YB/T 153-2015 PDF English
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Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defects in high quality structural steel continuous casting blank
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Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defect in quality carbon structural steel and alloy structural steel continuous casting blank
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YB/T 153-2015: Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defects in high quality structural steel continuous casting blank
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/YBT153-2015
YB
BLACK METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY STANDARD
ICS 77.040.99
H 24
Replacing YB/T 153-1999
Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defects
in high quality structural steel continuous casting blank
Issued on. APRIL 30, 2015
Implemented on. OCTOBER 1, 2015
Issued by. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the
People's Republic of China
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative references... 4
3 Classification and assessment... 4
4 Test report... 9
Appendix A (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank with the side length ≥100mm
~ 300mm... 11
Appendix B (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank with the side length >300mm ~
550mm... 32
Appendix C (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank with the diameter ≥90mm ~ 350mm... 71
Appendix D (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank with the diameter >350mm ~ 1000mm... 85
Foreword
This standard is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces YB/T 153-1999 standard “Standard diagrams for
macrostructure and defects in high quality carbon structural steel and alloy
structural steel continuous casting blank”. Compared with YB/T 153-1999,
this standard has the following main changes.
-- The standard name is changed to. “Standard diagrams for
macrostructure and defects in high quality structural steel continuous
casting blank”;
-- Expand the upper size limit of continuous casting blank. the length of
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank is enlarged from 300mm
to 550mm, the diameter of continuous casting round blank is expanded
from 350mm to 1000mm;
-- Add standard diagrams for macrostructure-defect in a large size blank
(see Appendix B);
-- Add standard diagrams for macrostructure-defect in continuous casting
round blank (see Appendix C and Appendix D). This standard was
proposed by China Iron and Steel Association.
This standard is centralized by National Steel Standardization Technical
Committee (SAC/TC183)
The drafting organizations of this standard. Jiangyinxingcheng Special Steel
Co., Ltd. Metallurgical Industry Information Standards Institute, Tianjin Pipe
Group Co., Ltd., Hubei Metallurgical Co., Ltd., Shougang Corporation.
The main drafters of this standard. Fan Haidong, Wang Xiaoning, Luan Yan,
Li Jianshe, Guo Yan, Xu, Gu Linfeng.
This standard was first released in August 1999.
Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defects
in high quality structural steel continuous casting blank
1 Scope
This standard specifies morphology features, causes, rating principles,
assessment methods and test reports of macrostructure-defects in high
quality structural steel continuous casting blank. This standard applies to the
assessment of cross-section acid etching macrostructure defects in
high-quality carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel and spring steel
continuous casting blank. Negotiated by both parties of supply-demand, it can
also be used to evaluate other steel continuous casting blank.
The size range of continuous casting blank applying to this standard includes.
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank with side length 100mm ~
550mm, continuous casting round blank with diameter 90mm ~ 1000mm
(hereinafter referred to as continuous casting blank). Continuous casting
blanks with other size can refer to this standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents for the application of this document are essential.
For dated references, only those dated references apply to this document.
For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies
to this document.
GB/T 226 Etch test for macrostructure and defect of steels
YB/T 4149-2006 Continuously cast round billet for seamless steel tube
rolling
3 Classification and assessment
3.1 Sample display method
Sample’s cutting and display is carried out according to the provisions of
GB/T 226.
3.2 Various types of morphology features, causes and assessment
principles of defects (or tissue)
3.2.1 Center porosity
Morphology features. the gap and dark spots concentrated in the center of
acid etching sample.
Causes. when steel-liquid is solidified, the volume is shrunk and there is no
enough steel-liquid to supplement; and when final solidification, the gas is
accumulated and impurity is concentrated.
3.2.2 Center segregation
Morphology features. in the center of acid etching sample, it shows dark
spots with deeper corrosion, and sometimes there are gray-white band and
porosity around the dark spots.
3.2.3 Shrinkage
Morphology features. In the central part of acid etching sample, it presents
irregular cavity.
3.2.4 Internal cracks
3.2.4.1 Corner cracks
Morphology features. At the corner of acid etching sample, there is a certain
depth from the surface and perpendicular to the surface or parallel to the
diagonal. In severe cases, the cracks expand inwardly.
Causes. Steel-liquid in the mold, due to the inappropriate external cooling
intensity and uneven cooling, result in the stress at the corner of continuous
casting blank exceeding the strength of steel.
Assessment principles. The assessment is conducted according to the
distance, the width, the length and the number of cracks from the surface.
3.2.4.2 Subcutaneous cracks
Morphology features. cracks are produced in the edge of acid etching
sample and at the junction of fine equiaxed grains and columnar products,
and expanded internally along the columnar crystals.
