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| Standard ID | GB/T 24607-2023 (GB/T24607-2023) | | Description (Translated English) | Rolling bearings -- Test and assessment for life and reliability | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J11 | | Classification of International Standard | 21.100.20 | | Word Count Estimation | 30,342 | | Date of Issue | 2023-12-28 | | Date of Implementation | 2024-04-01 | | Older Standard (superseded by this standard) | GB/T 24607-2009 | | Drafting Organization | Luoyang Bearing Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Renben Bearing Co., Ltd., Qianchao Bearing Co., Ltd., Wafangdian Bearing Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Tianma Bearing Group Co., Ltd., Luoyang LYC Bearing Co., Ltd., Xiangyang Automobile Bearing Co., Ltd., Ba Huan Technology Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai United Rolling Bearing Co., Ltd., Hubei New Torch Technology Co., Ltd., Luoyang Bearing Research Institute Inspection and Testing Co., Ltd., Shandong Luo Bearing Institute Bearing Research Institute Co., Ltd. | | Administrative Organization | National Rolling Bearing Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC 98) | | Proposing organization | China Machinery Industry Federation | | Issuing agency(ies) | State Administration for Market Regulation, National Standardization Administration | | Standard ID | GB/T 24607-2009 (GB/T24607-2009) | | Description (Translated English) | Rolling bearings - Test and assessment for life and reliability | | Sector / Industry | National Standard (Recommended) | | Classification of Chinese Standard | J11 | | Classification of International Standard | 21.100.20 | | Word Count Estimation | 16,163 | | Date of Issue | 2009-11-15 | | Date of Implementation | 2010-04-01 | | Quoted Standard | GB/T 275-1993; GB/T 6391-2003; SH/T 0017-1990 | | Drafting Organization | Luoyang Bearing Research Institute | | Administrative Organization | Rolling the National Standardization Technical Committee | | Regulation (derived from) | National Standard Approval Announcement 2009 No.13 (Total No.153) | | Proposing organization | China Machinery Industry Federation | | Issuing agency(ies) | Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of People's Republic of China; Standardization Administration of China | | Summary | This standard specifies the routine life and reliability testing and evaluation 5 mm �� d �� 120 mm Rolling general purpose test equipment carried on. This standard applies to the rolling bearing life and reliability requirements of the user 's acceptance there, but also for internal validation and manufacturing test pilot bearing industry and third-party certification bodies. |
GB/T 24607-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 21.100.20
CCS J 11
Replacing GB/T 24607-2009
Rolling bearings - Test and assessment for life and reliability
ISSUED ON: DECEMBER 28, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: APRIL 01, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Symbols ... 6
5 Principle of test for life and reliability ... 8
6 Test classification... 8
7 Test equipment ... 9
8 Sample ... 10
9 Test conditions ... 10
10 Test steps ... 13
11 Test data analysis and assessment ... 15
12 Test report ... 20
Annex A (informative) Example of figure estimation data processing ... 22
Annex B (informative) Examples of data processing using best liner invariant
estimation ... 31
Annex C (informative) Examples of sequential method data processing ... 35
Bibliography ... 37
Rolling bearings - Test and assessment for life and reliability
1 Scope
This document describes the routine test for life and reliability and assessment methods
of general-purpose rolling bearings with bearing inner diameters (d) of 5mm~180mm
on testing equipment.
This document is suitable for product quality acceptance, product quality comparative
analysis and evaluation of users who have requirements for rolling bearing life and
reliability. It is also suitable for verification testing, project acceptance, assessment and
evaluation by the bearing industry and third-party certification agencies, and internal
testing of the manufacturing plant.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 275-2015, Rolling bearings -- Fits
GB/T 6391-2010, Rolling bearings -- Dynamic load ratings and rating life
GB/T 6930, Rolling bearings -- Vocabulary
GB 11118.1-2011, Hydraulic fluids of L-HL, L-HM, L-HV, L-HS and L-HG type
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB/T 6391-
2010 and GB/T 6930 as well as the followings apply.
3.1 test for life
A test conducted to estimate or verify product life.
3.2 test for reliability
A test conducted to measure, evaluate, analyze and improve product reliability levels.
3.3 failures of rolling bearing
Rolling bearings are unable to meet predetermined design performance requirements
due to defects or damage.
3.4 figure estimation
A method of parameter estimation with the help of Weibull probability plots.
3.5 best liner invariant estimation
A numerical calculation method that uses tables to estimate parameters using the best
linear invariant estimate.
