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GB/T 39857-2021: Specification of photovoltaic power generation efficiency
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GB/T 39857-2021: Specification of photovoltaic power generation efficiency

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(Technical specifications for photovoltaic power generation efficiency) ICS 27.160 F12 National Standards of People's Republic of China Technical specifications for photovoltaic power generation efficiency Released on 2021-03-09 2021-10-01 implementation State Administration of Market Supervision and Administration Issued by the National Standardization Management Committee

Table of Contents

Foreword Ⅲ 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Technical requirements 2 4.1 General 2 4.2 Photovoltaic module efficiency 2 4.3 The mismatch rate of photovoltaic modules in series 2 4.4 Mismatch ratio of PV modules in series and parallel 2 4.5 Consistency of PV strings 2 4.6 Cable loss 2 4.7 Conversion efficiency of photovoltaic inverter 2 4.8 Transformer efficiency 3 5 Test method 3 5.1 Basic requirements 3 5.2 Requirements for measuring transformers and data acquisition devices 3 5.3 System energy efficiency 3 5.4 Energy efficiency of photovoltaic power generation units 4 5.5 Photovoltaic module efficiency 5 5.6 Mismatch rate of PV modules in series 5 5.7 Mismatch ratio of PV modules in series and parallel 6 5.8 Consistency of PV strings 7 5.9 Cable loss 7 5.10 Conversion efficiency of photovoltaic inverter 9 5.11 Transformer efficiency 9 5.12 Test report 10 Appendix A (Informative Appendix) Basic Information of Photovoltaic Power Station 12 Technical specifications for photovoltaic power generation efficiency 1 Scope This standard specifies the system energy efficiency of photovoltaic power stations, the energy efficiency of photovoltaic power generation units, the efficiency of photovoltaic modules, the mismatch rate of photovoltaic modules in series, and the Technical requirements and test methods for string-parallel mismatch rate, cable loss, photovoltaic inverter conversion efficiency, and transformer efficiency. This standard applies to grid-connected photovoltaic power stations that are newly built, expanded or rebuilt. 2 Normative references The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated reference documents, only the dated version applies to this article Pieces. For undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document. GB/T 1094.1 Power Transformer Part 1.General Rules GB/T 9535 Ground-use crystalline silicon photovoltaic module design appraisal and finalization GB/T 18911 Ground Thin Film Photovoltaic Module Design Appraisal and Finalization GB/T 20840.2 Transformers Part 2.Supplementary technical requirements for current transformers GB/T 20840.3 Transformer Part 3.Supplementary Technical Requirements for Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer GB 24790 Power Transformer Energy Efficiency Limit Value and Energy Efficiency Grade GB 26860 Electrical Safety Work Rules for the Electrical Part of Power Plants and Substations GB/T 30153 Technical requirements for real-time monitoring of solar resources in photovoltaic power stations NB/T 32004 Technical Specification for Photovoltaic Grid-connected Inverter 3 Terms and definitions The following terms and definitions apply to this document. 3.1 Photovoltaic module The smallest indivisible solar cell assembly device with packaging and internal connections that can independently provide direct current output. 3.2 System energy efficiency systemperformanceratio The ratio of the equivalent utilization hours of the photovoltaic power station in a certain period of time to the peak sunshine hours of the inclined surface of the photovoltaic module. Note. The efficiency of photovoltaic power generation is usually calculated by the energy efficiency of the system. The energy efficiency of the system is usually calculated by the conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module, the dust loss rate of the photovoltaic module, and the photovoltaic group. Part series mismatch rate, photovoltaic string-parallel mismatch rate, photovoltaic inverter conversion efficiency, photovoltaic power generation unit efficiency, cable line loss, transformer efficiency, etc. The link factor is determined. 3.3 Capacityofinstalation The sum of the nominal power of the photovoltaic modules installed in the photovoltaic power station. 3.4 Photovoltaic string In a photovoltaic power station, several photovoltaic modules are connected in series to form a circuit unit with a certain DC output. 3.5 Photovoltaic array A straight line composed of a number of solar cell modules that are assembled mechanically and electrically in a certain way and have a fixed support structure. Stream power generation unit. 3.6 Solar irradiance solarglobalirradiance The total solar radiation flux incident on a unit area of a horizontal surface. 4 Technical requirements 4.1 General 4.1.1 The efficiency of photovoltaic power plants includes photovoltaic module efficiency, photovoltaic module series mismatch rate, photovoltaic module series-parallel mismatch rate, cable loss, optical Volt inverter conversion efficiency and transformer efficiency, etc. 4.1.2 The efficiency of photovoltaic power stations should comprehensively consider local geographical environmental conditions and meteorological factors such as irradiance and temperature. It will be confirmed later. 