Causes. crystallizer deformation, oversize local friction, inaccurate
arc-alignment, uneven cooling of crystallizer and secondary cooling zone,
continuous casting blank bulging and oversize straightening force.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the distance,
the width, the length and the number of the cracks from the surface.
3.2.4.3 Middle cracks
Morphology features. Cracks are appeared in the columnar zone on acid
turbid sample and expanded along the columnar crystal. The middle cracks of
the arc-shaped continuous casting blank are perpendicular to the slab
surface.
Causes. Due to uneven cooling, after leaving the secondary cooling zone,
the surface temperature of continuous casting blank recovers and generates
the thermal stress. In casting and straightening, the mechanical stress is too
large. The development of columnar crystals also contributes to the
occurrence of cracks.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the width,
the length and the number of cracks.
3.2.4.4 Center cracks
Morphology features. Cracks that appear in the center of acid etching
sample.
Causes. in the final period of continuous casting blank solidification,
steel-liquid in the heart is solidified and shrunk to produce mechanical stress,
or the bulging of continuous casting blank, the improper cooling of the
secondary cooling zone, the high superheat of the steel-liquid. Moreover, the
high gas content can also cause the center cracks of continuous casting
blank.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the width,
the length and the number of crack.
3.2.4.5 Non-metallic inclusions
Morphology features. after non-metallic inclusions etching in the acid
etching samples, there are gaps or holes of different shapes or colors, and
they are distributed in groups.
Causes. when smelting, deoxidation products and secondary oxidation
products aggregate and fail to float in the crystallizer.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the number,
the size and the intensity degree of inclusions.
3.2.4.6 Subcutaneous bubbles
Morphology features. elongated cracks or oval pores are subcutaneous in
the acid etching sample along the columnar crystal growth direction,
dispersed or cluster distributed.
Causes. steel-liquid’s deoxidation is poor and there is secondary oxidation,
high gas content, and added raw materials of steel-liquid or pouring system is
not dry.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the distance,
the size and the number of bubbles from the surface.
3.2.4.7 White band
Morphology features. On the acid etching sample, it presents white band
with strong corrosion resistance and dense structure.
Causes. improper electromagnetic stirring; fast movement speed of
steel-liquid; temperature-gradient decreases before solidification; and the
enriched solute steel-liquid, before solidification, flows out to form white band.
Record the distance from the edge and the width of the band during the
assessment.
3.2.4.8 Slag inclusion
Morphology features. Clumps or particles of different colors and shapes are
presented on the acid etching sample.
Causes. Tundish low liquid level pouring generates vortex to inhale slag into
crystallizer, which is failed to float up and separate. Or because the liquid
level fluctuation in the crystallizer is too large, the slag involving in the
steel-liquid before coagulation cannot float up to form center slag. The slag
near the surface of continuous casting blank is subcutaneous slag.
Record the size, the digit and the position of slag inclusion during the
assessment.
3.2.4.9 Foreign impurity metal
Morphology features. The metal block of no certain shape presents different
color and matrix on acid etching sample. Some have obvious boundaries with
matrix, and some have no obvious boundaries.
Causes. because the added alloy materials or the plunged dissimilar metals
are not completely melted before pouring.
During the assessment, record the size and the location of foreign impurity
metal, and use microscopic examination to identify.
3.2.4.10 Skull patch
Morphology features. On acid etching sample, some present white curved
bands with pores or inclusions on or around them; some present irregular
dark lines; others are bands composed of dense holes and inclusions.
Causes. In pouring process, the liquid level fluctuation in the crystallizer is too
large, or the insertion of nozzle is shallow, or the inclination is not appropriate,
etc. So, the liquid oxide-film is rolled in the steel-liquid and fails to float up
before solidification.
During the assessment, record the length and the position of skull patch.
3.3 Rating picture
3.3.1 According to the size of continuous casting blank rating, the pictures are
divided into four categories; macro defects are generally divided into four
grades; and unrated defects only list out the typical pictures.
3.3.4 Appendix C applies to the continuous casting round blank with the
diameter between no less than 90mm and no more than 350mm.
3.3.5 Appendix D applies to the continuous casting round blank with the
diameter between more than 350mm and no more than 1000mm.
3.4 Assessment method
Assessment of various types of defects is limited to visibility (if necessary,
observe with the help of no more than 10 times magnifier). Compare and
assess the defects according to the severity of rating picture separately.
When the severity is between the two adjacent levels, assess half a level.
3.5 Qualified level
Whether all kinds of defects are allowed to exist AND qualified level of defects
shall be carried out according to the provisions of the relevant product
standards.
4 Test report
The test report should include the following.
