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| Standard ID | GB/T 34215-2023 (GB/T34215-2023) | | Description (Translated English) | Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet)for electric vehicle driving motor | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | H53 | | Classification of International Standard | 77.140.40 | | Word Count Estimation | 18,199 | | Date of Issue | 2023-08-06 | | Date of Implementation | 2024-03-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 34215-2017 | | Drafting Organization | Baoshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Metallurgical Industry Information Standards Research Institute, Shougang Group Co., Ltd., Zhangjiagang Yangzijiang Cold Rolled Plate Co., Ltd., Xinyu Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Hunan Valin Lianyuan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Wuxi Putian Iron Core Co., Ltd. | | Administrative Organization | National Steel Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 183) | | Proposing organization | China Iron and Steel Industry Association | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Administration | | Standard ID | GB/T 34215-2017 (GB/T34215-2017) | | Description (Translated English) | Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet) for electric vehicle driving motor | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | H53 | | Word Count Estimation | 15,157 | | Date of Issue | 2017-09-07 | | Date of Implementation | 2018-06-01 | | Administrative Organization | National Steel Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 183) |
GB/T 34215-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.140.40
CCS H 53
Replacing GB/T 34215-2017
Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet) for
electric vehicle driving motor
ISSUED ON: AUGUST 06, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: MARCH 01, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
4 Symbols and codes... 6
5 Designations ... 7
6 Ordering contents ... 8
7 General requirements ... 8
8 Technical requirements ... 9
9 Inspection and testing ... 14
10 Reinspection and judgement rules ... 18
11 Packaging, marks and quality certificates ... 18
Annex A (informative) Comparison on designations between this document and IEC
60404-8-8:2017 ... 19
Annex B (informative) Magnetic properties and yield strength at 150°C ... 20
Annex C (informative) Approximate comparison of insulating coatings and insulating
coatings stipulated in domestic and foreign technical specifications ... 21
Annex D (normative) Measurement of magnetic properties at 35℃ ~200℃ by Epstein
square coil method ... 23
Bibliography ... 25
Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet) for
electric vehicle driving motor
1 Scope
This document specifies symbols and codes, designations, ordering contents, general
requirements, technical requirements, inspection and testing, re-inspection and
judgment rules, packaging, marking and quality certificates for cold-rolled non-oriented
electrical steel strip (sheet) for electric vehicle driving motor.
This document is applicable to grain-non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet) with
nominal thicknesses of 0.20 mm, 0.25mm, 0.27 mm, 0.30 mm, 0.35 mm, for the
manufacture of electric vehicle drive motors [hereinafter referred to as "steel strip
(sheet)"].
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 228.1-2021, Metallic materials -- Tensile testing -- Part 1: Method of test at
room temperature
GB/T 228.2-2015, Metallic materials -- Tensile testing -- Part 2: Method of test at
elevated temperature
GB/T 247, General rule of package, mark and certification for steel plates (sheets)
and strips
GB/T 2521.1-2016, Cold-rolled electrical steel delivered in the fully-processed state
-- Part 1: Grain non-oriented steel strip (sheet)
GB/T 2522, Methods of test for the determination of coating insulation resistance
and coating adhesion of electrical strip and sheet
GB/T 2900.60, Electrotechnical terminology -- Electromagnetism
GB/T 3655, Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel
strip and sheet by means of an Epstein frame
GB/T 9637, Electrotechnical terminology -- Magnetic materials and components
GB/T 17505, Steel and steel products -- General technical delivery requirements
GB/T 19289, Methods of measurement of resistivity, density and stacking factor of
electrical steel strip and sheet
YB/T 4292, Methods of determination of the geometrical characteristics of electric
steel sheet and strip
YB/T 4731-2019, Reverse bend test method for electrical steel strip and sheet
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 2900.60,
GB/T 9637, GB/T 2521.1-2016 apply.
4 Symbols and codes
4.1 Symbols
The following symbols apply to this document.
A50mm: Elongation after break with original gauge length of 50 mm.
