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Method for ultrasonic testing of forged and rolled steel bars
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Forged and rolled steel bars -- Method for ultrasonic testing
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Standard ID | GB/T 4162-2022 (GB/T4162-2022) | Description (Translated English) | Method for ultrasonic testing of forged and rolled steel bars | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | H26 | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20 | Word Count Estimation | 10,122 | Date of Issue | 2022-04-15 | Date of Implementation | 2022-11-01 | Drafting Organization | Baowu Special Metallurgy Co., Ltd., Wuhan Zhongke Innovation Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongke Xiwang Special Steel Co., Ltd., Fushun Special Steel Co., Ltd., Nanjing Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Metallurgical Industry Information Standards Research Institute, Orivision (Beijing) )Technology Co., Ltd | Administrative Organization | National Steel Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 183) | Proposing organization | China Iron and Steel Association | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Administration | Standard ID | GB/T 4162-2008 (GB/T4162-2008) | Description (Translated English) | Forged and rolled steel bars - Method for ultrasonic testing | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | H26 | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20 | Word Count Estimation | 8,834 | Date of Issue | 2008-05-13 | Date of Implementation | 2008-11-01 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 4162-1991 | Quoted Standard | GB/T 9445; GB/T 12604.1; GB/T 18694; GB/T 18852; JB/T 10061 | Adopted Standard | ASTM E2375-2004, NEQ | Drafting Organization | Special Steel Branch, Baoshan Iron & Steel Co. | Administrative Organization | National Steel Standardization Technical Committee | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Approval Announcement 2008 No.8 (Total No.121) | Proposing organization | China Iron and Steel Association | Issuing agency(ies) | Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China; Standardization Administration of China | Summary | This standard specifies the wrought steel rods ultrasonic testing requirements, assessment test results, , detection methods and testing procedures quality grade, records and reports. This standard applies to ultrasonic pulse reflection method to detect diameter 12 mm to 250 mm of wrought steel rods, other wrought bars can also be reference. This standard does not apply to coarse-grained austenitic steel bars. | Standard ID | GB/T 4162-1991 (GB/T4162-1991) | Description (Translated English) | Forged and rolled steel bars--Method for ultrasonic examination | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | Classification of Chinese Standard | H26 | Classification of International Standard | 77.040.20 | Word Count Estimation | 6,673 | Date of Issue | 1991/12/13 | Date of Implementation | 1992/10/1 | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB 4162-1984 | Quoted Standard | ZBY 230; GB/T 9445 | Regulation (derived from) | Announcement of Newly Approved National Standards No. 8, 2008 (No. 121 overall) | Proposing organization | Ministry of Metallurgical Industry of the People Republic of China | Issuing agency(ies) | State Bureau of Technical Supervision |
GB/T 4162-2022
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS H 26
Replacing GB/T 4162-2008
Method for ultrasonic testing of forged and rolled steel bars
ISSUED ON: APRIL 15, 2022
IMPLEMENTED ON: NOVEMBER 01, 2022
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions... 6
4 General requirements ... 6
5 Instruments and equipment ... 6
6 Comparative test blocks ... 7
7 Testing procedures ... 10
8 Testing program ... 11
9 Evaluation of testing results ... 13
10 Quality levels ... 15
11 Testing records and testing reports ... 15
References ... 16
Method for ultrasonic testing of forged and rolled steel bars
1 Scope
This document specifies the general requirements, instruments and equipment,
comparative test blocks, testing procedures, testing program, evaluation of testing
results, quality grades, testing records, testing reports, for the ultrasonic testing of
forged and rolled steel bars (hereinafter referred to as "steel bars").
This document is applicable to the ultrasonic pulse reflection detection of steel bars,
which have a diameter of not less than 6 mm. The forged and rolled bars or non-bars,
which have other specifications or materials, may make reference to this standard.
This document does not apply to the testing of austenitic coarse-grained steel bars.
2 Normative references
The provisions in following documents become the provisions of this Standard through
reference in this Standard. For the dated references, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this document; for the undated documents, only the latest
version (including all the amendments) is applicable to this standard.
