GB/T 3246.1-2024 PDF English
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| GB/T 3246.1-2024 | English | 1060 |
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Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy products - Part 1: Inspection method for microstructure
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| GB/T 3246.1-2012 | English | 315 |
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Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy products -- Part 1: Inspection method for microstructure
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| GB/T 3246.1-2000 | English | 759 |
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Wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys products inspection method for microstructure
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| GB/T 3246-1982 | English | RFQ |
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Aluminum and aluminum alloys--Inspection method of microstructure for wrought products
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GB/T 3246.1-2024: Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminium and aluminium alloy products - Part 1: Inspection method for microstructure
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT3246.1-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.99
CCS H 25
Replacing GB/T 3246.1-2012
Inspection method for structure of wrought aluminum and
aluminum alloy products - Part 1.Inspection method for
microstructure
Issued on. MARCH 15, 2024
Implemented on. OCTOBER 01, 2024
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
National Standardization Administration.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
Introduction... 5
1 Scope... 6
2 Normative references... 6
3 Terms and definitions... 7
4 Optical (metallographic) microscopy... 17
5 Scanning electron microscopy... 29
6 Transmission electron microscopy... 29
7 Result expression... 30
8 Test report... 30
Appendix A (Informative) Typical microstructure of wrought aluminum and aluminum
alloy products... 32
Appendix B (Normative) Determination of grain size... 78
Appendix C (Normative) Determination of the second phase and particle size... 89
References... 92
1 Scope
This document describes the inspection method of microstructure of wrought aluminum
and aluminum alloy products.
This document is applicable to the microstructure inspection of wrought aluminum and
aluminum alloy ingots (or ingots), plates, strips, foils, tubes, bars, molds, wires,
forgings and other processed products, using optical (metallographic) microscopes,
scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes and other
instruments.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute the essential terms of this document
through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated references, only the
version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated references, the
latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 6682 Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods
GB/T 8005.1 Aluminium and aluminium alloy terms and definitions - Part 1.
Product and method of processing and treatment
GB/T 8170 Rules of rounding off for numerical values and expression and
judgement of limiting values
JJF 1914 Calibration specification for metallurgical microscopes
YS/T 1623 Inspection of aging precipitated phases of aluminum alloys transmission
electron microscope method
YS/T 1624 Method for evaluating the homogenization effect of aluminum alloy ingots
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions as defined in GB/T 8005.1, as well as the following terms
and definitions, apply to this document.
3.1 Eutectic melting
The phenomenon that the metal temperature reaches or exceeds the melting point or
solidus of the low-melting eutectic in the alloy, causing the eutectic or solid solution
grain boundary to remelt.
3.2 Heat treat induced porosity
When aluminum alloy materials are treated at high temperatures, due to the high
humidity in the furnace (caused by the moisture contained in the furnace itself, the
oil on the surface of the product, or the cooling medium brought into the furnace
during the solution treatment process, etc.), the surface of the wrought aluminum
and aluminum alloy materials after heat treatment will blister or pores will appear
near the surface along the grain boundary.
Note. Heat treat induced porosities are also called high temperature oxidation (HTO). The
typical microstructure characteristics are as shown in Figure 2.
3.3 Cladding layer
A layer of aluminum or aluminum alloy clad on the surface of wrought aluminum
alloy plate, to improve corrosion resistance or certain process performance.
Note. The cladding layer is also called aluminum cladding layer when it is pure aluminum.
See Figures 3 and 4 for the cladding layer.
3.4 Copper diffusion
The phenomenon that, in aluminum-copper-magnesium alloy cladding aluminum
plate, the copper atoms in the alloy diffuse into the cladding layer along the grain
boundary, after high temperature and long-term heating treatment.
3.5 Sell zone
A zone formed, during casting, when the solidified shell produces local softening
and remelting, filling the low-melting eutectic phase that has not yet solidified
between dendrites and grain boundaries, flows along the dendrites and grain gaps to
the surface layer of the ingot.
4 Optical (metallographic) microscopy
4.1 Method overview
The optical (metallographic) microscope is used to analyze, evaluate, characterize the
phase and organizational composition of the constituent materials, the number,
morphology, size, distribution orientation, spatial arrangement of grains (including
possible sub-grains), inclusions, etc.
4.2 Reagents or materials
Warning - The inorganic acids used in the analysis are corrosive to the human
body. The test personnel must wear personal protective equipment to reduce the
risk of direct exposure.
4.2.1 Water, GB/T 6682, grade 3.
4.2.2 Anhydrous ethanol.
4.2.3 Nitric acid (1 + 4).
4.2.4 Nitric acid (1 + 1).
4.2.5 Electrolytic polishing solution. Perchloric acid (ρ = 1.77 g/mL)-ethanol solution (1 + 9).
4.2.6 Magnesium oxide.
4.2.7 Etching agent. See Table 1 for reagent ratios and applicable tests.
4.2.8 Membrane forming solution. See Table 2 for reagent ratios and applicable tests.
4.2.9 Anhydrous ethanol cotton ball. Prepared by dipping anhydrous ethanol in absorbent cotton ball.
4.2.10 Sandpaper. The particle size is 68 μm ~ 100 μm
4.2.17 Synthetic leather.
4.2.18 Diamond. The particle size is 3 μm.
4.2.25 Water-based lubricant.
4.2.26 Kerosene.
4.3 Instruments and equipment
4.4 Specimen
4.4.1 Sampling
Determine the specimen size and sampling quantity according to the provisions of the
product standard and the test purpose, heat treatment method, use requirements of the
product; cut the specimen from the appropriate position; select the inspection surface.
