GB/T 3246.2-2012 PDF English
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| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivery | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| GB/T 3246.2-2012 | English | 155 |
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Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy products -- Part 2: Inspection method for macrostructure
| Valid |
| GB/T 3246.2-2000 | English | 839 |
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Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys products inspection method for macrostructure
| Obsolete |
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GB/T 3246.2-2012: Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy products -- Part 2: Inspection method for macrostructure
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT3246.2-2012
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.99
H 24
Replacing GB/T 3246.2-2000
Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminum
and aluminum alloy products - Part 2.Inspection
method for macrostructure
Issued on. DECEMBER 31, 2012
Implemented on. OCTOBER 01, 2013
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 5
2 Test solution... 5
3 Sample preparation... 5
4 Structure inspection... 9
5 Defect classification... 17
6 Test report... 35
1 Scope
This Standard specifies test solution as well as sample preparation, structure
inspection, defect classification and test report for macrostructure inspection of
aluminum and aluminum alloy cast ingots (or ingot blank), deformed aluminum
and aluminum alloy sheets, strips, foils, tubes, rods, shapes, wires, forgings
(hereinafter referred to as processed products).
This Part is applicable to macrostructure inspection of aluminum and aluminum
alloy cast ingots (or ingot blank) and processed products.
2 Test solution
2.1 Extra strong mixed acid solution. mix hydrofluoric acid (ρ1.15g/mL), nitric
acid (ρ1.40g/mL) and hydrochloric acid (ρ1.19g/mL) in the volume of (1+5+15),
mix well.
2.2 Strong mixed acid solution. mix hydrofluoric acid (ρ1.15g/mL), nitric acid
(ρ1.40g/mL) and hydrochloric acid (ρ1.19g/mL) and water in the volume of
(1+5+15+42), mix well.
2.3 Sodium hydroxide solution (150g/L~250g/L).
2.4 High concentration mixed acid solution. mix hydrofluoric acid (ρ1.15g/mL),
nitric acid (ρ1.40g/mL) and hydrochloric acid (ρ1.19g/mL) and water in the
volume of (2+1+1+76), mix well.
2.5 Nitric acid solution (1+4) ~ nitric acid solution (1+3).
2.6 Sodium hydroxide solution (80g/L~120g/L).
3 Sample preparation
3.1 Sample blanks shall be taken in accordance with relevant standards or
technical agreements and the requirements of Table 1.
3.2 Samples shall be taken from the sample blank as specified in Table 2.
3.3 For 1×××, 3×××, 5××× and 8××× series of samples for grain size inspection,
the surface to be inspected shall be immersed in a strong mixed acid solution
(2.1) or a strong mixed acid (2.2). Etch for the appropriate time at room
temperature, or repeatedly wipe the test surface with an etchant. Immediately
use water to rinse. It may repeat several times until the grain appears clear.
3.4 For 2×××, 4×××, 6××× and 7××× series of samples for grain size inspection,
the surface to be inspected shall be immersed in sodium hydroxide solution (2.3)
or high concentration mixed acid (2.4) or strong mixed acid (2.2). Etch for the
appropriate time at room temperature, or repeatedly wipe the test surface with
an etchant. Then immediately use water and nitric acid solution (2.5) to rinse
until the grain appears clear.
3.5 The surface to be tested of other sample (except the sample for fracture
tissue inspection) shall be immersed into the test solution specified in Table 3
for alkali etching. The alkali etching time (room temperature) shall refer to the
provisions of Table 3.
4 Structure inspection
4.1 General rules
Inspect according to the quality requirements specified in the relevant technical
standards and technical agreements. And change the direction of light
irradiation at any time, and observe each part in detail. If necessary, use a
magnifying glass of 10 times or less, or analyze the microstructure or other
means as appropriate.
4.2 Measurement of coarse crystal ring
The coarse crystal ring with a simple shape shall take the maximum depth of
the coarse ring as the measurement result.
4.3 Grain size inspection
4.3.1 It shall be assessed according to the specified grain size photo or physical
comparison. Sample with equiaxed grains shall be evaluated according to the
grain size grading standards of Figures 4 to 11.
4.3.3 The measured size of the grain is expressed by the average grain area
(or diameter) or the number of grains per unit area. The measurement steps
are as follows.
4.3.3.1 According to the size of the crystal grain, draw a square of 10mm ×
10mm or 50mm × 50mm on the sample, or draw a circle with a diameter of
10mm or 50mm.
4.3.3.3 Select at least three measurements for each sample and then take the
average.
4.3.3.4 When the grain size is very different, and the distribution is extremely
uneven, the largest grain area shall be selected.