4.1.3 The energy efficiency of the system and the energy efficiency indicators of the photovoltaic power generation unit shall be agreed upon in the relevant contract. 4.2 Photovoltaic module efficiency 4.2.1 The efficiency of photovoltaic modules determines the minimum requirements for efficiency values according to the type of photovoltaic modules. 4.2.2 The initial efficiency of polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules should not be lower than 17%, the efficiency decay rate in the first year should not be higher than 2.5%, and the efficiency decay rate in subsequent years should not be less than 17%. Should be higher than 0.7%. 4.2.3 The initial efficiency of monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules should not be lower than 17.8%, the efficiency decay rate in the first year should not be higher than 3%, and the subsequent annual efficiency decay rate should not be lower than 17.8%. Should be higher than 0.7%. 4.2.4 The initial efficiency of thin-film photovoltaic modules should not be lower than 12%. The efficiency decay rate in the first year should not be higher than 5%, and the efficiency decay rate in subsequent years should not be Higher than 0.4%. 4.3 Mismatch rate of PV modules in series The series mismatch rate of photovoltaic modules should meet the design requirements of photovoltaic power stations, and the average series mismatch rate of photovoltaic modules should not be higher than 2%. 4.4 Mismatch rate of PV modules in series and parallel connection The PV string-parallel mismatch rate should meet the design requirements of photovoltaic power stations, and the average PV string mismatch rate should not be higher than 2%. Light Voltage string consistency. 4.5 Consistency of PV strings The consistency of photovoltaic strings is judged by the current deviation rate and voltage deviation rate between parallel photovoltaic strings, the current deviation rate and voltage deviation The qualified reference value of the rate should not be higher than 5%. 4.6 Cable loss Cable loss includes DC cable loss and AC cable loss. The average DC cable loss and average AC cable loss of the segmented line are different. Should be higher than 2%. 4.7 Conversion efficiency of photovoltaic inverter The conversion efficiency of photovoltaic inverters should meet the requirements of NB/T 32004. 4.8 Transformer efficiency The transformer efficiency index should meet the relevant requirements of GB/T 1094.1 and GB 24790. 5 Test method 5.1 Basic requirements 5.1.1 Before the efficiency test of the photovoltaic power station, the basic information of the photovoltaic power station should be collected. Please refer to Appendix A for the main content. Should synchronously test photovoltaics Power station system energy efficiency and photovoltaic power generation unit energy efficiency; select typical photovoltaic power generation units to test photovoltaic module efficiency and photovoltaic module series mismatch Rate, the mismatch rate of PV strings and parallel connection, the conversion efficiency of PV inverters; select a typical power generation loop to test the cable loss and transformer efficiency. 5.1.2 The safety requirements for site personnel of photovoltaic power generation efficiency test shall meet the requirements of GB 26860. 5.1.3 After completion of the photovoltaic power generation efficiency test, analyze the impact of the efficiency of each link on the energy efficiency of the photovoltaic power station system and form a test report. 5.2 Requirements for measuring transformers and data acquisition devices The voltage transformer should meet the requirements of GB/T 20840.3, and the current transformer should meet the requirements of GB/T 20840.2; data acquisition equipment The accuracy level of the setting should meet the requirements of Table 1, the sampling frequency should not be less than 10kHz, and the bandwidth should not be less than 10kHz. The time should not be greater than 100μs. Table 1 Equipment accuracy requirements 5.3 System energy efficiency 5.3.1 Test device The system energy efficiency testing device shall include a meteorological data collection device and a photovoltaic power station generating capacity collection device. Meteorological data collection device should Comply with the provisions of GB/T 30153, each device should keep time synchronization with each other, and the time deviation should be less than 10μs. 5.3.2 Test conditions The test should meet the following requirements. a) The test should choose sunny weather with less clouds; b) The test cycle should cover at least one calendar day; c) The time interval of the measurement data should be accurate to the second level. 5.3.3 Test procedure The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Install a meteorological data acquisition device in the photovoltaic array to measure the irradiance received on the surface of the photovoltaic module; 5.6.2 Test conditions The test should meet the following requirements. a) The test should choose sunny weather with little cloud, and the irradiance should not be less than 600W/m2; b) The time interval of the measurement data should be accurate to the second level. 