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Technical specifications for wastewater monitoring
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HJ 91.1-2019: PDF in English HJ 91.1-2019
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Partially replacing HJ/T 91-2002
Technical specifications for wastewater monitoring
ISSUED ON: DECEMBER 24, 2019
IMPLEMENTED ON: MARCH 24, 2020
Issued by: Ministry of Ecology and Environment
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope of application ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
4 Development of monitoring scheme ... 7
5 Sampling points ... 7
6 Monitoring sampling ... 9
7 Sample preservation, transportation, and handover ... 15
8 Monitoring items and analytical methods ... 16
9 Monitoring data processing ... 17
10 Quality assurance and quality control ... 20
Appendix A (Informative) Sampling and water sample preservation
requirements for common wastewater monitoring items ... 25
Technical specifications for wastewater monitoring
1 Scope of application
This Standard specifies the technical requirements for manual wastewater
monitoring such as the development of monitoring scheme, sampling points,
monitoring sampling, sample preservation, transportation and handover,
monitoring items and analytical methods, monitoring data processing, quality
assurance and quality control.
This Standard applies to activities where manual methods are used to monitor
wastewater from pollutant discharging organizations.
2 Normative references
This Standard refers to the following documents or provisions therein. For
undated references, the valid editions are applicable to this Standard.
GB 15562.1 Graphical signs for environmental protection - Discharge outlet
(source)
GB/T 4883 Statistical interpretation of data - Detection and treatment of
outliers in the normal sample
GB/T 6682 Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test
methods
GB/T 8170 Rules of rounding off for numerical values & expression and
judgement of limiting values
HJ 168 Environmental monitoring - Technical guideline on drawing and
revising analytical method standards
HJ 630 Technical guideline on environmental monitoring quality
management
HJ/T 92 Technical requirements for monitoring of total amount of pollutants
in waste water
HJ/T 372 The technical requirement and test procedures for Water quality
automatic sampler
HJ/T 373 Technical specifications of quality assurance and quality control for
A composite water sample in which the amount of water sample taken at the
same sampling point within a certain period of time is proportional to time or
flow.
3.5 Automatic sampling
The process of automatic continuous or intermittent collection of water samples
according to a pre-programmed procedure by instruments and equipment.
3.6 Whole program blank sample
Replace the actual sample with experimental water and place it in the sample
container and determine according to the program consistent with the actual
sample. Consistent program includes transport to the sampling site, exposure
to the on-site environment, loading into sampling bottles, preservation,
transportation, and all analytical procedures, etc.
3.7 Laboratory blank sample
Replace the actual sample with experimental water and determine according to
the analytical procedures consistent with the actual sample.
4 Development of monitoring scheme
The main contents of monitoring scheme include, but are not limited to
monitoring purpose, monitoring points, monitoring items, monitoring methods,
sampling frequency, sampling equipment, on-site test instruments, sample
preservation, transportation and handover, sampling safety, and monitoring
quality assurance and quality control measures, etc.
5 Sampling points
5.1 Requirements for discharge outlet setting
5.1.1 The discharge outlet shall meet the requirements of on-site sampling and
flow measurement. In principle, it shall be located within the plant boundary, or
within a range of not more than 10 m outside the plant boundary.
5.1.2 The monitoring section of wastewater discharge pipeline or channel shall
be regular shapes such as rectangular, circular, trapezoidal. The flow in the
measurement section shall be straight and stable and have a certain water level.
In the case of pollution discharge by closed pipe or channel, an open channel
capable of satisfying the sampling conditions and flow measurement shall be
provided.
When monitoring the overall treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment
facilities, at the inlets of wastewater into the wastewater treatment facilities and
the outlets of the wastewater treatment facilities, set monitoring points. When
monitoring the treatment efficiency of each wastewater treatment unit, at the
inlets of wastewater entering the wastewater treatment unit and the outlets of
the wastewater treatment unit, set monitoring points.
5.2.3 Monitoring points for rainwater discharge
Pollutant discharging organizations shall divert rainwater and wastewater.
Rainwater, after collection, is discharged by rainwater pipelines. The monitoring
point shall be set at the rainwater discharge outlet. If environmental
management requires rainwater to be discharged after treatment, the
monitoring points shall be set in accordance with 5.2.1.