J5000: Magnetic polarization intensity at which the peak magnetic field intensity is
5000A/m.
P1.0/400: Specific total loss measured with the peak magnetic polarization intensity at 1.0
T and the frequency at 400 Hz.
ReL: Lower yield strength.
Rm: Tensile strength.
Rp0.2: Stress that specifies the plastic elongation of 0.2%.
4.2 Codes
The following codes apply to this document.
NV: Non grain-oriented steel for electrical vehicle
NVP: Non grain-oriented high-permeability steel for electrical vehicle
NVPS: Non grain-oriented high-permeability and high-strength steel for electrical
vehicle
NVS: Non grain-oriented high strength steel for electrical vehicle
5 Designations
5.1 Product type
In this document, the products are classified into four types: non-grain-oriented type,
non-grain-oriented high-permeability type, non-grain-oriented high-permeability and
high-strength type and non-grain-oriented high strength type.
5.2 Methods for expressing designations
5.2.1 The levels for designations of non-grain-oriented type, non-grain-oriented high-
permeability type, non-grain-oriented high-permeability and high-strength type are
defined based on the maximum specific total loss value P1.0/400 of material nominal
thicknesses 0.20 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.27 mm, 0.30 mm and 0.35 mm, measured with
magnetic polarization peak at 1.0 T, frequency at 400 Hz. The levels for designations
of non-grain-oriented high strength type are defined according to the minimum yield
strength for material nominal thickness 0.35 mm.
5.2.2 The product designation consists of the following three parts in order.
- 100 times the nominal thickness of the material, in millimeters (mm).
- Product type code.
- When the product type is non-grain-oriented type, non-grain-oriented high-
permeability type, or non-grain-oriented high-permeability and high-strength
type, Part 3 is 100 times the maximum specific total loss P1.0/400 (unit: W/kg)
measured with the peak magnetic polarization intensity at 1.0 T and the frequency
at 400 Hz. When the product type is non-grain-oriented high strength type, Part 3
is the minimum yield strength.
Example 1:
30NV1500 represents non-grain-oriented type non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet)
for electric vehicle driving motor with a nominal thickness of 0.30 mm and a maximum
specific total loss P1.0/400 of 15.0 W/kg.
Example 2:
27NVP1400 represents non-grain-oriented high-permeability type non-oriented
electrical steel strip (sheet) for electric vehicle driving motor with a nominal thickness
of 0.27 mm and a maximum specific total loss P1.0/400 of 14.0 W/kg.
Example 3:
27NVPS1400 represents non-grain-oriented high-permeability and high-strength type
non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet) for electric vehicle driving motor with a
recommended inner diameter of the steel coil is 508 mm;
c) Steel coils shall be tightly rolled from steel strips of the same width. The sides of
the roll shall be as straight as possible. They do not collapse under their own
weights.
7.3 Delivery conditions
Steel strips (sheets) shall be delivered trimmed. Before delivery, the steel strip (sheet)
shall be coated with an insulating coating on one or both sides. It can also be delivered
without insulating coating. The type of insulating coating is determined by negotiation
between the supplier and the purchaser.
7.4 Surface quality
The surface of the steel strip (sheet) shall be smooth and clean. There shall be no rust.
Dispersed defects, such as scratches, bubbles, cracks, etc., are allowed if they are within
the thickness tolerance and do not hinder the normal use of the material.
7.5 Shear adaptability
The steel strip (sheet) shall be easy to cut or punch to ensure that the steel strip (sheet)
can be cut into a usual shape at any position. If the purchaser has special requirements,
they can be determined through negotiation between the supplier and the purchaser.
8 Technical requirements
8.1 Magnetic properties
8.1.1 The magnetic properties of steel strips (sheets) at room temperature shall comply
with the requirements in Table 1. The magnetic performance requirements after aging
shall be negotiated by the supplier and the purchaser at the time of ordering and shall
be specified in the contract.
