GB/T 7216-2023_English: PDF (GB/T7216-2023)
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Metallographic test for grey cast iron
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GB/T 7216-2023
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GB/T 7216-2009 | English | 70 |
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Metallographic test for gray cast iron
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Gray cast iron metallography
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GB/T 7216-1987
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Standard ID | GB/T 7216-2023 (GB/T7216-2023) | Description (Translated English) | Metallographic test for grey cast iron | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | Classification of International Standard | 77.080.10 | Word Count Estimation | 32,351 | Date of Issue | 2023-05-23 | Date of Implementation | 2023-05-23 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 7216-2009 | Drafting Organization | CRRC Qishuyan Locomotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Electromechanical Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhu Xinxing Casting Tube Co., Ltd., Guangxi Yuchai Machine Parts Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Midea Group Co., Ltd., Shandong Huijin Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Hangyang Casting Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Boxing Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Yueda Precision Forging Co., Ltd., Tianrun Industrial Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong University of Technology, Liyang Xinli Machinery Casting Co., Ltd., Jinhua Wanliyang Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Gangrui Precision Machinery Co., Ltd., Yantai Shengdi Auto Parts Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shandong Longji Machinery Co., Ltd., Ningbo Tuotie Machinery Co., Ltd., Yantai City Standard Metrology Inspection and Testing Center, Zhejiang Kunbo Seiko technology shares | Administrative Organization | National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 54) | Proposing organization | National Foundry Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 54) | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Management Committee | Standard ID | GB/T 7216-2009 (GB/T7216-2009) | Description (Translated English) | Metallographic test for gray cast iron | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | Classification of International Standard | 77.140.80 | Word Count Estimation | 20,237 | Date of Issue | 2009-10-30 | Date of Implementation | 2010-04-01 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 7216-1987 | Quoted Standard | GB/T 9439; GB/T 13298 | Adopted Standard | ISO 945-1-2008, MOD | Drafting Organization | Shanghai Research Institute of Materials | Administrative Organization | Casting National Standardization Technical Committee | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Approval Announcement 2009 No.12 (Total No.152) | Proposing organization | China Machinery Industry Federation | Issuing agency(ies) | Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China; Standardization Administration of China | Summary | This standard specifies the method of assessment under an optical microscope gray cast microstructure. This standard graphite distribution shape, graphite length, pearlite number, carbide quantity, phosphorus eutectic number, eutectic number of evaluation method provides made ??and lists the corresponding rating chart. This standard applies to general assessment of gray cast iron and low- alloy microstructure. | Standard ID | GB/T 7216-1987 (GB/T7216-1987) | Description (Translated English) | Gray cast iron metallography | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | J31 | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.30 | Word Count Estimation | 23,238 | Date of Issue | 1987/1/24 | Date of Implementation | 1987/10/1 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | JB 2264-1978 | Adopted Standard | ISO 945-1975, NEQ | Regulation (derived from) | Announcement of Newly Approved National Standards 2009 No. (No. 152 overall) 12 | Proposing organization | Ministry of Machinery Industry of the People Republic of China | Issuing agency(ies) | National Bureau of Standards |
GB/T 7216-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.080.10
CCS J 31
Replacing GB/T 7216-2009
Metallographic test for grey cast iron
(ISO 945-1:2019, Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by
visual analysis, MOD)
ISSUED ON: MAY 23, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 23, 2023
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation.
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 6
2 Normative references ... 6
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
4 Specimen preparation ... 6
5 Inspection items and rating chart ... 7
6 Result representation ... 22
7 Test report ... 23
Appendix A (Informative) Comparison of clause number between this document and
ISO 945-1:2019 ... 24
Appendix B (Informative) Technical differences between this document and ISO 945-
1:2019 and their reasons ... 25
Appendix C (Informative) Example of typical flake graphite distribution morphology
... 27
Appendix D (Informative) Graphite type identification by image analysis ... 29
Appendix E (Informative) Phosphorus eutectic type ... 30
Foreword
This document was drafted in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 1.1-2020
"Directives for standardization - Part 1: Rules for the structure and drafting of
standardizing documents".