GB/T 9445 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT
personnel
GB/T 12604.1 Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Ultrasonic testing
GB/T 18694 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic inspection - Characterization of
search unit and sound field
GB/T 18852 Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic testing - Reference blocks and test
procedures for the characterization of contact probe sound beams
JB/T 10061 Commonly used specification for A-mode ultrasonic flaw detector using
pulse echo technique
JB/T 11731 Non-destructive testing - General specification for ultrasonic phased
array probe
JJG 746 Verification regulation for ultrasonic flaw detectors
3 Terms and definitions
Terms and definitions, which are defined in GB/T 12604.1, apply to this document.
4 General requirements
4.1 Personnel qualifications
Personnel, who are engaged in ultrasonic testing of steel bars, shall participate in the
training, according to the requirements of GB/T 9445 or corresponding documents,
meanwhile obtain the ultrasonic testing qualification certificate. Anyone who issues a
test report shall obtain a level 2 or above ultrasonic testing qualification certificate.
4.2 Couplant
4.2.1 The liquid immersion technique usually uses water as a couplant; however, oil
can also be used. The couplant shall be free of air bubbles or foreign substances, that
affect ultrasonic testing. A suitable rust inhibitor can be added to the couplant, to prevent
corrosion of the steel bar. A suitable lubricant can be added to the couplant, to reduce
the formation of air bubbles on the steel bar and the probe.
4.2.2 Couplant, such as oil, grease, water, water-soluble gel should be used, for the
contact technology. The viscosity and surface wettability of the couplant shall be
sufficient, to ensure that the ultrasonic energy is well transmitted to the steel bar.
5 Instruments and equipment
5.1 Ultrasonic detector
5.1.1 Performance test methods and requirements
The performance of the ultrasonic detector is tested, according to the method of JB/T
10061 or JJG 746. Its indicators shall meet the following requirements:
- The vertical linearity is not more than 5%;
- The horizontal linearity is not more than 2%;
- The dynamic range is not less than 30 dB;
- The sensitivity margin is not less than 42 dB;
- The attenuation error does not exceed ±1.0 dB/12 dB.
5.1.2 Alarms
Optical and/or audible alarms should be used. The triggering of the alarm shall be
controlled, by adjusting the amplitude of the ultrasonic signal, which is received on the
time baseline; the alarm threshold level is adjustable.
5.2 Probes
5.2.1 The frequency of the probe shall be able to meet the requirements of the ability to
penetrate the steel bar to be inspected AND the resolution. It should be 2 MHz ~ 10
MHz. The diameter (side length) of the probe chip should not be greater than 28 mm.
The liquid immersion probe should adopt the focusing method. If the testing
requirements can be met, other forms of probes can be used for testing, such as phased
array probes, that meet the requirements of JB/T 11731.
5.2.2 When the liquid immersion method is used for detection, the angle controller and
mechanical control device of the probe shall be easy to adjust.
5.2.3 The parameters of the probe should be tested, according to the methods of GB/T
18694 and GB/T 18852.
5.3 Immersion tank (box) and probe regulator
5.3.1 The size of the liquid immersion tank (box), which is used for liquid immersion
testing, shall ensure that the tested parts can be immersed.
5.3.2 The probe regulator shall provide adjustable angle and water layer, in two
mutually perpendicular planes; it shall ensure that the probe angle and water layer are
stable and reliable, during detection.
5.3.3 When using ultrasonic C-scanning equipment, the motion control of the scanning
device shall have sufficient accuracy.
6 Comparative test blocks
6.1 It shall use the materials, which have the same or similar acoustic properties as the
tested steel bars. The height difference of the primary bottom wave, between the tested
steel bar and the reference test block, shall be within the range of ±4 dB. Use ultrasonic
testing method in advance, to check the material of the comparative test block, under
the condition of higher sensitivity; there shall be no echo, that affects the use.
6.2 On the comparative test block, for longitudinal wave testing, it should machine flat-
bottomed holes, in the entire circumferential section. When testing steel bars, which
have a diameter of 6 mm ~ 26 mm, only one flat-bottomed hole OR two flat-bottomed
holes with different depths, as shown in Figure 1, can be processed under the condition
of satisfying the resolution. When testing steel bars, which have a diameter of 26 mm
~ 200 mm, it may use the comparative test blocks, which have similar specifications,
as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. When testing steel bars, which have a diameter greater
6.3 The diameter of the flat-bottomed hole of the comparative test block shall be
consistent with the diameter of the flat-bottomed hole, which is specified in 9.4.1 for
the quality level of longitudinal wave testing. Other requirements for comparative test
blocks, for longitudinal wave testing, are as follows.