8.1.2 The magnetic properties of steel strips (sheets) at 150°C are shown in Annex B,
but they are not used as a basis for delivery.
not exceed 3.0 mm.
8.4.5 Residual curvature
According to the requirements of the purchaser and specified in the contract, the
residual curvature of the steel strip (sheet) can be tested. The distance between the
bottom edge of the test steel sheet and the support plate shall not exceed 35 mm. If the
supplier can guarantee it, this test may not be performed.
8.4.6 Burr height
The height of the steel strip (sheet) shear burrs shall not exceed 0.030 mm.
8.5 Technical characteristics
8.5.1 Density
Unless otherwise agreed, the agreed density used to calculate magnetic properties and
stacking coefficient shall comply with the provisions of Table 1.
8.5.2 Stacking coefficient
The minimum stacking coefficient of steel strips (sheets) shall comply with the
requirements in Table 1. In case of dispute, the stacking factor applies only to the
uncoated state.
8.5.3 Number of bends
The minimum number of bends perpendicular to the rolling direction of the steel strip
(sheet) shall comply with the requirements in Table 2. If the supplier can guarantee it,
this test may not be performed.
9 Inspection and testing
9.1 General requirements
9.1.1 Steel strips (sheets) shall be accepted in batches. Each inspection batch shall be
composed of steel strips (sheets) of the same designation, specification, heat treatment
status, and insulating coating not larger than 20 t. For steel strips weighing more than
20 t, each steel coil forms an inspection lot.
9.1.2 When steel strip is supplied in coils, the test results on the original acceptance
batch shall apply to that coil.
9.2 Sampling
9.2.1 General requirements
9.2.1.1 Steel strip (sheet) samples shall be taken from each acceptance batch.
9.2.1.2 The innermost and outermost rings of the steel coil shall be regarded as
packaging materials and do not represent the quality of the entire steel coil. The sample
shall be taken from a distance of not less than 3 m from the head and tail of the steel
coil and not less than 15 mm from the edge of the steel strip.
9.2.2 Magnetic properties
The magnetic property test specimens are sampled from the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the steel strip (sheet). The number of specimens is half vertically and half
horizontally. The recommended weight is about 0.50 kg. The sampling method, size
and allowable deviation of the specimen shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 3655.
9.2.3 Geometric properties
9.2.3.1 The steel strip for testing the unevenness of the steel strip (sheet) shall have a
specimen length of 1000 mm. The specimen length for testing sickle bending is 2000
mm steel strip.
9.2.3.2 The specimen length for testing the residual curvature of the steel strip (sheet)
is 500 mm. The width is the width of the supplied steel strip (sheet). The axis of the
specimen length shall be parallel to the rolling direction.
9.2.3.3 The sample for testing the burr height is taken from the steel strip (sheet)
delivered as finished product. The recommended sample length is not less than 500 mm.
9.2.4 Technical characteristics
9.2.4.1Stacking coefficient
9.2.4.1.1 The specimens used to test the stacking coefficient of steel strips (sheets)
require sufficient stacking specimens of the same size to be at least 6 mm high. In case
of dispute, the test specimen shall consist of 100 pieces.
9.2.4.1.2 The specimen shall have no obvious burrs before testing. The minimum width
of the sample is 20 mm and the minimum surface area is 5000 mm2.
9.2.4.1.3 The width deviation of the specimen shall be -0.2 mm ~ 0.2 mm. The length
deviation shall be -0.5 mm ~ 0.5 mm.
9.2.4.2 Number of bends
The specimen for testing the number of bends of the steel strip (sheet) shall comply
with the regulations of YB/T 4731-2019.
9.2.4.3 Coating insulation resistance
The specimens used to test the insulation resistance of steel strips (sheets) coatings shall
The sickle bend of the steel strip (sheet) shall be tested according to YB/T 4292.
9.3.3.4 Unevenness
The unevenness of the steel strip (sheet) shall be tested according to YB/T 4292.