YB/T 153-2015
YB
BLACK METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY STANDARD
ICS 77.040.99
H 24
Replacing YB/T 153-1999
Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defects
in high quality structural steel continuous casting blank
Issued on. APRIL 30, 2015
Implemented on. OCTOBER 1, 2015
Issued by. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the
People's Republic of China
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 4
2 Normative references... 4
3 Classification and assessment... 4
4 Test report... 9
Appendix A (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank with the side length ≥100mm
~ 300mm... 11
Appendix B (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank with the side length >300mm ~
550mm... 32
Appendix C (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank with the diameter ≥90mm ~ 350mm... 71
Appendix D (Normative) Assessment diagrams for macrostructure-defects in
continuous casting blank with the diameter >350mm ~ 1000mm... 85
Foreword
This standard is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard replaces YB/T 153-1999 standard “Standard diagrams for
macrostructure and defects in high quality carbon structural steel and alloy
structural steel continuous casting blank”. Compared with YB/T 153-1999,
this standard has the following main changes.
-- The standard name is changed to. “Standard diagrams for
macrostructure and defects in high quality structural steel continuous
casting blank”;
-- Expand the upper size limit of continuous casting blank. the length of
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank is enlarged from 300mm
to 550mm, the diameter of continuous casting round blank is expanded
from 350mm to 1000mm;
-- Add standard diagrams for macrostructure-defect in a large size blank
(see Appendix B);
-- Add standard diagrams for macrostructure-defect in continuous casting
round blank (see Appendix C and Appendix D). This standard was
proposed by China Iron and Steel Association.
This standard is centralized by National Steel Standardization Technical
Committee (SAC/TC183)
The drafting organizations of this standard. Jiangyinxingcheng Special Steel
Co., Ltd. Metallurgical Industry Information Standards Institute, Tianjin Pipe
Group Co., Ltd., Hubei Metallurgical Co., Ltd., Shougang Corporation.
The main drafters of this standard. Fan Haidong, Wang Xiaoning, Luan Yan,
Li Jianshe, Guo Yan, Xu, Gu Linfeng.
This standard was first released in August 1999.
Standard diagrams for macrostructure and defects
in high quality structural steel continuous casting blank
1 Scope
This standard specifies morphology features, causes, rating principles,
assessment methods and test reports of macrostructure-defects in high
quality structural steel continuous casting blank. This standard applies to the
assessment of cross-section acid etching macrostructure defects in
high-quality carbon structural steel, alloy structural steel and spring steel
continuous casting blank. Negotiated by both parties of supply-demand, it can
also be used to evaluate other steel continuous casting blank.
The size range of continuous casting blank applying to this standard includes.
continuous casting blank or rectangular blank with side length 100mm ~
550mm, continuous casting round blank with diameter 90mm ~ 1000mm
(hereinafter referred to as continuous casting blank). Continuous casting
blanks with other size can refer to this standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents for the application of this document are essential.
For dated references, only those dated references apply to this document.
For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies
to this document.
GB/T 226 Etch test for macrostructure and defect of steels
YB/T 4149-2006 Continuously cast round billet for seamless steel tube
rolling
3 Classification and assessment
3.1 Sample display method
Sample’s cutting and display is carried out according to the provisions of
GB/T 226.
3.2 Various types of morphology features, causes and assessment
principles of defects (or tissue)
3.2.1 Center porosity
Morphology features. the gap and dark spots concentrated in the center of
acid etching sample.
Causes. when steel-liquid is solidified, the volume is shrunk and there is no
enough steel-liquid to supplement; and when final solidification, the gas is
accumulated and impurity is concentrated.
3.2.2 Center segregation
Morphology features. in the center of acid etching sample, it shows dark
spots with deeper corrosion, and sometimes there are gray-white band and
porosity around the dark spots.
3.2.3 Shrinkage
Morphology features. In the central part of acid etching sample, it presents
irregular cavity.
3.2.4 Internal cracks
3.2.4.1 Corner cracks
Morphology features. At the corner of acid etching sample, there is a certain
depth from the surface and perpendicular to the surface or parallel to the
diagonal. In severe cases, the cracks expand inwardly.
Causes. Steel-liquid in the mold, due to the inappropriate external cooling
intensity and uneven cooling, result in the stress at the corner of continuous
casting blank exceeding the strength of steel.
Assessment principles. The assessment is conducted according to the
distance, the width, the length and the number of cracks from the surface.
3.2.4.2 Subcutaneous cracks
Morphology features. cracks are produced in the edge of acid etching
sample and at the junction of fine equiaxed grains and columnar products,
and expanded internally along the columnar crystals.