6 Monitoring sampling
6.1 Monitoring preparation
6.1.1 Preparation of sampling equipment and on-site test instruments
6.1.1.1 Sampling equipment are mainly sampling apparatus and sample
containers. In accordance with the requirements of the analytical methods used
in the monitoring items, it shall prepare appropriate sampling equipment. If the
requirements are not clear, it may be implemented in accordance with Appendix
A.
6.1.1.2 The material of the sampling equipment shall have good chemical
stability. During the sample collection and sample preservation period, no
physical and chemical reaction with the water sample will occur, which will
cause the concentration of water sample components to change. The sampling
apparatus may be made of polyethylene, stainless steel,
polytetrafluoroethylene, etc. The sample container may be made of hard glass
and polyethylene.
6.1.1.3 The surface of the inner wall of the sampling apparatus shall be smooth
and easy to clean and handle. The sampling apparatus shall have sufficient
strength, be flexible, convenient, and reliable in use, have no bends to interfere
with the flow velocity. It shall minimize the number of cocks and valves. The
sample container shall have appropriate mechanical strength and good
sealability. The sample container used for microbiological inspection shall be
able to withstand high temperature sterilization; at sterilization temperatures,
shall not release or produce any chemicals which can inhibit biological activity
or cause biological death or promote biological growth.
intermittent discharge;
c) It is necessary to investigate the possible pollutants or the pollutant
concentration at a specific time;
d) It is necessary to obtain data on the highest value, lowest value, or
changes in pollutants;
e) It is necessary to get short-term (generally no more than 15 min) data, to
determine change rule of water quality;
f) It is necessary to determine the change characteristics of the pollutants in
the water body space, such as the changes of the pollutants in different
sections and (or) depths of the water flow;
g) Situations for which pollutant discharge (control) standards and other
related environmental management work stipulate that instantaneous
samples can be collected.
When the production process of the pollutant discharging organization is
continuous and stable, there are wastewater treatment facilities and they are
operating normally, and the wastewater can be discharged stably (the
concentration change does not exceed 10%), the instantaneous sample is
better representative. The concentration of instantaneous sample may be used
to represent the sampling concentration during the sampling period.
6.3.1.3 Composite sampling
The following conditions apply to composite sampling:
a) Calculate the average pollutant concentration for a certain period of time;
b) Calculate the mass load of pollutants per unit time;
c) Large changes in wastewater characteristics;
d) Situations for which pollutant discharge (control) standards and other
related environmental management work stipulate that composite
samples can be collected.
Composite sampling includes equal time composite samples and equal
proportional composite samples.
When the change of wastewater flow is less than 20% of the average flow and
the concentration of pollutants is basically stable, equal time composite
samples may be collected.
6.5 Sample collection
6.5.1 Before sampling, it shall carefully check the sampling apparatus, sample
container and its stopper (cap), and timely repair and replace the broken and
unstable parts of the sampling tool. The sample container is ensured to be
closed, reducing the chance of contamination and preserving it safely. Note that
sample containers used for testing of microorganisms and other components
shall be completely packaged before sampling, to avoid contamination of the
container before sampling.
6.5.2 REACH the monitoring point; before sampling, arrange the sampling
container and related tools neatly.
6.5.3 Samples are collected against the monitoring scheme. When sampling, it
shall remove the floating matters such as sundries and garbage on the water
surface; it shall not stir the sediment at the bottom of the water.
6.5.4 Before sampling, use water sample to rinse the sampling container and
sample container 2~3 times.
6.5.5 The container materials selected, the preservatives added and their
amount, the preservation period, and the volume of water samples collected,
etc. for different monitoring items must be implemented in accordance with the
analytical method requirements of the monitoring item. If not explicitly required,
it may be performed in accordance with attached Table A.
6.5.6 After the sampling is completed, a label shall be attached to each sample
container. The label content includes the sample number or name, the sampling
date and time, the name of monitoring item, etc. At the same time, fill in the on-
site record.
6.5.7 After the sampling is completed, check the monitoring scheme, on-site
records, and actual sample numbers. If there are errors or omissions, it shall
conduct supplementary sampling or re-sampling immediately. If samples are
not collected at the sampling site according to the monitoring scheme, the
actual situation shall be recorded in detail.
