GB/T 42612-2023 (GB/T42612-2023, GBT 42612-2023, GBT42612-2023) & related versions
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Fully-wrapped carbon fiber reinforced cylinders with a plastic liner for the on-board storage of compressed hydrogen as a fuel for land vehicles
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GB/T 42612-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 23.020.30
CCS J 74
Fully-wrapped carbon fiber reinforced cylinders with a
plastic liner for the on-board storage of compressed
hydrogen as a fuel for land vehicles
(ISO 19881:2008, Gaseous hydrogen - Land vehicle fuel containers, NEQ)
ISSUED ON: MAY 23, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: JUNE 01, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms, definitions, symbols... 8
4 Type, parameter, classification and model ... 11
5 Technical requirements and test methods ... 13
6 Inspection rules ... 41
7 Installation and protection ... 46
8 Sign, packaging, transportation and storage ... 48
9 Product certificate and batch inspection quality certificate ... 49
Appendix A (Normative) Tolerance of test parameter ... 52
Appendix B (Normative) Routine maintenance and inspection of gas cylinders ... 54
Appendix C (Normative) Evaluation method of compatibility between plastic liner of
gas cylinder and hydrogen ... 57
Appendix D (Normative) Performance evaluation method of O-ring seals for cylinders
... 61
Appendix E (Normative) Evaluation method of welding procedure for plastic liner of
gas cylinder ... 64
Appendix F (Informative) Visual ultrasonic phased array detection and quality
classification method for welded joints of plastic liner of gas cylinders ... 66
Appendix G (Normative) Inter-layer shear test method ... 73
Appendix H (Normative) Helium leak detection method for airtightness of gas cylinders
... 77
Appendix I (Normative) Gas cylinder fire test method ... 94
Appendix J (Informative) Quality certificate for batch inspection of fully-wrapped
carbon fiber reinforced cylinders with a plastic liner for the on-board storage of
compressed hydrogen as a fuel for land vehicles ... 102
References ... 104
Fully-wrapped carbon fiber reinforced cylinders with a
plastic liner for the on-board storage of compressed
hydrogen as a fuel for land vehicles
1 Scope
This document specifies the type, parameters, classification and model, technical
requirements, test methods, inspection rules, installation, protection, marking,
packaging, transportation and storage requirements of fully-wrapped carbon fiber
reinforced cylinders with a plastic liner for the on-board storage of compressed
hydrogen as a fuel for land vehicles (hereinafter referred to as cylinders).
This document is applicable to the design and manufacture of refillable cylinders, which
have a nominal working pressure of 35 MPa and 70 MPa, a nominal volume greater
than or equal to 20 L and not greater than 450 L, an operating temperature not lower
than -40 °C and not higher than 85 °C, are fixed on motor vehicles for containing
hydrogen fuel.
Hydrogen gas cylinders, which are used for hydrogen fuel cell urban rail transit,
hydrogen ships, hydrogen aircraft, hydrogen power generation devices, etc., can refer
to this document.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential provisions of this
document through normative references in the text. For the dated documents, only the
versions with the dates indicated are applicable to this document; for the undated
documents, only the latest version (including all the amendments) is applicable to this
standard.
GB/T 223.3 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The diantipyryl
methane phosphomolybdate gravimetric method for the determination of
phosphorus content
GB/T 223.4 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The volumetric
method for determination of manganese content by ammonium nitrate oxidation
GB/T 223.5 Steel and iron - Determination of acid-soluble silicon and total silicon
content - Reduced molybdosilicate spectrophotometric method
GB/T 223.11 Iron, steel and alloy - Determination of chromium content - Visual
5 Technical requirements and test methods
5.1 General requirements
5.1.1 Design service life
The design service life of the gas cylinder is 15 years.
5.1.2 Number of design cycles
The cylinders are designed for 11000 cycles.
5.1.3 Allowable pressure
During filling and use, the allowable pressure of the gas cylinder is 1.25 times the
nominal working pressure.
5.1.4 Tolerance of test parameters
Unless otherwise specified, the test parameter tolerances shall comply with the
provisions of Appendix A.
5.1.5 Temperature range
During filling and use, the temperature of the gas cylinder shall not be lower than -
40 °C and not higher than 85 °C.
5.1.6 Hydrogen quality
The compressed hydrogen gas for filling cylinders shall meet the requirements of GB/T
37244.