9.3.3.5 Residual curvature
The residual curvature of the steel strip (sheet) shall be tested according to YB/T 4292.
9.3.3.6 Burr height
The burr height of the steel strip (sheet) shall be tested according to YB/T 4292.
9.3.4 Technical characteristics
9.3.4.1 Stacking coefficient
The stacking coefficient of steel strips (sheets) shall be tested according to GB/T 19289.
9.3.4.2 Number of bends
The number of bends of the steel strip (sheet) shall be tested according to method B of
YB/T 4731-2019.
9.3.4.3 Coating insulation resistance
The coating insulation resistance of steel strips (sheets) shall be tested according to
GB/T 2522. The recommended total contact area is 645 mm2.
9.3.4.4 Insulating coating adhesion
The adhesion of the insulating coating of the steel strip (sheet) shall be tested according
to GB/T 2522.
9.3.4.5 Mechanical properties
9.3.4.5.1 The room temperature mechanical properties of the steel strip (sheet) shall be
tested in accordance with GB/T 228.1-2021. It is recommended to use a test rate based
on stress rate (Method B). In order to improve the reproducibility of measurement
results, the beam displacement control method is recommended. The yield strength
measurement rate is 5%Lc/min or 0.00083/s. The yield strength is measured at a rate of
40%Lc/min (Lc is the parallel length of the specimen) or 0.0067/s.
9.3.4.5.2 The high-temperature mechanical properties of steel strips (sheets) shall be
tested in accordance with GB/T 228.2-2015. An extended strain rate range test method
(Method B) is recommended. In order to improve the reproducibility of measurement
results, it is recommended to adopt the beam displacement control method. The yield
section speed is 0.000067 s-1. The rate after yielding is 0.00083 s-1.
Annex D
(normative)
Measurement of magnetic properties at 35℃ ~200℃ by Epstein square coil
method
D.1 Test equipment
D.1 .1 Epstein square coil
In addition to complying with the technical requirements of GB/T3655, Epstein square
coil shall also meet the requirements for continuous operation at high temperatures
(usually 150°C). Relevant components and production materials shall have good high
temperature resistance (≥200℃).
D.1.2 Technical requirements for heating devices
The heating device shall be able to heat the entire Epstein square coil containing the
specimen to the specified temperature.
The effective space of the heating zone of the heating device shall be no less than 400
mm long, 400 mm wide and 300 mm high. The maximum allowable deviation between
the specified temperature of the heating device and the indicated temperature is 2°C.
The temperature gradient in the uniform temperature area corresponding to the
specimen along the axis of the specimen shall not be greater than 2°C.
D.1.3 Temperature measurement system
The minimum resolution of the temperature testing system is 0.5°C. The allowable error
shall be within 1°C.
The temperature measurement system (including thermocouples, wires, display devices,
connection points, etc.) shall meet the requirements for use within the test temperature
range of 35℃ ~ 200℃ and be calibrated.
D.1.4 Specimen temperature measurement
Set at least one temperature sensor inside the middle part of the Epstein square coil
winding close to the surface of the specimen, used to monitor the temperature of the
specimen. If there are multiple temperature sensors, the specimen temperature is the
minimum value of multiple temperature measurement values.
The fluctuation of specimen temperature during magnetic property measurement shall
meet the requirements of the specified test temperature [such as (150±2)℃].
......
GB/T 34215-2017
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.140.40
H 53
Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet)
for electric vehicle driving motor
ISSUED ON. SEPTEMBER 7, 2017
IMPLEMENTED ON. JUNE 1, 2018
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine of the People's Republic of China;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative References ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Symbols and designations ... 5
5 General requirements ... 6
6 Technical requirements ... 6
7 Inspection and test ... 10
8 Re-inspection and criteria ... 15
9 Packaging, marking and quality certificate ... 15
10 Ordering content ... 15
Annex A (Informative) Magnetic properties and yield strengths at 150°C . 16
Annex B (Normative) Method for measuring the magnetic properties of
electrical steel strip (sheet) using an Epstein Frame at 30°C ~ 200°C ... 17
Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet)
for electric vehicle driving motor
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the terms and definitions, symbols and designations, general
requirements, technical requirements, inspection and test, re-inspection and criteria,
packaging, marking, quality certificate, and ordering content of cold-rolled non-oriented
electrical steel strip (sheet).