a) B1, B2, B3 are 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 of the diameter of the round bar, respectively, which
has a tolerance of ±0.2 mm.
b) The number and diameter of the flat-bottomed holes are selected, according to the
quality level. The diameter tolerance of the flat-bottomed holes is ±0.01 mm or
±1% of the hole diameter, whichever is greater. The flatness error of the hole
bottom shall not exceed ±0.03 mm. The surface roughness Rα shall not exceed
3.2 μm; the center line of each hole shall pass the radius.
c) If the processing size of the comparative test block is larger, the comparative test
block can be made into three separate pieces: one is B1 size, one is B2 size, the
other is B3 size; the other dimensions are as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.
d) The surface roughness (Rα) of the comparative test block shall be the same as that
of the tested steel bar.
6.4 The comparative test block for shear wave testing shall be the same as the nominal
diameter of the steel bar to be tested, as shown in Table 2 and Figure 2. When the
diameter of the steel bar is less than 20 mm, AND it is impossible to machine the three
transverse holes of different depths, as shown in Figure 2, only one transverse hole OR
two transverse holes with different buried depths can be machined. According to the
distribution rules of the transverse holes on the circumference, as shown in Figure 2,
transverse holes with different buried depths can be processed, on different
circumferential surfaces. Other requirements for the comparative test block for shear
wave testing are as follows:
a) The deviation of the transverse hole position shall be ±0.25 mm;
b) The surface roughness (Rα) of all holes shall not be greater than 3.2 μm;
c) All holes shall prevent water ingress and maintain air-metal interface, permanently
plugged;
d) According to the actual situation, design the number and buried depth of the
reference reflectors;
e) The surface roughness of the comparative test block shall be the same as that of
the tested steel bar.
in zones.
8.2.4 During the longitudinal wave testing by the liquid immersion method, the water
path shall be adjusted, so that the second interface wave from the tested steel bar does
not appear, before the first bottom wave of the steel bar. During the testing, it shall
adjust the perpendicularity between the probe and the workpiece, to maximize the
reflected signal at the interface. During the sensitivity setting, scanning, evaluation, the
difference of the water path shall not exceed ±3 mm.
8.2.5 When the DAC curve or TCG curve is not used, adjust the ultrasonic detector and
equipment, so that the echo heights of the maximum sound path hole and the minimum
sound path hole, on the comparative test block, are not lower than 80% of the full
amplitude of the phosphor screen. This is taken as the detection sensitivity. When the
contact method detects steel bars, whose diameter is greater than three times the near-
field area of the probe, the bottom wave calculation method can be used, to adjust the
sensitivity. When using the DAC curve or the TCG curve, at least 3 reference reflector
echoes, which have different buried depths, shall be taken, in the entire range of the
detected metal sound path. For probes and ultrasonic detectors, which are suitable for
the DGS method (AVG method), the sensitivity adjustment can be performed, using the
DGS method.
8.2.6 During shear wave testing, the probe shall generate shear waves of 35° ~ 70°, in
the workpiece. The echoes from each reference reflector, on the comparative test block,
shall not be lower than 80% of the full amplitude of the phosphor screen.
8.2.7 During automatic scanning, the setting of the gate width shall meet the
requirements of the detection range.
8.2.8 The alarm level shall be set, according to the echo amplitude of the flat-bottom
hole size of multiple reflectors, which have the corresponding quality level. The echo
amplitude of the flat-bottom hole size of a single reflector shall be set for levels C and
D.
8.2.9 The scanning spacing shall not exceed 80% of the effective sound beam width of
the probe. The effective sound beam width should be determined by the -6 dB method,
which is performed by the minimum value, as measured on the reference reflector,
within the range of the detected metal sound path.
8.2.10 During manual scanning, the scanning speed should not exceed 150 mm/s.
During automatic scanning, when the scanning speed is the maximum, the echoes of
the reference reflector, within the detection depth range in the comparative test block,
can be found.
8.2.11 The sensitivity of the detection system shall be reviewed, when the following
conditions are found:
a) When the probe, couplant, testing instrument adjustment, equipment status change;
b) When the scanning sensitivity is abnormal;
c) Manual scanning for more than 4 hours in a row and at the end;
d) Automatic scanning at the beginning and end of each shift or batch.