6.5.8 Other requirements
a) For some monitoring items, before sampling, sampling apparatus and
sample containers cannot be washed, such as animal and vegetable oils,
petroleum, volatile organic compounds, microorganisms, etc.;
b) For some monitoring items, water samples collected at different times
cannot be mixed for determination, such as water temperature, pH value,
chroma, animal and vegetable oils, petroleum, biochemical oxygen
6.7 On-site record
The on-site record shall include the following: monitoring purpose, name of
pollutant discharging organization, meteorological conditions, sampling dates,
sampling time, model and number of on-site test instruments, sampling points,
production conditions, treatment process of wastewater treatment facilities,
operation of wastewater treatment facilities, wastewater discharge amount/flow,
on-site test items and monitoring methods, descriptions of sensory index of
water samples, sampling items, sampling methods, sample numbers,
preservation methods, samplers, reviewers, personnel of pollutant discharging
organization, and other related matters which need to be explained. The
specific format may be developed on its own.
6.8 Sampling safety
On-site monitoring personnel must consider corresponding safety precautions
and take necessary protective measures during sampling.
The monitoring personnel shall be in good health and adapted to the
requirements of the work. When sampling on site, at least two persons shall be
present at the same time.
During monitoring, it shall be equipped with necessary protective equipment
and first-aid supplies. When sampling on site, if there are corrosive, high
temperature, toxic, volatile, and flammable substances near the sampling
location, wear protective equipment. On-site monitoring personnel shall pay
special attention to safety, avoid slipping and falling into the water, and wear life
jackets if necessary.
7 Sample preservation, transportation, and handover
7.1 Sample preservation and transportation
7.1.1 The samples, after collection, shall be sent to the laboratory for analysis
as soon as possible. According to the requirements of the analytical methods
used in the monitoring items, the preservation method of the samples shall be
determined, to ensure that the samples are analyzed and tested within the
specified preservation period. If the requirements are not clear, it may be
implemented according to Appendix A.
7.1.2 According to the geographical location of sampling points and the
preservation period of monitoring items, select an appropriate mode of transport.
Before the sample is transported, the outer (inner) lid of the container shall be
tightly closed. Packing shall be separated and fixed with shock-absorbing
materials such as foam plastic to prevent damage. In addition to being
lower than the pollutant discharge limit of the pollutant discharging organization.
8.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in the analytical method, wastewater, before
analysis, shall be shaken evenly for sampling, and shall not be filtered or
clarified.
9 Monitoring data processing
9.1 Original record
9.1.1 Record content
9.1.1.1 On-site record
The on-site record shall be performed in accordance with the relevant contents
of 6.2 and 6.7.
9.1.1.2 Handover record
Handover record is performed in accordance with the relevant content of 7.2.
9.1.1.3 Original record of laboratory analysis
The original record of laboratory analysis includes standard solution preparation
and calibration records, instrument working parameters, calibration curve
records, analysis and test original records for each monitoring item, and internal
quality control records, etc. Each laboratory may, according to needs, design
various original analysis record forms on its own.
The original record of analysis shall contain sufficient information to identify,
where possible, the factors which affect the uncertainty, and to enable
laboratory analysis to be reproduced at the conditions closest to the original.
9.1.2 Record requirements
9.1.2.1 The original records of on-site monitoring and sampling of wastewater,
sample preservation, sample handover, sample processing, and laboratory
analysis shall be carefully filled in each column of the record form according to
the prescribed format and recorded in a timely manner.
9.1.2.2 The original record form shall be uniformly numbered. Individuals shall
not destroy or damage it without authorization. When it is used up, it shall be
archived and stored on schedule.
9.1.2.3 The original record shall be recorded in time and must not be filled in or
transcribed in a way of recollection.
9.2.6 In numerical calculations, after the number of significant digits is
determined, the remaining figures shall be rounded off according to the
rounding-off rules.
9.2.7 In numerical calculations, as for the values of certain multiples, fractions,
discontinuous physical quantities and values which are completely calculated
or defined based on theory without measurement, the number of significant
digits may be regarded as infinite. In calculations, determine the number of
significant digits as needed.
9.3 Rules of rounding off for numerical values
The rules of rounding off for numerical values shall be in accordance with GB/T
8170.
9.4 Approximate calculation rules
9.4.1 Addition and subtraction
When the approximate values are added and subtracted, the number of
significant digits of the sum or difference is the same as the least number of
digits after the decimal point of each approximate value. During the calculation,
one decimal place can be reserved. The calculation result is processed
according to the rules of rounding off for numerical values.