This Standard applies to non-oriented electrical steel strip (sheet) of nominal thicknesses
0.20 mm, 0.27 mm, 0.30 mm and 0.35 mm for electric vehicle driving motor [hereinafter
referred to as “steel strip (sheet)”].
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition dated applies to this document. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documents (including all
amendments) applies to This Standard.
GB/T 228.1-2010, Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1 . Method of test at
room temperature
GB/T 228.2-2015, Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 2. Method of test at
elevated temperature
GB/T 247, General rules for packaging, marking and certification of steel plates
(sheets) and strips
GB/T 2521.1-2016, Cold-rolled electrical steel delivered in the fully-processed state
– Part 1. Grain non-oriented steel strip (sheet)
GB/T 2522, Methods of test for the determination of coating insulation resistance
and coating adhesion of electrical strip and sheet
GB/T 2900.60, Electrotechnical terminology - Electromagnetism
GB/T 3655, Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel
sheet and strip by means of an Epstein frame
GB/T 9637, Electrotechnical terminology - Magnetic materials and components
Waviness shall be measured for steel strip (sheet) of width greater than 100 mm, which
shall not exceed 2.0%.
6.2.5 Residual curvature
If it is required by the purchaser and stated in the contract, residual curvature can be
measured for steel strip (sheet) of width greater than 100 mm; the distance from the
bottom side of steel sheet tested and support plate shall not be greater than 35 mm.
6.2.6 Burr height
The trimmed burr height of trimmed steel strip (sheet) shall not exceed 0.035 mm.
6.3 Technical characteristics
6.3.1 Density
Unless agreed otherwise, the conventional density for the calculation of magnetic
properties and lamination factors shall be as specified in Table 2.
6.3.2 Lamination factor
The minimum lamination factor of steel strip (sheet) shall be as specified in Table 2. In
case of any dispute, lamination factor only applies to the uncoated condition.
6.3.3 Number of bends
The minimum number of bends perpendicular to the rolling direction of steel strip
(sheet) shall be as specified in Table 5.
6.3.4 Deviation of trimmed edge caused by internal stress
Internal stress shall be reduced as much as possible for steel strip (sheet). When it is
required by the purchaser and stated in the contract, the steel strip (sheet) of width
greater than 150 mm shall be subjected to the test for the deviation of trimmed edge
caused by internal stress; its measured value of crack shall not be greater than 2 mm.
6.3.5 Coating insulation resistance
As required by the purchaser and agreed on by both sides, carry out test for coating
insulation resistance and indicate in the contract the minimum value of coating surface
insulation resistance and interlamination resistance.
NOTE. Coating insulation resistance includes surface insulation resistance and interlamination
resistance.
6.3.6 Mechanical properties and technological properties
7.2.3.3 The samples for testing burr height are prepared from the delivered steel strip
(sheet). The recommended sample length is not less than 500 mm.
7.2.4 Technical characteristics
7.2.4.1 Lamination factor
The samples for testing the lamination factor of steel strip (sheet) shall be those of the
same dimensions, which can be laminated to at least 6 mm high. In case of any dispute,
the samples shall comprise 100 pieces. The minimum width of the samples is 20 mm
and the minimum surface area is 5,000 mm2. The tolerances for the width and length
of the samples are respectively ± 0.2 mm and ± 0.5 mm. The samples shall be free
from visible burr before testing.
7.2.4.2 Number of bends
The samples for testing the number of bends of steel strip (sheet) shall be as specified
in Annex A to GB/T 2521.1-2016.