8.2.12 When it is found that the scanning sensitivity is abnormal, within the detection
range, all steel bars tested since the last review shall be re-inspected, OR all recorded
signals shall be re-evaluated. If it can be proved that the detection system is
reproducible, it may extend the sensitivity review interval of 8.2.11 c) and 8.2.11 d).
9 Evaluation of testing results
9.1 Recording of reflected signal
According to the highest sensitivity, which is specified by the quality level, during the
scanning process, the reflected signal, which is greater than or equal to this sensitivity
level, shall be recorded. The recording method is a coordinate diagram or a C-scan
diagram, to indicate the position and size of the reflected signal.
9.2 Evaluation of back wave loss
Use direct wave to measure the bottom wave, at a lower gain; compare it with the
bottom wave, in the normal position. If the bottom wave loses more than 50% AND is
accompanied by an increase or decrease of the noise signal (at least twice the normal
background noise), which is not due to surface state or non-parallelism, it is unqualified.
9.3 Evaluation of noise level
Noise levels above the alarm trigger level are considered unacceptable.
Note: When the tested titanium alloy bar is used as a reference, the alarm level slightly exceeds
the noise level, BUT does not exceed 70% of the detection sensitivity level.
9.4 Evaluation of defects
9.4.1 Longitudinal wave testing
9.4.1.1 Single defect
Compare echoes of flat-bottomed holes, which have similar burial depths AND are
specified in Table 3, with echoes of defects; the defects exceeding those specified in
Table 3 are considered unqualified.
9.4.1.2 Multiple defects
......
GB/T 4162-2008
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
H 26
Replacing GB/T 4162-1991
Forged and Rolled Steel Bars -
Method for Ultrasonic Testing
ISSUED ON. MAY 13, 2008
IMPLEMENTED ON. NOVEMBER 11, 2008
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine of the People's Republic of China;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
4 Requirements ... 6
5 Test methods and procedures ... 9
6 Testing result assessment ... 11
7 Quality level ... 12
8 Record and report ... 12
Foreword
This standard is not equivalent to ASTM E2375-04 "Forged and Rolled Products -
Method for Ultrasonic Testing".
This standard replaces GB/T 4162-1991 "Forged and Rolled Steel Bars--Method for
Ultrasonic Examination".
Compared with GB/T 4162-1991, the changes of this standard are listed below.
— The diameter (thickness) application range in this standard (12 mm ~ 250 mm)
replaces the one in the previous standard (20 mm ~ 250 mm);
— Add a Chapter "terms and definitions";
— Add the requirements for the physical dimensions and specifications of
reference blocks;
— Modify the reference block for transverse wave test;
— Add the dimension-comparison reference tables of quality grade and cross hole;
— Delete the permissible error of buried depth and discontinuous depth for
equivalent flat bottomed hole in previous standard;
— Add the water-path adjustment, divisional test, distance amplitude
compensation and the arrangement of alarm level when immersion method test
is carried out during test.
— Add discontinuous strip-length-measurement method and the discontinuous
assessment contents for transverse wave test in discontinuous assessment;
— Modify the Class AAA quality in the previous standard; add Class C in this
standard; and Class C in the previous standard is modified as Class D in this
standard.
This standard was proposed by the China Iron and Steel Association.
This standard shall be under the jurisdiction of the National Steel Standardization
Technical Committee.
Chief drafting organizations of this standard. Special Steel Branch Company, Baoshan
Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., and China Metallurgical Information and Standardization
Institute
Chief drafting staffs of this standard. Ni Xiumei, Wang Yongling, Jiang Yimin, Zhao
Forged and Rolled Steel Bars -
Method for Ultrasonic Testing
1 Scope
This standard specifies the requirements, test method, procedure, result assessment,
quality grade, record and report of ultrasonic test for forged and rolled steel bars.
This standard is applicable to the forged and rolled steel bars whose diameter
(thickness) is 12mm ~ 200mm and is tested with ultrasonic (longitudinal wave or
transverse wave) impulse reflection method (contact method or immersion method);
this standard may also act as the reference for the test of other forged and rolled bars.
This standard is not applicable to austenite scorched steel bars.
2 Normative references
The following standard contains the provisions which, through reference in the
following text, constitute the provisions of this standard. For dated reference, the
subsequent amendments (excluding correction) or revisions of these publications do
not apply. However, parties who reach an agreement based on this standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative
document referred to applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
normative document referred to applies.