5.1.7 Working environment
The design of gas cylinders shall consider its ability to continuously withstand
mechanical damage or chemical erosion; its outer surface shall at least adapt to the
following working environments:
a) Intermittent immersion in water or road splashing;
b) The vehicle is driven near the ocean or on roads where ice has been melted with
salt;
c) UV radiation from sunlight;
d) Vehicle vibration or gravel impact;
e) Contact with acid solution, alkali solution, fertilizer;
f) Contact with automotive fluids, such as gasoline, hydraulic oil, battery acid, glycol
and other greases;
g) Exposure to exhaust fumes.
5.1.8 Daily maintenance inspection
Routine maintenance and inspection shall be carried out within the service life of the
gas cylinder; the basic method and technical requirements of the inspection shall
comply with the provisions of Appendix B.
5.2 Materials
5.2.1 General requirements
5.2.1.1 The material properties shall comply with the relevant national standards or
industry standards.
5.2.1.2 The material shall have the original quality certificate, which is provided by the
material manufacturer, OR a copy of the quality certificate with the official seal of the
material management organization and the signature (seal) of the person in charge.
5.2.1.3 The materials shall be re-inspected by the gas cylinder manufacturer, before they
can be used.
5.2.2 Plastic liner
5.2.2.1 The plastic liner should be made of polyethylene (including modified
polyethylene) or polyamide (including modified polyamide). Its compatibility with
hydrogen shall meet the requirements of Appendix C.
5.2.2.2 The melting peak temperature of the plastic liner material shall be greater than
or equal to the specified value in the design documents.
5.2.2.3 When the raw material of the plastic liner is granular, the melt mass flow rate of
polyethylene (including modified polyethylene) and the melt volume flow rate of
polyamide (including modified polyamide) shall meet the requirements of the design
documents.
5.2.2.4 When the raw material of the plastic liner is powder, the apparent density,
powder fluidity, particle size distribution shall meet the requirements of the design
documents.
5.2.2.5 The gas cylinder manufacturer shall conduct re-inspection of the plastic liner
material by batch. The melting peak temperature shall be measured, according to the
test method specified in GB/T 19466.3, wherein the heating and cooling rate of
polyethylene (including modified polyethylene) is 10 °C/min; the heating and cooling
rate of polyamide (including modified polyamide) is 20 °C/min. When the raw material
of austenitic stainless steel S31603 and the tensile properties of aluminum alloy 6061,
according to the material batch number. The tensile and impact tests of austenitic
stainless steel S31603 are carried out, according to the provisions of GB/T 228.1 and
GB/T 229, respectively; the tensile test of aluminum alloy 6061 is carried out, according
to the provisions of GB/T 228.1.
5.2.4 O-ring seals
5.2.4.1 The material of O-ring seals shall be polymers, which have good compatibility
with high-pressure hydrogen, such as silicone rubber, fluororubber, fluorosilicone
rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, EPDM rubber or hydrogenated nitrile rubber.
5.2.4.2 The applicable temperature range of the O-ring material shall meet the
requirements of -50 °C ~ 85 °C.
5.2.4.3 The material properties of O-ring seals shall meet the requirements of D.2 in
Appendix D.
5.2.5 Resin
5.2.5.1 Epoxy resin or modified epoxy resin shall be used as impregnation resin matrix.
The epoxy value or epoxy equivalent of the resin shall meet the requirements of the
design documents; the glass transition temperature shall be greater than or equal to
105 °C.
5.2.5.2 The gas cylinder manufacturer shall re-inspect the resin by batch. The epoxy
value is determined, according to GB/T 1677; the epoxy equivalent is determined,
according to GB/T 4612; the glass transition temperature is determined, according to
GB/T 19466.2.
5.2.6 Fiber
5.2.6.1 Carbon fiber
5.2.6.1.1 The mechanical properties of carbon fiber shall meet the requirements of the
cylinder design documents.
5.2.6.1.2 The gas cylinder manufacturer shall re-inspect the carbon fiber by batch.
Carbon fiber linear density and fiber dipped tensile strength shall be measured,
according to GB/T 3362; the specimen shall be prepared without twisting.
5.2.6.2 Fiberglass
The glass fiber protective layer of gas cylinders shall use S glass fiber or E glass fiber.