7.2.4.3 Deviation of trimmed edge causes by internal stress
The sample for testing the deviation of trimmed edge caused by internal stress is a
steel strip (sheet) 1,000 mm long.
7.2.4.4 Coating insulation resistance
The samples for testing coating insulation resistance of steel strip (sheet) shall be as
specified in GB/T 2522.
7.2.4.5 Mechanical properties
The use of the samples with head of type sample number P 14 as specified in GB/T
228.1-2010, is recommended for testing mechanical properties at room temperature
and high temperature; the parallel length shall not be less than 60 mm. If applicable,
other types of samples can also be used. The samples are prepared parallel to the
rolling direction. The requirements for preparing room-temperature and high-
temperature samples shall be respectively as specified in GB/T 228.1-2010 and GB/T
228.2-2015.
7.3 Test methods
For each characteristic specified, each acceptance batch shall be tested. Unless
specified otherwise, test shall be carried out at (23 ± 5)°C.
7.3.1 Magnetic characteristics
The test for magnetic characteristics at room temperature of steel strip (sheet) shall be
carried out using the test method specified in GB/T 3655. The magnetic characteristics
test at 150°C shall be carried out as specified in Annex B.
7.3.3.5 Mechanical properties
7.3.3.5.1 The room-temperature mechanical properties of steel strip (sheet) shall be
tested using Method B of GB/T 228.1-2010. Use the beam displacement control
method, with the velocity in the yield stage 0.000 83 s-1 and the velocity after yield
0.006 7 s-1.
7.3.3.5.2 The high-temperature mechanical properties of steel strip (sheet) shall be
tested using Method B of GB/T 228.2-2015. Use the beam displacement control
method, with the velocity in the yield stage 0.000 067 s-1 and the velocity after yield
0.000 83 s-1.
8 Re-inspection and criteria
The re-inspection and criteria of steel strip (sheet) shall be as specified in GB/T 17505.
9 Packaging, marking and quality certificate
The packaging, marking and quality certification of steel strip (sheet) shall be as
specified in GB/T 247.
10 Ordering content
The purchase contract or order based on this Standard shall include the following
content.
a) reference to this Standard;
b) designation;
c) product name;
d) quantity;
e) dimensions of steel strip (sheet);
f) limit on steel roll weight;
g) other special requirements.
Annex B
(Normative)
Method for measuring the magnetic properties of electrical steel strip
(sheet) using an Epstein Frame at 30°C ~ 200°C
B.1 Scope
This method specifies the requirements for testing the magnetic properties of electrical
steel strip (sheet) using an Epstein Frame at 30°C ~ 200°C.
B.2 Test apparatus
B.2.1 Epstein Frame
A 25 cm Epstein Frame shall be designed to meet the requirements for continuous
operation at high temperature (normally 150°C); relevant supporting and insulation
materials shall have good high temperature resistant properties (≥ 200°C).
B.2.2 Heating apparatus
B.2.2.1 The heating apparatus shall be capable of heating the whole Epstein Frame
containing samples to the specified temperature.
B.2.2.2 The effective space of the heating zone of the heating apparatus shall not be
less than 400 mm long, 400 mm wide and 300 mm high; the maximum allowable
deviation between the specified temperature and the indicating temperature of the
heating apparatus is 2°C; the temperature gradient along the sample axis direction of
the corresponding temperature uniformity zone of samples shall not be greater than
2°C.
B.2.3 Temperature measuring system
B.2.3.1 The minimum resolution of the temperature measuring system is 0.5°C; the
allowable error shall be within 1°C.
B.2.3.2 The temperature measuring system (including thermocouples, lead, display
devices, connections and so on) shall meet the requirements for service within the test
temperature range 30°C ~ 200°C; it shall be calibrated.
B.2.4 Temperature measurement of samples
The interior of Epstein Frame windings in contact with the surface of samples shall be
fixed with a thermocouple, which is used to monitor the temperature of samples. The
temperature of samples is taken as the minimum value of one or more measuring
points.
......
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