GB/T 9445 Non-Destructive Testing - Qualification and Certification of Personnel
GB/T 12604.1 Non-destructive Testing - Terms Used in Ultrasonic Testing
GB/T 18694 Non-destructive Testing - Ultrasonic Inspection - Characterization of
Search unit and Sound Field
B/T 18852 Ultrasonic Non-destructive Testing - Reference Blocks and Test
Procedures for the Characterization of Contact Search Unit Beam Profiles
JB/T 10061 Commonly Used Specification for A-Mode Ultrasonic Flaw Detector Using
Pulse Echo Technique
3 Terms and definitions
The established terms and definitions in GB/T 12604.1 are applicable to this standard.
4 Requirements
4.1 Provisions
If ultrasonic test is carried out according to this standard, the types and quality grades
etc. of ultrasonic shall be specified in contract or related documents by the supplier
and demander.
4.2 Personnel qualification
The personnel who are engaged in executing this standard shall be trained according
to GB/T 9445 or the related standard, and then receives a qualification certificate. The
personnel who are engaged in signing and issuing test report shall receive the Class II
or above Class II qualification certificate.
4.3 Couplant
4.3.1 Immersion method
Water which is free from extraneous material that affects ultrasonic test and air bubble
may be used. Proper preservative and lubricant may be added to prevent corrosion
and reducing the bubble formation on steel bar and probe.
4.3.2 Contact method
Water, oil, fat and water soluble gel etc. may be used; besides, the viscosity and
surface wettability of couplant shall be proper enough to ensure that the ultrasonic
energy will transmit into steel bars perfectly.
4.4 Reference block
4.4.1 The material whose acoustic property is the same as or similar to the acoustic
property of the tested steel bar shall be adopted.
4.4.2 Reference block shall be carefully inspected with ultrasonic test method under
high sensitivity in advance, but attention shall be given not to affect the used echo
wave existence.
4.4.3 If the test diameter of longitudinal wave is not greater than 200mm, the
reference block whose specification is close to the one in Table 1 or Figure 1 may be
used; if the test diameter is greater than 200 mm, plane-block may be used.
6 Testing result assessment
6.1 Echo signal record
According to the maximum sensitivity indicated in the quality grade, any echo signal which
is more than or equals to the sensitivity level shall be recorded in the scanning process.
The record may be coordinate figures or C-scanning figures, which may indicate the
position and of the echo signal.
6. 2 Bottom wave loss assessment
Carried out the bottom wave measurement via the straight sound beam under lower gain,
compare it with the bottom wave of the normal part, if the bottom wave loss is over 50%
and not caused by the surface conditions and misalignment, the bottom wave is
incompetent.
6.3 Noise assessment
The noise exceeding the alarming level is considered disqualified. The alarming level of
titanium alloy shall be set just over the noise level, but shall not exceed 70% of the
detection sensitivity.
6.4 Discontinuity assessment
6.4.1 Longitudinal wave
6.4.1.1 Single discontinuity
Compare the flat bottomed hole echo specified in Table 4 of similar buried depth with the
discontinuous echo; the discontinuities that exceed the specification in Table 4 are
deemed as disqualified.
6.4.1.2 Multiple discontinuities
Move the probe to find the maximal echo of each discontinuity; measure the distance of
the multiple discontinuity. If the distance was less than the specification in Table 4, It is
deemed as unqualified.
6.4.1.3 Rectangle discontinuity
Measure the length according to the following method. If the length exceeds the
specification in Table 4, it is deemed as unqualified.
a) On the test block of rectangle discontinuous flat bottomed holes with similar buried
depth, make the echo on the flat bottomed hole to reach its maximum; regulate the
instrument to full amplitude and move the probe to opposite directions along the
Table 4 Quality grade (mm)
Quality
grade
Single discontinuity
flat bottomed hole
diameter
Multiple discontinuities strip discontinuities
Bottom
wave loss Noise Flat bottomed
hole diameter Distance
Flat bottomed
hole diameter Length
AAA 0.8 0.4 25 0.4 3.2 50%
Alarming
level
AA 1.2 0.8 25 0.8 13 50%
A 2.0 1.2 25 1.2 25 50%
B 3.2 2.0 25 2.0 25 50%
C 3.2 Not applicable 50%
D 4.0 Not applicable
......
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