3.6 sequential method
A method of analyzing and judging test data one by one based on sequential tests.
3.7 confidence interval
The estimated interval of the population parameter constructed from the sample statistic
is numerically equal to the difference between the upper confidence limit and the lower
confidence limit of the parameter estimate.
3.8 conformity assessment
Demonstration that specified requirements related to a product, process, system, person
or organization are met.
[Source: GB/T 27000-2023,3.1, modified]
4 Symbols
The following symbols apply to this document.
b: Shape parameter, slope parameter of Weibull distribution, indicating the degree of
dispersion of bearing life or the stability of bearing life quality
C: Basic dynamic load rating, N
CI: Best linear invariant estimation coefficient
DI: Best linear invariant estimation coefficient
d: Bearing inner diameter, mm
Fa: Axial load, N
Fr: Radial load, N
α: Accepted risk or significance level;1-α is the confidence level
β: Failure risk
η: Proportional coefficient
μα: Acceptance threshold coefficient
μβ: Rejection threshold coefficient
ν: Scale parameter, the characteristic life of Weibull distribution, which is the bearing
life when the failure probability F (L) =0.632, h
5 Principle of test for life and reliability
Test the same batch of bearing samples under the same test conditions. Count the
number of revolutions or time that the bearing can operate normally. Apply the
corresponding evaluation method to process the test data to determine the life reliability
parameters of this batch of bearing products.
6 Test classification
6.1 Tests are divided according to test methods and test purposes.
6.2 According to the test method, the classification is as follows.
a) Complete test method: a set of bearing samples are tested to failure.
b) Censoring test method: a set of bearing samples are tested to a predetermined time
or to partial failure. Censoring test methods are further subdivided into the
following three types:
1) Timed censoring test: a set of bearing samples are tested and the test is stopped
at a predetermined time;
2) Fixed-number censoring test: a set of bearing samples is tested until the
predetermined number of rejected sets is reached; generally, the number of
rejected sets shall not be less than 2/3 of the bearing sample size (at least 6 sets
shall be guaranteed);
3) Group elimination test: a set of bearing samples are randomly divided into
groups, and the test is stopped until one rejected sample appears in each set.
c) Sequential test: a set of bearing samples are used to judge the samples that are
stopped according to the rules one after another. Generally, the number of rejected
sets does not exceed 5 sets.
6.3 According to the purpose of the test, the classification is as follows:
a) Verification test: a test used for product acceptance by users and verification by
third-party certification agencies. Generally, censoring tests or sequential tests are
used;
b) Periodic test: for bearings used in mass production, manufacturers must provide
testing to users on a regular basis. The quality requirements are the same as
verification testing;
c) Qualification test: a test that needs to be carried out when the bearing structure,
material, and process are changed. Generally, a complete test or a truncation test
is used.
7 Test equipment
7.1 General requirements
7.1.1 The test equipment shall be a bearing life testing machine whose performance
parameters can meet the usage requirements or performance assessment capabilities
and which have been regularly calibrated. The test equipment shall have some
necessary monitoring means during the test process, such as monitoring of rotation
speed, load, temperature, vibration, lubrication and other parameters.
7.1.2 The same batch of bearing samples shall be tested on testing equipment with the
same main structure and performance parameters.
7.1.3 Comparative tests of bearing samples of the same structural type and the same
outer dimensions shall be conducted on test equipment with the same main structure
and performance parameters.
7.2 Tolerance zone requirements for test spindles and bearing housing holes that
fit with bearings
7.2.1 When the inner ring of the bearing rotates and the outer ring is fixed, the tolerance
zone of the test spindle and the bearing seat hole that matches the bearing is
recommended to be selected according to Table 1.
7.2.2 When the bearing is subjected to a large radial load, the interference between the
inner ring of the bearing and the test spindle shall be appropriately increased while
ensuring the working clearance of the bearing to prevent relative sliding between the
inner ring of the bearing and the test spindle during operation.
7.2.3 For bearings operating in other ways, the fit shall be determined through
consultation with the user.
9.4.1.3 Lubricating oil quantity
The oil supply amount shall be able to ensure sufficient lubrication of the bearing
samples during the test.
9.4.2 Grease lubrication
9.4.2.1 When testing grease-lubricated bearings, the lubricating oil circuit of the test
bearing shall be closed.
9.4.2.2 The grease used for testing open grease-lubricated bearings shall be determined
in consultation with the user. During the test process, the bearing temperature changes
shall be monitored and the grease loss shall be checked. Add grease when necessary to
avoid affecting the lubrication effect.