5.6.3 Test procedure The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Disconnect the main circuit of the PV string under test; b) Connect the synchronous online test device to all photovoltaic modules in the tested photovoltaic string and the output side of the photovoltaic string; c) Restore the main circuit of the photovoltaic string, test and record the maximum power of the tested photovoltaic module and photovoltaic string. 5.6.4 Calculation method The test data obtained by the test step 5.6.3 is calculated according to formula (6). the series mismatch rate of photovoltaic modules. η string = 1- P string P1 P2 P3 Pn ÷×100% (6) Where. η string---series mismatch rate of the tested photovoltaic string; P string --- the maximum power of the photovoltaic string under test, in watts (W); Pn---The maximum power of the nth photovoltaic module under test in the tested photovoltaic string, in watts (W); n ---The nth photovoltaic module under test in the tested photovoltaic string. 5.7 Mismatch rate of PV modules in series and parallel connection 5.7.1 Test device A synchronous online test device should be used for testing, and the function of the device should meet the requirements for synchronous test of the mismatch rate of photovoltaic modules in series and parallel. The accuracy of the flow test shall meet the requirements of 5.2. 5.7.2 Test conditions The test should meet the following requirements. a) The test should choose sunny weather with little cloud, and the irradiance should not be less than 600W/m2; b) The time interval of the measurement data should be accurate to the second level. 5.7.3 Test procedure The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Disconnect the main circuit of the PV combiner box under test; b) Connect the synchronous online test device to the input and output sides of the PV combiner box to be tested. The input side should be connected to all of the combiner boxes. Photovoltaic string; c) Restore the main circuit of the PV combiner box, test and record the maximum power of the tested PV string and PV combiner box. 5.7.4 Calculation method The test data obtained with the test step 5.7.3 is calculated according to formula (7). η sink = 1- P sink P string 1 P string 2 P string 3 P string n ÷×100% (7) Where. η sink---series and parallel mismatch rate of the PV modules of the combined combiner box under test; P sink --- the maximum power of the combiner box under test, in watts (W); P string n---the maximum power of the tested photovoltaic string in the nth string of the tested combiner box, in watts (W); n ---The nth PV string under test in the tested combiner box. 5.8 Consistency of PV strings 5.8.1 Test procedure The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Disconnect the main circuit of the PV combiner box under test; b) Connect the synchronous online test device to the input and output sides of the PV combiner box to be tested. The input side should be connected to all of the combiner boxes. Photovoltaic string; c) Restore the main circuit of the photovoltaic combiner box, test and record the working current value and open circuit voltage value of the photovoltaic string under test. 5.8.2 Calculation method According to formula (8) and formula (9) to calculate the average working current deviation of the photovoltaic string, the test data obtained in 5.8.1 test procedure, according to formula (10) and Equation (11) calculates the deviation of the average open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic string. IAvg= I1 I2 IN (8) Id= IN -IAvg IAvg ×100% (9) Where. IAvg---The average current of photovoltaic strings in the combiner box, in amperes (A); IN ---The current of the branch circuit of the Nth string of photovoltaic strings, N=1,2,3; n ---The number of photovoltaic strings connected to a single combiner box under test; Id ---The current deviation rate of the photovoltaic string. UAvg= U1 U2 UN (10) Ud= UN -UAvg UAvg ×100% (11) Where. UAvg---The average open circuit voltage of photovoltaic strings in the combiner box, in volts (V); UN ---The open circuit voltage of the branch of the Nth string of photovoltaic strings, N=1,2,3; n ---The number of photovoltaic strings connected to a single combiner box under test; Ud ---Voltage deviation rate of photovoltaic string. 5.9 Cable loss 5.9.1 Test conditions The cable loss test should be a sunny day with few clouds, and the irradiance should not be less than 600W/m2. 5.9.2 DC cable loss 5.9.2.1 Loss link The DC line loss of a photovoltaic power station using a centralized inverter mainly includes the DC line loss from the photovoltaic string to the combiner box and the DC line loss from the combiner box to the inverter. The DC line loss between the converters; the DC line loss of the string inverter is mainly the DC line loss between the photovoltaic string and the string inverter. 