If the product standard does not specify, cut the specimen according to Table 3 and Table 4.
4.4.2 Specimen clip and mount
For specimens that need to check the surface structure of the product (such as measuring
the cladding thickness and copper diffusion depth, etc.), specimen clip or mount shall
be performed. When the specimen is small, it should mount the specimen. When
clamping the specimen, annealed pure aluminum sheets shall be placed between the
specimens and on the outside, to ensure that there is no gap between the specimens after
clamping and the specimen surface is flat.
4.4.3 Specimen grinding and polishing
4.4.3.1 Manual specimen preparation
4.4.3.2 Semi-automatic or automatic specimen preparation
Automatic or semi-automatic grinding and polishing machines can be used instead of
manual grinding and polishing. Examples of specimen preparation processes are shown in Table 6.
4.4.3.3 Electrolytic polishing
4.4.3.4 Vibration polishing
After mechanical polishing, the specimen shall be mounted and then vibrated according
to the process parameters in Table 8.For specimens used for electron backscatter
diffraction (EBSD), in addition to electrolytic polishing, vibration polishing can also be used.
4.4.4 Specimen etching
4.4.4.1 Refer to Table 1 to select a suitable specimen etchant.
4.4.5 Anodizing film
4.4.5.1 The specimen can be anodized and filmed only after polishing. The anodizing
device is as shown in Figure 15.
4.4.5.2 Refer to Table 2 to select the appropriate specimen film-making solution.
4.5 Organization inspection
4.5.1 Eutectic melting inspection
Inspect the microstructure. If any of the three characteristics of remelting eutectic balls,
local remelting widening of grain boundaries, remelting triangles formed at the junction
of three grains appears, that is, the appearance of rose-shaped eutectic structure, the
microstructure is judged to be eutectic melting. The normal structure and eutectic
melting structure of the ingot (or billet)'s homogenization treatment are shown in
Figures A.89 ~ A.96 in Appendix A.
4.5.2 Inspection of heat treat induced porosity (high temperature oxidation)
Inspect the microstructure. If the wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy products have
bubbles on the surface or pores as shown in Figure 2 appear along the grain boundaries
near the surface, it is judged that there are heat treat induced porosities.
4.5.3 Cladding layer inspection
4.5.3.1 On the microscopic cross section of the cladding layer of the specimen, measure
the cladding layer thickness along the length direction using an eyepiece micrometer.
The measurement points shall be no less than 5 and the average value shall be calculated.
4.5.3.2 When required by the purchaser, the cladding ratio V can be calculated
according to formula (1). The value is expressed as a percentage. The calculation result
is expressed to two decimal places. The value is rounded off according to the provisions
of GB/T 8170.
4.5.4 Copper diffusion inspection
When preparing the specimen for copper diffusion depth inspection, electrolytic
polishing can be used to check whether the copper diffusion penetrates or the maximum
depth of copper diffusion in the aluminum cladding on both sides can be measured with
an eyepiece micrometer.
4.5.5 Inspection of remaining casting structure
Inspect the microstructure. If the wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy products show
a microstructure in which the dendrites are not completely broken [see Figure 14b)], it
is judged that there is remaining casting structure.
4.5.6 Determination of grain size
The grain size determination is carried out in accordance with Appendix B. The typical
anodic film polarized grain structure is shown in Figure A.1 ~ Figure A.88.
4.5.7 Determination of the second phase and particle size
The determination of the second phase and particle size is carried out in accordance
with Appendix C.
4.5.8 Observation and analysis of the morphology and distribution of the second
phase
4.5.8.1 The type of the second phase (such as primary phase, eutectic phase,
precipitation phase, etc.) can be determined, by observing the microstructural
characteristics of the second phase, such as morphology, size, distribution; then the
phase composition of some phases can be preliminarily determined. The method for
determining the phase composition of the primary phase and eutectic phase is shown in T/CNIA 0161.
4.5.8.2 Observation and analysis of the aging phase is carried out in accordance with
the provisions of YS/T 1623.
4.5.9 Homogenization effect evaluation
The homogenization effect evaluation method shall be carried out in accordance with
the provisions of YS/T 1624.
4.5.10 Microscopic slag inspection
Use 200 times magnification to scan within the inspection area of the specimen
(preferably 10 mm × 10 mm). Use 500 times magnification to judge the observed
suspected slag inclusions. Use 200 times magnification to measure and count the
maximum intercept size and number of slag inclusions for each slag inclusion.
5 Scanning electron microscopy
For microscopic morphology inspection of wrought aluminum and aluminum alloy
structures, composition analysis of second phases and defects, determination of average
grain size and recrystallization area fraction, auxiliary judgment of eutectic melting
structures, failure analysis methods, see T/CNIA 0161.
6 Transmission electron microscopy
According to YS/T 1623, microscopic analysis of aging phases is carried out; typical
spectra are shown in T/CNIA 0176 (all parts).
7 Result expression
The content of the test results shall be as shown in Table 10.
8 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following.
a) Information of the sample under test (sample name, designation, state, furnace
number, batch, part number, specification);
b) Number of this document;
c) Method used [optical (metallographic) microscopy, scanning electron microscopy
or transmission electron microscopy];
d) Etching agent used;
e) Test results;
f) Abnormal phenomena observed during the test;
g) Test personnel;
h) Test date.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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