10 Test steps
10.1 Test preparation
10.1.1 Pre-installation inspection
Before the test, the number and size of the main parts of the test shall be reviewed and
inspected to ensure that there is no interference between the parts. Review and inspect
the dimensions of the test spindle and bearing seat holes that match the inner and outer
rings of the bearing to ensure that they meet the technical requirements of relevant
drawings and documents.
10.1.2 Installation
10.1.2.1 Installation of bearing inner ring and test spindle
The installation of the bearing inner ring and the test spindle generally uses press
mounting, but hot mounting can also be used. The heating temperature of sealed
bearings generally does not exceed 80℃. The heating temperature of open bearings
generally does not exceed 100℃. The installation force shall not be transmitted through
the rolling elements during installation.
10.1.2.2 Installation of bearing outer ring and bearing seat hole
To install the bearing outer ring and the bearing seat hole, push the bearing gently and
install it in place.
10.2 Test equipment debugging and calibration
10.2.1 After the test body and the test equipment are assembled, rotate the test spindle.
The test spindle shall rotate flexibly and there shall be no blockage. All systems of the
test equipment can work normally.
10.2.2 Use a calibrated tachometer to check the test speed and control the error within
±2% of the set value.
10.2.3 Use calibrated force sensors, weights, pressure gauges and other instruments to
check the test load so that the error is controlled within ±2% of the set value.
10.2.4 For tests with temperature requirements, the temperature measuring instrument
shall be calibrated.
10.3 Running-in test
For oil lubricated bearing testing, the lubricating oil circuit shall be opened and the test
bearing shall be fully lubricated. Oil-lubricated or grease-lubricated bearings shall first
apply a small amount of load, and then start the testing machine to start the bearing.
When applying combined loads, the axial load shall be applied first and then the radial
load. Under normal circumstances, the load and speed shall be slowly increased to the
set value within 3 h. When the test load is large or the temperature rise changes rapidly,
the running-in time shall be appropriately extended. Generally, it is no more than 24 h.
10.4 Formal test
After the running-in test, conduct the formal test. Record the monitoring data and test
time during the test. The rotation speed, load and temperature shall be controlled within
the required range.
10.5 Data collection
Sample failure during the test due to reasons other than the bearing itself (such as
equipment reasons, human reasons, accidents, etc.) shall not be included in the normal
failure data.
Record the original test data. Keep data complete and correct. Test time statistics shall
generally be accurate to minutes (min). When the user has needs, it can be determined
through consultation with the user.
10.6 Termination of test
The test shall be stopped when the test reaches the predetermined time or the bearing
fails.
10.7 Inspection after test
After the test is completed, the sample shall be inspected to determine whether the
sample has rejected. If necessary, the cause analysis of typical failure samples can be
carried out in the test report.
Failures include:
11.4 Conformity assessment
11.4.1 The conformity assessment parameter index, L10t/L10h ≥ Z', is accepted, among
which Z' =1.4 for ball bearings, Z' =1.2 for roller bearings and aligning ball bearings.
11.4.2 According to the quality requirements, conformity assessment shall be carried
out according to the following rules:
a) Verification test: the verification test is accepted when the accepted life is reached;
b) Qualification test: the qualification test is accepted if it reaches 3 times the
accepted life-span.
12 Test report
The test report shall generally include the following aspects.
a) Sample description:
1) Sample source;
2) Sample type and sample parameters;
3) Sample quantity;
4) Sample test time;
5) Attach comparative photos of the samples before and after the test if necessary.
b) The standard number used in the test.
c) Test method:
1) The test conditions shall include the bearing rotation method, loading
conditions, lubrication method, etc.;
2) Add a description of the test environment if necessary.
d) Test results:
1) Make a judgment or conclusion on whether the test samples and test data meet
the requirements;
2) Description of test samples and abnormal phenomena observed during the test;
3) During the long-life test, the test report shall also give the multiple of the
accepted life or the multiple of the basic rated life.
A.2.3 Parameter interval estimation
A.2.3.1 According to the serial number i and sample size N =12, look up Table A.2 and
Table A.3 to find the corresponding 5% confidence limit and 95% confidence limit, as
shown in Table A.4.
A.2.3.2 The abscissa is the test time L. The ordinate is the 5% confidence limit
corresponding to each failure data. Plot points on the Weibull distribution plot. Connect
the points with smooth curves.
A.2.3.3 The abscissa is the test time L. The ordinate is the 95% confidence limit
corresponding to each failure data. Plot points on the Weibull distribution plot. Connect
the points with smooth curves.