5.9.2.2 DC line loss from PV string to combiner box The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Extract three strings of near, middle and far from the PV strings corresponding to the selected combiner box for testing; b) Use a line loss test device to test the DC voltage at the output port of the photovoltaic string and the DC voltage at the input port of the combiner box at the same time; c) The DC line loss rate between the photovoltaic string and the combiner box (near, middle, and far) should be calculated according to formula (12); d) Calculate the average of the three test results near, middle and far to get the average DC line loss rate between the PV string and the combiner box. Ldc1,loss= Vzc-Vhr Vzc × 100% (12) Where. Ldc1,loss---line loss rate from PV string to combiner box; Vzc --- DC voltage at the output port of the photovoltaic string, in volts (V); Vhr --- DC voltage at the input of the combiner box, in volts (V). 5.9.2.3 DC line loss from combiner box to inverter The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Extract three PV strings near, middle and far from the combiner box corresponding to the selected PV inverter for testing; b) A line loss test device is used to test the direct voltage at the output of the combiner box and the DC voltage at the input of the inverter at the same time; c) The DC line loss rate between the combiner box and the inverter (near, middle, and far) should be calculated according to formula (13); d) Calculate the average of the three test results near, middle and far to get the average DC line loss rate between the combiner box and the inverter. Ldc2,loss= Vhc-Vnr Vhc × 100% (13) Where. Ldc2,loss---line loss rate from combiner box to inverter; Vhc --- DC voltage at the output port of the photovoltaic string, in volts (V); Vnr --- DC voltage at the input of the combiner box, in volts (V). 5.9.2.4 DC line loss from PV string to string inverter The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Take three PV strings near, middle and far from the PV strings corresponding to the sampled string inverters for testing; b) A line loss test device is used to test the DC voltage at the output port of the photovoltaic string and the DC voltage at the input port of the string inverter at the same time; c) The DC line loss rate between PV strings and string inverters (near, middle, and far) should be calculated according to formula (14); d) Calculate the average of the three test results near, middle and far to get the average DC line loss between the photovoltaic string and the string inverter. Ldc3,loss= Vzc-Vnb Vzc × 100% (14) Where. Ldc3,loss---the line loss rate of photovoltaic string to string inverter; Vzc --- DC voltage at the output port of the photovoltaic string, in volts (V); Vnb ---The DC voltage at the input port of the string inverter, in volts (V). 5.9.3 AC cable loss 5.9.3.1 The AC line loss of a photovoltaic power station using a centralized inverter mainly includes the AC side of the inverter to the low-voltage side of the transformer in the station, the station The AC line loss from the high-voltage side of the inner transformer to the low-voltage side of the main transformer of the photovoltaic power station; the AC line loss of the string inverter mainly includes the reverse The AC side of the converter to the AC combiner box, the AC combiner box to the low-voltage side of the transformer in the station, and the high-voltage side of the transformer in the station to the main transformer of the photovoltaic power station AC line loss on the low-voltage side. 5.9.3.2 The AC line loss test method refers to the DC line loss test method. 5.10 Conversion efficiency of photovoltaic inverters 5.10.1 Test device The test device should meet the following requirements. a) The accuracy of voltage and current transformers should meet the requirements of 5.2; b) For the efficiency test of string inverters, it should have the function of multi-channel MPPT synchronous testing of all branches; c) For the efficiency test of the distributed photovoltaic inverter, it shall have the function of testing the conversion efficiency of DC-DC and DC-AC. 5.10.2 Test conditions The inverter efficiency test should be carried out on sunny days with few clouds. 5.10.3 Test procedure The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Connect the data acquisition device to the AC side and DC side of the photovoltaic inverter respectively; b) Measure and record the DC input voltage, DC input current, AC output voltage and AC output current of the photovoltaic inverter; c) The conversion efficiency should be calculated according to formula (15), and the ratio of the actual output power to the AC rated power should be 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, The conversion efficiency value at 30%, 50%, 75%, 100% (optional), the recording time for each power point should not be less than 10min. ηconv= i=1UAC,i·IAC,i·ΔTi j=1UDC,j·IDC,j·ΔTj ×100% (15) Where. ηconv --- Photovoltaic inverter conversion efficiency; N --- the total number of sampling points on the AC side; UAC,i ---The instantaneous value of AC side voltage sampling, in volts (V); IAC,i ---The instantaneous value of current sampling on the AC side, in amperes (A); ΔTi ---The time interval between two consecutive sampling values on the AC side, in seconds (s); M --- the total number of sampling points on the DC side; ΔTi×N=ΔTj×M, the sampling time is 1min; UDC,j ---The instantaneous value of DC side voltage sampling, in volts (V); IDC,j ---The instantaneous value of the DC side current sampling, in amperes (A); ΔTj ---The time interval between two consecutive sampling values on the DC side, in seconds (s). 