5.3 Design
5.3.1 Carbon fiber, plastic liner, cylinder valve seat
5.3.1.1 Carbon fibers shall be continuous, untwisted, of the same strength level.
5.3.1.2 The plastic liner shall have no longitudinal welded joints; meanwhile the
circumferential welded joints shall be less than or equal to two.
5.3.1.3 The static strength, fatigue life of the valve seat of the cylinder, as well as the
static strength, fatigue strength, sealing performance of the connection joint with the
plastic liner shall meet the safety requirements, during the whole life of the gas cylinder.
5.3.1.4 The valve seat of the cylinder shall be at the end of the plastic liner AND shall
be coaxial with the plastic liner.
5.3.1.5 The thread of the cylinder mouth shall match the thread of the cylinder valve;
the thread of the cylinder mouth shall adopt the straight thread in accordance with GB/T
192, GB/T 196, GB/T 197 or GB/T 20668. The thread length shall be greater than the
effective length of the cylinder valve thread.
5.3.1.6 The shear stress safety factor of the cylinder mouth thread under the hydraulic
test pressure shall be greater than or equal to 4. When calculating the safety factor of
thread shear stress, the shear strength is taken as 0.6 times the guaranteed value of the
material tensile strength.
5.3.1.7 The design of the cylinder mouth shall consider the sealing material, sealing
form, sealing structure size of the cylinder valve to be assembled. Reasonable
dimensional tolerance and surface roughness shall be determined, to ensure that the
cylinder mouth and cylinder valve are assembled in categories A1 and B1 gas cylinders.
There is no leakage during the period of regular inspection of categories A2 and B2 gas
cylinders during the whole life.
5.3.2 Gas cylinders
5.3.2.1 The hydraulic test pressure of gas cylinders shall be greater than or equal to 1.5
times the nominal working pressure.
5.3.2.2 When designing the gas cylinder, a finite element analysis model of the gas
cylinder shall be established, to calculate the stress and strain of the carbon fiber
winding layer and the cylinder valve seat, under the following pressures: nominal
working pressure, hydraulic test pressure, minimum design burst pressure. The finite
element analysis model of the gas cylinder shall be able to characterize the geometric
characteristics, material properties, boundary conditions of the gas cylinder.
Note: The gas cylinder adopts a test-oriented design method based on finite element analysis.
5.3.2.3 The fiber stress ratio and minimum design burst pressure of gas cylinders shall
meet the requirements in Table 3.
5.4.4.4 Monitor the curing process and record the time, temperature, internal pressure.
5.5 Accessories
5.5.1 The cylinder valve shall meet the requirements of GB/T 42536.
5.5.2 Gas cylinders shall be installed with TPRD. TPRD shall use fusible alloy plug or
glass bubble; its operating temperature is (110 ± 5) °C. Fusible alloy plugs shall meet
the requirements of GB/T 33215; glass bulbs shall meet the requirements of relevant
standards. The TPRD drain shall not face the cylinder.
5.5.3 The safe discharge capacity of the gas cylinder and the rated discharge capacity
of the pressure relief device shall be calculated, according to GB/T 33215, where the
discharge coefficient may be 0.975. For category B gas cylinders and category A gas
cylinders with a nominal volume greater than 100 L, the rated displacement of the
pressure relief device can be calculated, based on the actual discharge diameter plus 1.5
mm; meanwhile the rated displacement of the pressure relief device can be verified by
the fire test specified in 5.7.7, to check whether it meets the safety discharge
requirements of gas cylinders.
5.5.4 When installing other protective devices, supporting devices and fixing devices
on the gas cylinder, the devices shall not affect the force on the gas cylinder and the
normal opening of the TPRD.
5.5.5 The accessories of categories A1 and B1 gas cylinders shall meet the requirements
for safe use of gas cylinders, without disassembly and inspection during the whole life
of the gas cylinders.
5.5.6 The blind plug material shall be the same as that of the cylinder valve seat.
5.6 Eligibility indicators and test methods of the liner
5.6.1 Quality, wall thickness, manufacturing deviations
5.6.1.1 Eligibility indicators
The quality, wall thickness, manufacturing deviation of the plastic liner shall meet the
following requirements:
a) The mass is greater than or equal to the design mass;
b) The wall thickness is greater than or equal to the design wall thickness;
c) The difference -- between the average outer diameter of the cylinder and the
nominal outer diameter -- is less than or equal to 1% of the nominal outer diameter;
d) The difference -- between the largest outer diameter and the smallest outer
diameter -- on the same section of the cylinder, is less than or equal to 2% of the
nominal outer diameter;
e) The straightness of the cylinder is less than or equal to 0.3% of the length of the
cylinder.