A.2.3.4 The area between the two curves on the distribution chart is the 90% confidence
interval of some characteristic parameters, as shown in Figure A.2. Find the 90%
confidence interval (52h, 190h) of the basic rated value of test for life L10t.
A.2.4 Conformity assessment
L10t/L10h < 1.4, so the life of this batch of bearing samples is judged to be rejected.
A.3 Figure estimation processing for fixed number censoring test data
A.3.1 Test data
Deep groove ball bearings produced by a manufacturer: L10h =100 h, N =12 sets. At the
end of the test, 12 data are obtained: no failure at 70 h, failure at 80 h, failure at 110 h,
failure at 155 h, failure at 170 h, no failure at 180 h, failure at 220 h, failure at 240 h,
no failure at 280 h, failure at 300 h, failure at 380 h, and no failure at 500 h.
A.3.2 Parameter point estimation
A.3.2.1 Sort the 12 test data from small to large. Record the sample test state.
A.3.2.2 Correct the serial number of the first invalid data:
Where,
I1 - The correction value of the first rejected data sequence number;
i - The sequence number of the first rejected data in all data.
A.3.2.3 Correct the sequence number of the i-th rejected data:
......
GB/T 24607-2009
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 21.100.20
J 11
Rolling Bearings - Test and Assessment for
Life and Reliability
ISSUED ON. NOVEMBER 15, 2009
IMPLEMENTED ON. APRIL 1, 2010
Issued by. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection
and Quarantine (AQSIQ);
Standardization Administration of China (SAC) of the
People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative References ... 4
3 Symbols ... 4
4 Test Classification ... 6
5 Test Preparation ... 7
6 Test Conditions ... 9
7 Test Procedures ... 11
8 Analysis and Assessment of Test Data ... 12
Appendix A (Informative) Examples of Diagram Estimation ... 18
Appendix B (Informative) Examples of Parameter Estimation ... 20
Appendix C (Informative) Examples of Sequential Test ... 23
Foreword
Appendixes A, B and C of this Standard are informative.
This Standard was proposed by China Machinery Industry Federation.
This Standard shall be under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on
Rolling Bearing of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 98).
Drafting organization of this Standard. Luoyang Bearing Research Institute.
Chief drafting staffs of this Standard. Zhang Wei and Tang Jie.
Rolling Bearings - Test and Assessment for
Life and Reliability
1 Scope
This Standard specifies the routine life and reliability test and assessment carried out
on test equipment towards the rolling bearings for general purpose, of which
5mm≤d≤120mm.
This Standard is applicable to the acceptance of the customers having requirements
on life and reliability of rolling bearings; it is also applicable to the verification test in
the bearing industry and of the third party certification authority as well as the internal
test of the manufacturer.
2 Normative References
The following normative documents contain the provisions which, through reference in
this text, constitute the provisions of this Standard. For the dated references, the
subsequent amendments (excluding corrections) or revisions of these publications do
not apply. However, all parties who reach an agreement according to this Standard
are encouraged to study whether the latest editions of these documents are
applicable. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative documents
referred to applies.
GB/T 275-1993 Shaft and Housing Fits for Rolling Bearings
GB/T 6391-2003 Rolling Bearings - Dynamic Load Ratings and Rating Life (ISO
281.1990, IDT)
SH/T 0017-1990 (Confirmed in 1998) Bearing Oil
3 Symbols
For the purpose of this Standard, the following symbols apply.
b. Shape parameter, the slope parameter of Weibull distribution which
characterizes the dispersion degree of bearing life or the stability of the
bearing life quality;
C. Dynamic load ratings of bearing, N;
CI. The best linear invariant estimation coefficient;
DI. The best linear invariant estimation coefficient;
d. Bore diameter, mm;
Fa. Axial load, N;
Fr. Radial load, N;
F(Li). Failure probability;
fh. Life factor;
fn. Speed factor;
Ii. Corrected value of i during incomplete-test;
i. Statistics sequence of actual life arranged from small to large;
j. Statistics sequence of actual life arranged from small to large during
incomplete-test;
Li. Actual life of the ith bearing, h;
L . Advance estimate of mean life (intermediate quantity during calculation);
L10. Basic rating life, 1000000r;
L10h. Basic rating life, h;
L10t. Test value of basic rating life, h;
L50t. Test value of medium rating life, h;
Mc. Ratio of axial load to radial load;
m. Number of groups in group disqualification test;
N. Sample size;
N′. Number of bearings in each group during group disqualification test;
N . Number of bearings to replace those used in the test;
n. Bearing test speed, r/min;
nL. Bearing limit speed, r/min;
P. Dynamic equivalent load, N;
Re. Reliability, ( )e e
bL
vR
;
r. Number of failing bearings;
S. Internal axial component of bearing caused by radial load, N;
Ti. Assumed test time (intermediate quantity during calculation),
i j
T L N
;
X. Radial load factor;
Y. Axial load factor;
Z′. Quality factor, which is relevant to bearing structure, material and technology;
α. Qualification risk or significance level, 1-α is confidence coefficient; contact
angle, °;
β. Disqualification risk;
ε. Life index (ball bearing ε=3;roller bearing ε=10/3);
η. Proportionality factor, η =S/Fr;
μα. Acceptance threshold factor;
μβ. Rejection threshold factor;
v. Scale parameter, the characteristic life of Weibull distribution, which is the
bearing life when the failure probability F(L) = 0.632, h;
⊿i. Position increment of j during the correction of incomplete-test.