9.4.2 Multiplication and division
When multiplying and dividing approximate values, the number of significant
digits of the resulting product and quotient is the same as the least number of
significant digits of each approximate value. During the calculation process,
each approximate value may first be rounded down to one digit more than the
least number of significant digits. Finally, the calculation result is processed
according to the above rules.
9.4.3 Power and extraction of a root
When the approximate value is powered or extracted for a root, the calculation
result has the same number of significant digits as the original approximate
value.
9.4.4 Logarithm and anti-logarithm
In the logarithmic calculation of approximate value, the number of digits after
the decimal point (excluding the first digit) of the result shall be the same as the
number of significant digits of the original figure.
9.4.5 Average value
RB/T 214, HJ 630, HJ/T 373 and other related content.
10.2 Sampling quality control
10.2.1 Basic requirements
For different monitoring items, according to the requirements in the selected
analytical method, collect quality control samples.
Before sampling, the preservative shall be subjected to a blank test. Its purity
and grade must meet the requirements of analysis. The quality of sampling
apparatus and sample containers shall be randomly checked. They can be used
only after the spot check is qualified.
10.2.2 Whole program blank sample
According to the requirements of the analytical method, collect whole program
blank samples. The blank measurement value shall meet the requirements of
the analytical method and generally shall be lower than the method detection
limit. If not specified in the analytical method, each batch of water samples shall
be whole program blank samples and sent to the laboratory for analysis with
the water samples, to determine the accuracy of the analysis results, and to
grasp the impact of the entire process operation steps and environmental
conditions on the samples.
10.2.3 On-site parallel samples
According to the requirements of the analytical method, collect on-site parallel
samples. If not specified in the analytical method, for homogeneous samples,
monitoring items which can do parallel double samples (except on-site
monitoring items, suspended solids, petroleum, animal and vegetable oils,
microorganisms, etc.) shall also collect on-site parallel samples. Each batch of
water samples shall collect at least 10% of the on-site parallel samples (except
for automatic sampling). When the number of samples is small, for each batch
of water samples, make the on-site parallel sample for at least 1 sample. When
there is a large difference in the measurement results of the on-site parallel
samples, the water samples shall be reviewed, to check the impact of the
sampling and analysis process on the results.
10.3 Quality control of laboratory analysis
10.3.1 Laboratory blank sample
When each batch of water samples is analyzed, if the blank sample has a
response to the test item, make at least 2 laboratory blanks. The measurement
results shall meet the requirements in the analytical method and generally shall
The precision of a set of measured values is expressed as standard deviation
or relative standard deviation.
10.3.4 Accuracy control
10.3.4.1 Basic requirements
Accuracy can be controlled by methods such as analyzing standard samples
and self-prepared standard solutions, or spiked recovery in the laboratory. The
accuracy control index of monitoring item is determined in accordance with the
requirements in the analytical method.
10.3.4.2 Determination of standard sample/certified reference material
USE standard samples/certified reference materials as control measures. Each
batch of samples carries a quality control sample of a known concentration,
which is determined simultaneously with the sample. The standard
sample/certified reference material shall not be the same source as the
standard solution used to draw the standard curve.
If the laboratory prepares quality control samples by itself, it shall pay attention
to the comparison with the standard samples/certified reference materials. Do
not use the same standard solution as drawing the calibration curve. It must be
prepared separately.
10.3.4.3 Spiked recovery
The spiked recovery test includes matrix spiking and matrix spiking parallel, etc.
Matrix spiking and matrix spiking parallel are performed before sample
pretreatment. Spiked samples and samples are analyzed under the same
pretreatment and measurement conditions. In the actual application, attention
shall be paid to the form of spiked substance, the spiked amount, and the spiked
matrix. The spiked amount is generally 0.5~3 times the sample content, but the
total concentration after spiking shall not exceed the linear range of calibration
curve. When the concentration to be measured in the sample is near the
method detection limit, the spiked amount shall be controlled in the low
concentration range of calibration curve. There shall be no significant change
in sample volume after spiking, otherwise, when calculating the recovery rate,
this factor shall be considered. Each batch of samples of the same matrix type
shall be randomly sampled at a certain proportion for spiking recovery and
parallel sample determination.
10.3.5 Other
The relevant content of other quality control measures in the laboratory shall be
...... Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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