials, including laminates. ---Unidirectional or non-unidirectional fiber-reinforced thermosetting and thermoplastic composite materials, with reinforcements, such as felt, fabric, roving, chopped strand, hybrid fiber reinforcements and milled fibers; sheets made from pre-impregnated materials (prepregs). ---Thermotropic liquid crystal polymers. This document is generally not applicable to rigid foam materials (see ISO 1926) or sandwich structures containing microporous materials.2 Normative ReferencesThe contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document through the normative references in the text. In terms of references with a specified date, only versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references without a specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document. GB/T 2918 Plastics - Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and Testing (GB/T 2918-2018, ISO 291.2008, MOD) GB/T 2941 Rubber - General Procedures for Preparing and Conditioning Test Pieces for Physical Test Methods (GB/T 2941-2006, ISO 23529.2004, IDT) GB/T 12160-2019 Metallic Materials - Calibration of Extensometers Systems Used in Uniaxial Testing (GB/T 12160-2019, ISO 9513.2012, IDT) GB/T 16825.1 Metallic Materials - Calibration and Verification of Static Uniaxial Testing Machines - Part 1.Tension / Compression Testing Machines - Calibration and Verification of the Force-measuring System (GB/T 16825.1-2022, ISO 7500-1.2018, IDT) GB/T 37426 Plastics - Test Specimens (GB/T 37426-2019, ISO 20753.2018, IDT) GB/T 44535 Plastics - Determination of Linear Dimensions of Test Specimens (GB/T 44535- 2024, ISO 16012.2015, MOD)3 Terms and DefinitionsThe following terms and definitions are applicable to this document. 3.1 gauge length L0 The initial distance between the two gauge lines in the middle of a specimen. NOTE 1.the unit is millimeters (mm). NOTE 2.the gauge length values of different types of specimens in all parts of GB/T 1040 represent the corresponding maximum gauge length. 3.2 thickness The initial dimension of the smaller side of the rectangular cross-section in the middle of a specimen. NOTE. the unit is millimeters (mm). 3.3 width The initial dimension of the larger side of the rectangular cross-section in the middle of a specimen. NOTE. the unit is millimeters (mm). Et The slope on the stressstrain curve σ(ε) between the interval of strain ε1 = 0.05% and strain ε2 = 0.25%. NOTE 1.the unit s megapascals (MPa). NOTE 2.calculated using the chord modulus or the slope of the linear least squares regression line for this interval (see Curve 4 in Figure 1). NOTE 3.this definition does not apply to all films. 3.10 Poisson’s ratio Within the initial linear portion of the curve of the longitudinal strain versus normal strain relations, the negative value of the ratio of the tensile deformation Δn, perpendicular to one of the two coordinate axes in the tensile direction, to the deformation Δ1 in the tensile direction. NOTE 1.it is expressed as a dimensionless ratio. NOTE 2.since the variation in transverse strain Δn is negative and the change in longitudinal strain Δ1 is positive, the Poisson’s ratio defined in 3.10 is positive. 3.11 gripping distance The initial length of the specimen portion between the grips. NOTE. the unit is millimeters (mm). 3.12 rigid plastic Under specified conditions, a plastic with a flexural modulus or a tensile modulus (if flexural modulus is not applicable) greater than 700 MPa. 3.13 semi-rigid plastic Under specified conditions, a plastic with a flexural modulus or tensile modulus (if flexural modulus is not applicable) between 70 MPa and 700 MPa.4 Principle and Method4.1 Principle Stretch the specimen at a constant rate along its longitudinal principal axis, until it breaks or its stress (load) or strain (elongation) reaches a certain pre-determined value. Measure the load and elongation of the specimen during this process. 4.2 Method 4.2.1 This method is applicable to specimens prepared by molding and from finished or semi- finished products (such as molded parts, laminates, films, and extruded or cast sheets) by machining, cutting or punching. Specimen types and their preparation are described in the relevant parts of GB/T 1040.For multi-purpose specimens and small-sized specimens, see GB/T 37426. 4.2.2 The relevant parts of GB/T 1040 specify the preferred specimen dimensions. Test results from specimens of different dimensions or prepared under different conditions are not comparable. Furthermore, factors such as test speed and specimen conditioning may also affect test results. Therefore, when comparing data, these factors shall be strictly controlled and recorded.5 Equipment5.1 Testing Machine 5.1.1 General requirements The testing machine shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 16825.1 and GB/T 12160, as well as 5.1.2 ~ 5.1.6. 