5 Defect classification
5.1 Porosity
Porosity is a macroscopic or microscopic dispersive micropore produced in the
grain boundary and dendritic network, as shown in Figure 17.After the defect
is etched, a dense small pinhole is dispersed on the lateral low-magnification
sample. It is boundary jagged, multi-angled, nearly jagged, dark in color, sharp-
pitted pit at the bottom. The porosity microstructure is shown in Figure 18.
5.2 Non-metallic inclusion
Non-metallic inclusion is slag mixed into the ingot or other non-metallic
5.3 Foreign metal inclusions and white spots
The foreign metal inclusions are white spots that are formed during the casting
process due to inadvertent operation, falling into other metals (strips, blocks or
sheets) in the ingot, or due to the liquid flow impact of the alloy melt, causing
the bottom aluminum to be rolled into the ingot.
5.6 Feather-like crystal
Feather-like crystal, also known as lace-like structure, is preferred orientation
of twins. Its low-magnification structure is composed of many parallel thin strips,
similar to feathers, and the fracture tissue is in the form of a sheet, as shown in
Figure 27 and 28.
5.7 Bright grain
The bright crystal grains are bright in color on the lateral macrostructure test
piece, non-selective to light, and have dendritic crystal structure, as shown in
Figure 30.Its microstructure is characterized by coarse dendrites and thin
networks. The hardness of the bright grains is lower than that of normal tissues,
as shown in Figure 31.
5.8 Pore
On a lateral macrostructure sample, the pore refers to a circular or elliptical hole
whose inner wall is smooth without being etched. The distribution of pores in
the ingot is irregular, often associated with porosity. After pressure processing,
the pores can be deformed, but they cannot be pressed, as shown in Figure 32.
5.9 Cold partition
The cold partition is due to the interruption or insufficient supply of the liquid
during casting, and the molten metal near the groove wall cannot form a crystal
whole, which is divided into two layers. The sample can be found without
etching, as shown in Figure 33.The sample can be found without etching, as
5.10 Casting crack
Casting cracks are cracking of the alloy during crystallization or after complete
solidification. The former is hot cracking, the latter is cold cracking; most of
which can be found without etching, as shown in Figure 34.
5.13 Layering
5.14 Squeeze crack
Squeeze crack is a zigzag crack generated in the surface layer of the extruded
product, generally appearing at the edge of the lateral macrostructure sample,
showing a small arc-shaped crack. It is periodically cracked in the longitudinal
direction, especially in the form of jagged, easy to find from the surface of the
product. The light one is often hidden under the skin and can be found by
macrostructure checking, as shown in Figure 40 and Figure 41.
5.15 Quenching crack
The quenching crack is a network crack cracked along the grain boundary on
the macrostructure sample of the quenched processed product, as shown in
Figure 42.The light one is distributed in the coarse-grained area of the edge,
and the heavy one can be extended to the central fine-grained area.
5.16 Coarse crystal ring
The coarse crystal ring is a coarse recrystallized grain structure zone along the
periphery of the extruded article after the quenching treatment. The single hole
extrusion is annular, and the porous extrusion is crescent shaped, as shown in
Figure 43.The distribution of coarse crystal rings in the longitudinal direction.
gradually decreasing from the tail end to the head end.
5.18 Forging crack
In the forging process, the cracking phenomenon caused by the tension is
called forging crack. The area of the scattered hair crack that appears at the
edge of the sample is called the edge crack, as shown in Figure 45a). The
irregular holes appearing in the center of the sample are called center cracks,
5.19 Fold
At the edge of the macrostructure sample of the molded forging, a smooth
crease line extending obliquely from the outside to the inside and having a
whisker at the end is called a fold, as shown in Figure 46.The fold usually
occurs at the transitional arc position between the ribs of the die forging and the
5.20 Unsmooth flow pattern
Unsmooth flow pattern means that when the metal is molded and deformed,
the flow line reflecting the metal flow scene is not distributed according to the
contour of the product. When the streamline is in the shape of a tree ring or a
swirling current, it is called eddy current, and when the streamline runs through
the section of the product, it is called eddy current, as shown in Figure 47 and
Figure 48.
5.21 Gap
The crack on the surface of the cast-rolled strip is partially parabolic and deep
into the section. The crack is called a gap, as shown in Figure 49.
5.22 Vertical crack (vertical cracking)
One or several straight cracks appear in the longitudinal direction of the surface
of the cast strip, and a section of the crack can be seen to have a certain crack
depth called a vertical crack, as shown in Figure 50.
6 Test report
The test report shall contain the following information.
a) date of report;
b) designation or chemical composition;
c) status code;
d) sample number;
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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