5.6.1.2 Test method
The mass, wall thickness, manufacturing deviation of the plastic liner shall be checked
by the following methods.
a) The mass shall be measured by weighing instruments, such as electronic digital
scales. The maximum weighing capacity of the weighing instrument shall be 1.5
times ~ 3 times the commonly used weighing value; the allowable error shall meet
the requirements of the medium accuracy level, which is specified in Table 1 of
JJG 539-2016.
b) The wall thickness should be measured by an ultrasonic thickness gauge or other
measuring instruments/tools, whose measurement accuracy is equivalent to that
of an ultrasonic thickness gauge; the measurement accuracy shall not be lower
than 0.1 mm.
c) Manufacturing deviations shall be checked by special measuring tools.
5.6.2 Internal and external surfaces
5.6.2.1 Eligibility indicators
The inner and outer surfaces of the plastic liner shall meet the following requirements:
a) Clean and free from dirt;
b) There are no defects such as bulges, wrinkles, overlaps, surface indentations with
sharp edges.
5.6.2.2 Test method
Visually inspect the outer surface under sufficient light. Use an endoscopic lamp or an
industrial endoscope to inspect the inner surface, if necessary.
5.6.3 Base metal tensile test
5.6.3.1 Eligibility indicators
The failure type of the specimen is ductile fracture. The tensile fracture stress and tensile
fracture nominal strain shall be greater than or equal to the design guarantee value of
the gas cylinder manufacturer.
Note: It is sometimes difficult to judge ductile fracture and brittle fracture, so comprehensive
consideration of tensile fracture nominal strain, fracture macroscopic and microscopic
morphology is helpful for judging the type of fracture.
5.6.4.2.1 Eligibility indicators
The fusion width shall meet the requirements of the design documents.
5.6.4.2.2 Test method
For the remaining welded joints after the tensile specimens were taken, first cut each
welded joint along the axial direction, at four positions of 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° in the
circumferential direction, as shown in Figure 3. Use an optical microscope, which has
a measurement system, to observe the melting range of the melting part; meanwhile
measure the melting width, at a measurement accuracy of 0.1 mm.
5.6.5 Vicat softening temperature
5.6.5.1 Eligibility indicators
The Vicat softening temperature of polyethylene (including modified polyethylene)
shall be greater than or equal to 115 °C. The Vicat softening temperature of polyamide
(including modified polyamide) shall be greater than or equal to 135 °C.
5.6.5.2 Test method
Measure it, according to the A50 method specified in GB/T 1633-2000.
5.6.6 Cylinder valve seat
5.6.6.1 Cylinder seat threads
5.6.6.1.1 Eligibility indicators
The cylinder valve seat thread meets the following requirements:
a) The number of effective pitches of the thread shall comply with the provisions of
the gas cylinder design documents;
b) The thread profile, size, tolerance, surface roughness shall comply with the
provisions of the gas cylinder design documents.
5.6.6.1.2 Test method
Under sufficient light, use a gauge to visually inspect the thread of the cylinder valve
seat. The gauge shall match the thread of the cylinder valve seat. It should use the
standard gauge in accordance with GB/T 3934 for inspection; the surface roughness
shall be inspected with a roughness meter.
5.6.6.2 Cylinder valve seat and plastic liner connecting joint
5.6.6.2.1 Eligibility indicators
The quality inspection of the joint -- between the cylinder valve seat and the plastic
liner -- shall at least include size (only for the case where the plastic liner is molded and
then assembled with the cylinder valve seat), low-pressure airtightness, cutting
inspection. The quality of the joint -- between the cylinder valve seat and the plastic
liner -- shall meet the requirements of the gas cylinder design documents.
5.6.6.2.2 Test method
The test method is as follows:
a) Dimensional inspection: It should use optical equipment to inspect the dimensions
of the connecting joints, through non-contact measurement methods; the
measurement accuracy shall not be lower than 0.1 mm;
b) Low-pressure airtightness inspection: Use oil-free clean dry air or other inert
gases, to conduct low-pressure airtightness inspections. The test pressure shall be
less than or equal to 0.2 MPa. The holding time shall be greater than or equal to
1 min. Other parameters shall be designed according to the cylinder design
documents;
c) Cutting inspection: After dissecting the joint between the valve seat of the cylinder
and the plastic liner according to the requirements of the process document,
conduct a visual inspection under sufficient light.