This document replaces GB/T 7216-2009 "Metallographic test for gray cast iron".
Compared with GB/T 7216-2009, in addition to structural adjustments and editorial
changes, the main technical changes are as follows:
a) CHANGE the scope of application of the standard (see Chapter 1; Chapter 1 of
the 2009 edition);
b) ADD the terms and definitions (see Chapter 3);
c) CHANGE the graphite distribution chart (see Figure 1; Figure 1 ~ Figure 6 of the
2009 edition);
d) CHANGE the graphite length measurement method (see 5.2.2; 4.2.1 of the 2009
edition);
e) CHANGE the graphite length grade reference chart (see Figure 2; Figure 7 ~
Figure 14 of the 2009 edition);
f) ADD the calculation method of graphite content (see 5.3);
g) CHANGE the pearlite content chart (see Figure 3; Figure 15 ~ Figure 22 of the
2009 edition);
h) CHANGE the carbide content chart (see Figure 4; Figure 23 ~ Figure 28 of the
2009 edition);
i) CHANGE the phosphorus eutectic content chart (see Figure 5; Figure 29 ~ Figure
34 of the 2009 edition);
j) CHANGE the magnification for detecting the number of eutectic clusters (see
5.7.1; 4.6.1 of the 2009 edition);
k) CHANGE the diameter of the 50x magnification photo of the eutectic cluster (see
Table 6; Table 6 of the 2009 edition);
l) CHANGE the eutectic cluster number chart (see Figure 6 ~ Figure 13; Figure 35
~ Figure 42 of the 2009 edition);
m) CHANGE the expression method of graphite shape and length (see 6.1 and 6.2;
5.1 and 5.2 of the 2009 edition);
Metallographic test for grey cast iron
1 Scope
This document specifies the preparation of specimens, inspection items and rating
charts, result representation, test reports for metallographic examination of gray cast
iron.
This document is applicable to the evaluation of the microstructure of gray cast iron.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this
document through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated reference
documents, only the version corresponding to the date applies to this document; for
undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to
this document.
GB/T 5611 Foundry terminology
GB/T 13298 Inspection methods of microstructure for metals
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 5611, as well as the following terms and
definitions, apply to this document.
3.1
Graphite length
The maximum straight-line distance between any two points on the graphite sheet
outline.
4 Specimen preparation
4.1 Metallographic specimens shall be taken from the test block or casting; the detection
surface shall avoid the casting surface.
4.2 Metallographic specimens are prepared in accordance with the provisions of GB/T
13298. During the process of intercepting and preparing metallographic specimens,
......
GB/T 7216-2009
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.140.80
J 31
Replacing GB/T 7216-1987
Metallographic test for gray cast iron
(ISO 945-1.2008 Microstructure of cast irons -
Part 1. Graphite classification by visual analysis, MOD)
ISSUED ON. OCTOBER 30, 2009
IMPLEMENTED ON. APRIL 1, 2010
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration Committee.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Sample preparation ... 5
4 Inspection items and evaluation figures ... 6
5 Result representation ... 22
6 Test report ... 22
Appendix A ... 24
Foreword
This Standard is modified on the basis of adopting ISO 945-1.2008
“Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1. Graphite classification by visual analysis”.
Compared with ISO 945-1.2008, the technical differences are as follows.
- Modify and adopt the I-type graphite of ISO 945-1.2008, and make editorial
changes in structure;
- Add F-type graphite distribution shape to replace C’-type in Appendix B of
ISO 945-1.2008;
- Add instructions on F-type in instructions on graphite distribution shapes;
- Add determination methods of pearlite number, carbide number,
phosphorus eutectic number, and eutectic number as well as corresponding
evaluation figures.
This Standard replaces GB/T 7216-1987 “Gray cast iron metallography”.
Compared with GB/T 7216-1987, main technical changes are as follows.