Causes. crystallizer deformation, oversize local friction, inaccurate
arc-alignment, uneven cooling of crystallizer and secondary cooling zone,
continuous casting blank bulging and oversize straightening force.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the distance,
the width, the length and the number of the cracks from the surface.
3.2.4.3 Middle cracks
Morphology features. Cracks are appeared in the columnar zone on acid
turbid sample and expanded along the columnar crystal. The middle cracks of
the arc-shaped continuous casting blank are perpendicular to the slab
surface.
Causes. Due to uneven cooling, after leaving the secondary cooling zone,
the surface temperature of continuous casting blank recovers and generates
the thermal stress. In casting and straightening, the mechanical stress is too
large. The development of columnar crystals also contributes to the
occurrence of cracks.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the width,
the length and the number of cracks.
3.2.4.4 Center cracks
Morphology features. Cracks that appear in the center of acid etching
sample.
Causes. in the final period of continuous casting blank solidification,
steel-liquid in the heart is solidified and shrunk to produce mechanical stress,
or the bulging of continuous casting blank, the improper cooling of the
secondary cooling zone, the high superheat of the steel-liquid. Moreover, the
high gas content can also cause the center cracks of continuous casting
blank.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the width,
the length and the number of crack.
3.2.4.5 Non-metallic inclusions
Morphology features. after non-metallic inclusions etching in the acid
etching samples, there are gaps or holes of different shapes or colors, and
they are distributed in groups.
Causes. when smelting, deoxidation products and secondary oxidation
products aggregate and fail to float in the crystallizer.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the number,
the size and the intensity degree of inclusions.
3.2.4.6 Subcutaneous bubbles
Morphology features. elongated cracks or oval pores are subcutaneous in
the acid etching sample along the columnar crystal growth direction,
dispersed or cluster distributed.
Causes. steel-liquid’s deoxidation is poor and there is secondary oxidation,
high gas content, and added raw materials of steel-liquid or pouring system is
not dry.
Assessment principles. assessment is conducted according to the distance,
the size and the number of bubbles from the surface.
3.2.4.7 White band
Morphology features. On the acid etching sample, it presents white band
with strong corrosion resistance and dense structure.
Causes. improper electromagnetic stirring; fast movement speed of
steel-liquid; temperature-gradient decreases before solidification; and the
enriched solute steel-liquid, before solidification, flows out to form white band.
Record the distance from the edge and the width of the band during the
assessment.
3.2.4.8 Slag inclusion
Morphology features. Clumps or particles of different colors and shapes are
presented on the acid etching sample.
Causes. Tundish low liquid level pouring generates vortex to inhale slag into
crystallizer, which is failed to float up and separate. Or because the liquid
level fluctuation in the crystallizer is too large, the slag involving in the
steel-liquid before coagulation cannot float up to form center slag. The slag
near the surface of continuous casting blank is subcutaneous slag.
Record the size, the digit and the position of slag inclusion during the
assessment.
3.2.4.9 Foreign impurity metal
Morphology features. The metal block of no certain shape presents different
color and matrix on acid etching sample. Some have obvious boundaries with
matrix, and some have no obvious boundaries.
Causes. because the added alloy materials or the plunged dissimilar metals
are not completely melted before pouring.
During the assessment, record the size and the location of foreign impurity
metal, and use microscopic examination to identify.
3.2.4.10 Skull patch
Morphology features. On acid etching sample, some present white curved
bands with pores or inclusions on or around them; some present irregular
dark lines; others are bands composed of dense holes and inclusions.
Causes. In pouring process, the liquid level fluctuation in the crystallizer is too
large, or the insertion of nozzle is shallow, or the inclination is not appropriate,
etc. So, the liquid oxide-film is rolled in the steel-liquid and fails to float up
before solidification.
During the assessment, record the length and the position of skull patch.
3.3 Rating picture
3.3.1 According to the size of continuous casting blank rating, the pictures are
divided into four categories; macro defects are generally divided into four
grades; and unrated defects only list out the typical pictures.
3.3.4 Appendix C applies to the continuous casting round blank with the
diameter between no less than 90mm and no more than 350mm.
3.3.5 Appendix D applies to the continuous casting round blank with the
diameter between more than 350mm and no more than 1000mm.
3.4 Assessment method
Assessment of various types of defects is limited to visibility (if necessary,
observe with the help of no more than 10 times magnifier). Compare and
assess the defects according to the severity of rating picture separately.
When the severity is between the two adjacent levels, assess half a level.
3.5 Qualified level
Whether all kinds of defects are allowed to exist AND qualified level of defects
shall be carried out according to the provisions of the relevant product
standards.
4 Test report
The test report should include the following.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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