5.1.2 Test speed The testing machine shall be able to maintain the test speed specified in Table 1 within the specified tolerances. Table 1 -- Recommended Test Speed 5.1.3 Grips Grips are used to hold the specimen in place and connect it to the testing machine, so that the specimen’s major axis coincides with the direction of the tensile force through the centerline of the grips. The grips shall be able to securely hold the specimen and prevent slippage relative to the gripping surfaces. The grips cannot cause excessive extrusion or premature damage to the contact areas with the specimen. For example, in the determination of tensile modulus, the strain rate shall be kept constant and not altered by grip movement, particularly when using wedge-shaped grips. NOTE. pre-stress is quite necessary for specimen centering (see 9.3) and to avoid the “toe” area at the beginning of the stressstrain curve (see 9.4). 5.1.4 Load measurement system The load measurement system shall meet the requirements for Class 1 accuracy defined in GB/T 16825.1. 5.1.5 Strain indicating device 5.1.5.1 Extensometer Contacting extensometers shall meet the requirements for Class 1 accuracy in GB/T 12160 within the measured strain range. Non-contacting extensometers may also be used, but it shall Speed v/(mm/min) Tolerances/% Assuming that the measurement accuracy of the relevant load is within 1%, for the extensometer, within the tensile modulus range, the data acquisition frequency is also determined by the ratio of the load difference to its accuracy requirement, then, the following can be calculated in accordance with Formula (3) ~ Formula (5). Load difference within the tensile modulus determination range. Accuracy (half of 1%). Sampling frequency. EXAMPLE. v = 1 mm/min, Δ = 2 103, L = 115 mm, then, the sampling frequency fforce = 14.5 Hz. 5.2 Specimen Width and Thickness Measurement Equipment The width and thickness measurement equipment shall satisfy the requirements of GB/T 44535 and GB/T 2941 (as applicable). Use a tool with a measuring head / blade to more accurately measure the specimen dimensions at the desired location.6 Specimen6.1 Shape and Dimensions See this document and other parts of GB/T 1040. 6.2 Specimen Preparation See this document and other parts of GB/T 1040. 6.3 Gauge Lines See the parts of this document related to gauge length conditions. If an optical extensometer is used, particularly for thin sheets and films, the specimen shall be marked with specified gauge lines. The gauge lines shall be equidistant from the specimen midpoint (1 mm), and the distance between two gauge lines shall be measured with an accuracy of 1% or better. 3---the minimum thickness, hmin; 4---the maximum thickness, hmax; 5---the micrometer. a The edge of the micrometer tip shall contact the specimen within a range of 0.5 mm from the specimen center. b The micrometer tip shall contact the specimen within a range of 3.25 mm from the specimen center. NOTE. h = hmax hmin 0.1 mm. Figure 3 -- Cross-section of an Injection Molded Specimen with an Indentation and Draft Angle (enlarged view) and Micrometer Tip 6.5 Anisotropy See this document and other parts of GB/T 1040.7 Number of Specimens7.1 At least 5 specimens shall be tested in each test direction. If a more accurate average value is required, the number of tests may be more than 5.A confidence interval (95%, see ISO 2602) may be used for estimation. 7.2 Specimens that break or slip in the grips shall be discarded and specimens shall be re-taken to perform the test again.8 ConditioningUnless otherwise agreed upon by the relevant parties (e.g., testing at high or low temperatures), specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with the relevant material standards or specifications. Otherwise, appropriate conditions specified in GB/T 2918 shall be selected and conditioning shall be performed for at least 16 hours. Preferred conditions for specimen conditioning are 23 C 2 C and (50 10)% relative humidity. If the material properties are not sensitive to humidity, then, humidity control is not required.9 Test Procedures9.1 Test Environment Unless otherwise agreed upon by the relevant parties (e.g., testing at high or low temperatures), the test shall be conducted under the same conditions as those used for the specimen conditioning. 