- Change the name of the standard to “Metallographic test for gray cast iron”;
- Delete item “Name” in Table 2 of previous standard; add item “Graphite’s
actual length”; the graphite’s length picture is replaced by I-type graphite’s
length picture of ISO 945-1.2008;
- Add result representation;
- Add test report;
- Replace C-type graphite’s picture;
- Delete inspection item “pearlite spacing”;
- Delete “matrix structure characteristics”;
- Delete “carbide distribution shape”;
- Delete “phosphide eutectic distribution shape”;
Metallographic test for gray cast iron
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the evaluation method of gray cast iron microstructure
under optical microscope.
This Standard makes provisions in pearlite number, carbide number,
phosphorus eutectic number, and eutectic number. It also lists corresponding
evaluation figures.
This Standard is applicable to the microstructure that is used to evaluate
ordinary and low-alloy gray cast irons.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain the provisions which, through reference in this
Standard, constitute the provisions of this Standard. For dated references, the
subsequent amendments (excluding corrections) or revisions do not apply to
this Standard. However, the parties who enter into agreement based on this
Standard are encouraged to investigate whether the latest versions of these
documents are applicable. For undated reference documents, the latest
versions apply to this Standard.
GB/T 9439 Grey Iron Castings
GB/T 13298 Metal - Inspection Method of Microstructure
3 Sample preparation
3.1 Metallographic sample shall be extracted on the test block or casting that is
casted and heat-treated in same furnace with the casting, according to the
provisions in GB/T 9439.
3.2 Preparation of metallographic sample shall be conducted according to the
provisions in GB/T 13298. During the process of metallographic sample
extracting and preparing, it shall prevent structural changes, graphite flake or
graphite trailing. The sample surface shall be smooth. Huge scratches are not
allowed.
4 Inspection items and evaluation figures
4.1 Graphite distribution shape
4.1.1 Inspect graphite distribution shape under polishing state. Firstly observe
the whole plane under inspection. Evaluate it according to most of graphite field
distribution shapes and compare with corresponding evaluation figures.
Magnification is 100 times.
4.1.2 If there are different shapes of graphite in a same sample, it shall observe
and estimate the percentage of each shape of graphite and successively
indicate it in report.
4.1.3 There are 6 graphite distribution shapes, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Graphite
type Instruction
Figure
No.
A Flake graphite is evenly and non-directionally distributed. 1
B Flake and small curly graphite gather and are distributed like a daisy. 2
C New-born, huge and straight flake graphite. 3a
D Small and curly flake graphite is non-directionally distributed in dendrite. 4
E Flake graphite is directionally distributed in secondary branch of dendrite. 5
F New-born star (or spider-like) graphite. 6c
a If there are only huge and straight flake graphite, it shall be C-type graphite.
b If it is only directionally distributed in secondary branch of dendrite, it shall be E-type
graphite.
c If there are only new-born star (or spider-like) graphite, it shall be F-type graphite.
Appendix A
(Informative)
Phosphorus eutectic type
A.1 According to its composition, phosphorus eutectic can be divided into four
types. binary phosphorus eutectic, ternary phosphorus eutectic, binary
phosphorus eutectic carbide composite and ternary phosphorus eutectic
carbide composite.
A.2 The sample in polishing state is eroded by 2%~5% nital and observed in
500 times of magnification. Phosphorus eutectic’s types and topographies are
shown in Table A.1, Figure A.1 ~ A.4.
Table A.1 Phosphorus eutectic type
Type Structure and characteristics Figure No.
Binary phosphorus
eutectic
Granules of austenite grain decomposition
product are evenly distributed on iron
phosphide.
A.1
Ternary phosphorus
eutectic
Granules of austenite grain decomposition
product, granular and strip carbonizations
are evenly distributed on iron phosphide.
A.2
Binary phosphorus
eutectic carbide
composite
Binary phosphorus eutectic and huge
blocky carbides. A.3
Ternary phosphorus
eutectic carbide
composite
Ternary phosphorus eutectic and huge
blocky carbides. A.4
......
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