5.11 Transformer efficiency 5.11.1 Test device The test device should meet the following requirements. a) The voltage and current transformer accuracy of the transformer efficiency test device in the station meets the requirements of 5.2; b) For the main transformer test of the photovoltaic power station, the voltage and current transformers installed in the station can be used for data on the secondary side of the main transformer collection. 5.11.2 Test conditions The transformer efficiency test should be carried out in sunny and less cloudy weather. 5.11.3 Test method 5.11.3.1 Transformer efficiency in the station The test should be carried out according to the following steps. a) Disconnect the transformer circuit breaker in the tested station, check whether the transformer is energized before testing, and ensure that the equipment is completely powered off; b) Connect data acquisition devices to the low-voltage side and high-voltage side of the transformer in the station respectively; c) Measure and record the AC output voltage and AC output current of the low-voltage side and high-voltage side of the transformer in the station; d) The efficiency of the transformer in the station should be calculated according to formula (16), and the ratio of the actual output power to the AC rated power should be 5%, 10%, 20%, For the conversion efficiency values at 25%, 30%, 50%, 75%, 100% (optional), the recording time for each power point should not be less than 10 minutes. ηT= i=1UAC1,i·IAC1,i·ΔTi j=1UAC2,j·IAC2,j·ΔTj ×100% (16) Where. ηT --- transformer efficiency in the station; N --- the total number of data sampling points on the high-voltage side, the sampling time is 1min; UAC1,i ---The instantaneous value of the high-voltage side voltage sampling, in volts (V); IAC1,i ---The instantaneous value of current sampling on the high-voltage side, in amperes (A); ΔTi ---The period between two consecutive sampling values on the high-voltage side, in seconds (s); M --- the total number of data sampling points on the low-voltage side, ΔTi×N=ΔTj×M, the sampling time is 1min; UAC2,j ---The instantaneous value of low-voltage side voltage sampling, in volts (V); IAC2,j ---The instantaneous value of low-voltage side current sampling, in amperes (A); ΔTj --- The period between two consecutive sampling values on the low-voltage side, in seconds (s). 5.11.3.2 Main transformer efficiency Refer to the test method in 5.11.3.1 for the test method for the efficiency of the main transformer of the photovoltaic power station. 5.12 Test report The test report should include but not limited to the following. a) The title of the test report; b) The date of preparation of the test report; c) The name and geographic location of the tested photovoltaic power station; d) Specifications and parameters of the tested photovoltaic module; e) The specifications of the tested photovoltaic inverter; f) Related parameters of the main transformer of the tested photovoltaic power station; g) Related parameters of the tested photovoltaic power generation unit; h) The parameters of the DC cable and combiner box of the tested photovoltaic power station; i) AC cable and transformer parameters of the tested photovoltaic power station; j) Specifications and parameters of testing equipment; k) On-site testing of environmental parameters; l) Test results and test time; m) The names and signatures of inspectors, checkers and technical persons in charge; n) Record the test results truthfully in the original record sheet on site, and the original record sheet should have inspectors, checkers and technical personnel responsible Person's signature; o) Other related content. Appendix A (Informative appendix) Basic information of photovoltaic power station A.1 Basic requirements The basic requirements should at least include the following. a) The main wiring diagram and the general layout of the photovoltaic array; b) The electrical description information of the photovoltaic array. A.2 General description of photovoltaic array The general description should include at least the following. a) Type of photovoltaic module; b) Maximum power of photovoltaic modules; c) Total number of photovoltaic modules; d) The number of photovoltaic strings; e) The number of modules in each photovoltaic string; f) The inclination angle and azimuth angle of the photovoltaic module (if applicable). A.3 Electrical description of photovoltaic array The electrical description should include at least the following. a) The location of the PV grid combiner box (if applicable); b) The location of the photovoltaic inverter; c) DC isolating switch type, position and level (voltage/current); d) The type, location and level (voltage/current) of the photovoltaic array overcurrent protection device (if applicable); e) Related parameters of the photovoltaic inverter (model, capacity, access voltage level, etc.); f) DC cable, AC cable type laying design drawing, box-type transformer related parameters (model, capacity, etc.). A.4 Operation and maintenance information Operation and maintenance information should at least include the following. a) Statistics of power generation and daily power generation of photovoltaic power stations; b) Maintenance information of the photovoltaic array; c) Warranty information for photovoltaic modules and inverters. ......

Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.

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