9.2 Measurement of Specimen Dimensions Within the range shown in Figure 3, in accordance with the method specified in GB/T 44535 or GB/T 2941 (as applicable), measure the width and thickness of the specimen (see 9.2.2), with an accuracy of 0.1 mm for width and 0.01 mm for thickness. Thickness shall not be measured at the edge or center of the specimen (see NOTE). When using a rectangular or blade-shaped measurement end face, the long side of the end face shall be parallel to the width direction when measuring thickness, and parallel to the thickness direction when measuring width. NOTE. for injection molded specimens, the maximum and minimum thicknesses are typically and respectively at the edge and center. Injection molded specimens prepared in accordance with GB/T 17037.1 typically have a thickness difference of h = hmax hmin 0.1 mm (see Figure 3). For injection molded specimens, measure the width and thickness within a range of 5 mm at the center of the specimen shoulder. For injection molded specimens prepared from multi-cavity molds, the dimensional deviation of the specimens between different cavities shall not exceed 0.25%. For specimens prepared by punching from sheets or films, based on periodic comparison tests, the average width of the parallel part in the middle of the punch may be assumed to be equal to the width of the corresponding part of the specimen. This document applies only to specimen dimensions measured at ambient temperature for the calculation of tensile properties. Therefore, it does not account for the effects of thermal expansion of the specimen when tensile properties are determined at other temperatures. 9.3 Specimen Gripping When placing the specimen in the grips, it shall be ensured that the long axis of the specimen is on the same straight line as the axis of the testing machine. Evenly tighten the grips to prevent specimen slippage and grip movement during testing. The gripping force shall not cause the specimen to crack or be squeezed (see NOTE 2). NOTE 1.during manual operation, stops may be conducive to specimen alignment. NOTE 2.specimens may crack in the grips after heat aging. Specimens may be squeezed during high-temperature tests. Unless the instrument can continuously reduce thermal stress, when gripping the specimen in the environmental chamber, one grip can be tightened first, and after the specimen temperature has equilibrated, the other grip can be tightened. 9.4 Setting of Pre-stress Before the test, the specimen shall be in a basically stress-free state. However, pre-stress may be generated when aligning thin film specimens, especially for softer materials due to the gripping pressure. However, the above pre-stress can avoid the occurrence of the “toe” area at the beginning of the stressstrain curve (see 5.1.3). When determining the modulus, the pre- stress before the start of the test satisfies Formula (6), which is consistent with the pre-strain of 0 0.05%. When determining relevant stresses, for example, * = y or m, the pre-stress shall satisfy Formula (7). If the stress after tightening the specimen exceeds the range given by Formula (6) and Formula (7), then, the beam of the testing machine can be slowly moved at a speed of 1 mm/min, until the pre-stress applied to the specimen is within the allowable range. If the tensile modulus or the relevant stress values used to calculate the pre-stress are unknown, then, a preliminary test is performed to obtain an estimate of these values. 9.5 Installation of the Extensometer After applying the pre-stress, install a calibrated extensometer set to the gauge length of the specimen on the specimen and align it, or as described in 5.1.5, use a longitudinal strain gauge to measure the strain. Measure the initial distance (gauge length). When determining Poisson’s ratio, two extension or strain measurement devices shall be simultaneously installed in the longitudinal and transverse directions. When using an optical extensometer to determine the extension, in accordance with the requirements for the instrument and the provisions of 6.3, the measurement gauge lines shall be marked on the specimen. The extensometer shall be symmetrically placed in the parallel part in the middle of the specimen and on the centerline, and the strain gauge shall be placed in the parallel part in the middle of the specimen and on the centerline. 9.6 Determination of Test Speed The test speed shall be determined in accordance with the relevant material standards or specifications. Otherwise, the test speed shall be based on Table 1 or agreed upon by the relevant parties. When determining the tensile modulus, the test speed shall be such that the strain rate is as close ......Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al. 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