Note: Computerized tomography (CT) inspection has the advantage of not destroying the gas
cylinder, so it is a method that may replace visual inspection in the future.
5.6.7 O-ring seals
5.6.7.1 Eligibility indicators
The appearance, size, hardness, tensile strength at break, elongation at break,
compression set, hardness change, hydrogen damage of the O-ring shall meet the
requirements of D.3.
5.6.7.2 Test method
Carry out the test according to the provisions of D.3. The compression set test, hardness
change test, hydrogen damage test shall be conducted by the O-ring manufacturer or
the gas cylinder manufacturer and provide a test report. The gas cylinder manufacturer
shall re-inspect the appearance, size, hardness of the O-ring.
5.7 Cylinder eligibility indicators and test method
5.7.1 Mechanical properties of winding layer
5.7.1.1 Interlaminar shear test
5.7.1.1.1 Eligibility indicators
The internal testing method is adopted; the test is carried out according to the provisions
of GB/T 9251. The test pressure Ph is 1.5 times the nominal working pressure; the
pressure holding time is at least 30 s.
5.7.4 Air tightness test
5.7.4.1 Eligibility indicators
The hydrogen leak rate shall be less than or equal to 6 mL/(h·L).
5.7.4.2 Test method
Use the gas cylinders that have passed the hydrostatic test. Conduct the test according
to the provisions of Appendix H, at a temperature of (15 ± 5) °C.
5.7.5 Hydraulic burst test
5.7.5.1 Eligibility indicators
The burst pressure of the gas cylinder shall be 0.9Pb0 ~ 1.1Pb0, and greater than or equal
to Pbmin. The expected value Pb0 of the gas cylinder burst pressure and the basis for its
determination (including the measured value and its statistical analysis) shall be
provided by the gas cylinder manufacturer.
5.7.5.2 Test method
Carry out the test, according to the provisions of GB/T 15385. During the test, the
pressurization rate meets the following requirements at the same time:
a) When the test pressure is greater than 1.5 times the nominal working pressure, the
pressure increase rate shall be less than or equal to 1.4 MPa/s;
b) When the pressure increase rate is less than or equal to 0.35 MPa/s, it can be
pressurized until it explodes. When the pressure increase rate is more than 0.35
MPa/s and less than 1.4 MPa/s, if the cylinder is between the pressure source and
pressure test device, it can be pressurized until it bursts; otherwise, it shall be kept
under the minimum design bursting pressure for at least 5 s, then continue to
pressurize until it bursts.
5.7.6 Normal temperature and pressure cycle test
5.7.6.1 Eligibility indicators
The cylinders of categories A1 and B1 shall not leak or break within 22000 cycles; the
cylinders shall not break, if they continue to cycle to 44000 or leak. Categories A2 and
B2 gas cylinders shall not leak or break, within the design cycle number of 11000; the
gas cylinders shall not break if the cycle continues to 22000 or until leakage.
5.7.6.2 Test method
......
| Standard ID | GB/T 42612-2023 (GB/T42612-2023) | | Description (Translated English) | Fully-wrapped carbon fiber reinforced cylinders with a plastic liner for the on-board storage of compressed hydrogen as a fuel for land vehicles | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J74 | | Classification of International Standard | 23.020.30 | | Word Count Estimation | 78,789 | | Date of Issue | 2023-05-23 | | Date of Implementation | 2024-06-01 | | Drafting Organization | Zhejiang University, Special Equipment Safety Supervision Bureau of the State Administration for Market Regulation, Dalian Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection and Testing Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, China National Machinery Industry Corporation, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing Tianhai Industry Co., Ltd., Sinoma Technology (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., CIMC Enric Holdings Co., Ltd., Shandong Aoyang New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan Nanhai District South China Hydrogen Safety Promotion Center, Donghai Laboratory, Zhejiang Special Equipment Science Research Institute, Beijing Heidelisen Technology Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Golden Elephant Technology Co., Ltd., China National Institute of Standardization | | Administrative Organization | National Gas Cylinder Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 31), National Hydrogen Energy Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 309) | | Proposing organization | National Gas Cylinder Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 31) | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Management Committee |
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