4 Test Classification
4.1 Classification by test purpose
According to the test purpose, the tests may be classified into bearing
type-identification test, periodic test and verification test, etc.
4.1.1 Type-identification test
The test, when the bearing structure, material or technology is changed, is referred to
as the type-identification test. Generally, the complete-test or censoring test method
shall be adopted.
4.1.2 Periodic test
For the mass-produced bearings, the quality requirements for the tests that the
manufacturer shall periodically provide for the customer are the same as the
verification test.
equipment shall idle for 0.5 h, and then the load shall be gradually applied to the
designated value within 3 h.
7.3.2 Monitoring of test process
The test equipment generally shall operate continuously. The test (load, speed, oil
pressure, vibration, noise and temperature rise, etc.) shall be monitored and
controlled within the required range at ant time, and detailed record shall be made.
7.4 Failure judgment
During the test, if the bearing is out of order or cannot operate normally, it shall be
judged as failing
7.4.1 Fatigue failure
Fatigue failure is the main failure form of bearing and refers to the base metal on the
working surface of the ring or rolling element of bearing sample has fatigue flake. The
flaking depth shall be larger than or equal to 0.05 mm; the flaking area. ≥0.5mm2 for
ball bearing parts and ≥1.0mm2 for roller bearing parts.
7.4.2 Other failure
The bearing sample parts are scattered, broken or seized; the sealing element is
deformed; the lubricating grease is leaked or dry and hard, etc.
7.5 Acquisition of test data
The sample failure caused by the reason not from bearing (like equipment reason,
human reason and accident, etc.) during the test shall not be counted in the normal
failure data.
The initial test data (the total test time) shall be recorded and generally shall be
accurate to three significant digits.
7.6 Test sample treatment
At the end of the test, the bearing samples shall be properly preserved. Where the
customer has requirements, the typical failing sample shall be carried out with failure
analysis.
8 Analysis and Assessment of Test Data
For data processing, the data analysis and treatment shall be carried out according to
the two-parameter Weibull distribution function, including diagram estimation and
parameter estimation, and generally the diagram estimation may be preferred; the
processing with few test data or without failure data generally shall adopt the
sequential test method.
8.1 Diagram estimation
8.1.1 General diagram estimation
Generally, for the test assessment with at least 6 failure data, the diagram estimation
method may be used.
Suppose the abscissa as Li (the test data) and the ordinate as 0.3( ) 0.4i
iF L
(the
failure probability)
, and successively plot points on the Weibull distribution diagram, and then prepare
the straight distribution line according to the positions of these points. When preparing
the straight line, the points shall be distributed on both sides of the straight line
staggeredly and uniformly, and deviation between the data points nearby
F(Li)=0.3~0.7 and the straight distribution line shall be as small as possible.
Obtain the Weibull distribution parameters b and v by the straight line, and then
respectively calculate the test value L10t (the Y axis is 0.10) and L50t (the Y axis is 0.50)
of basic rating life and the reliability Re. See Appendix A for examples.
8.1.2 Diagram estimation of group disqualification
For the group disqualification test method, the test period may be shortened but the
test risk is higher than that of the complete-test and fixed-time (number) censoring
test. During the test, if one failing sample appears in each group, the test shall be
stopped, and the shortest failure data of each group shall be used to plot points on the
Weibull distribution probability paper and also prepare the straight line, and finally
calculate the straight distribution line of this batch of samples upon this straight line.
See Appendix A for examples.
8.2 Parameter estimation
8.2...
......
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