GB/T 9439-2023 PDF English
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GB/T 9439-2023: Grey iron castings---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT9439-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.080.10
CCS J 31
Replacing GB/T 9439-2010
Grey iron castings
(ISO 185.2020, Gray iron castings - Classification, NEQ)
Issued on. SEPTEMBER 07, 2023
Implemented on. SEPTEMBER 07, 2023
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation.
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 5
2 Normative references... 5
3 Terms and definitions... 6
4 Designations of gray iron castings... 7
5 Production methods and chemical composition... 9
6 Technical requirements... 10
7 Specimen preparation... 12
8 Test methods... 17
9 Inspection rules... 21
10 Marking, quality certificate, surface protection, packaging, storage and
transportation... 23
Appendix A (Informative) Mechanical and physical properties of gray iron casting. 24
Appendix B (Informative) Relationship between hardness and tensile strength of gray
iron casting... 26
Appendix C (Informative) Relationship between the body tensile strength, hardness and
section thickness of gray iron castings... 29
Appendix D (Informative) Comparison of designations of gray iron castings between
GB/T 9439 and other standards... 33
References... 34
1 Scope
This document stipulates the designations, production methods and chemical
composition, technical requirements, specimen preparation, test methods, inspection
rules and markings, quality certificates, protection, packaging, storage and
transportation of gray iron casting.
This document is applicable to ordinary gray iron castings, which are cast in sand molds
or molds with thermal conductivity equivalent to that of sand molds. Gray iron castings
which are cast in other molds can be used with reference to it.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential provisions of this
document through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated reference
documents, only the version corresponding to the date applies to this document; for
undated reference documents, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to
this document.
GB/T 223.3 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The diantipyryl
methane phosphomolybdate gravimetric method for the determination of
phosphorus content
GB/T 223.4 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The volumetric
method for determination of manganese content by ammonium nitrate oxidation
GB/T 223.60 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The perchloric
acid dehydration gravimetric method for the determination of silicon content
GB/T 223.72 Methods for chemical analysis of iron, steel and alloy - The alumina
chromatographic separation-barium sulfate gravimetric method for the
determination of sulphur content
GB/T 223.86 Steel and iron - Determination of total carbon content - Infrared
absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace
GB/T 228.1 Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at room
temperature
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 5611, as well as the following terms and
definitions, apply to this document.
3.1 Relevant wall thickness
The thickness of the casting section, which represents the mechanical properties of
the casting material.
3.2 Side-by-side cast sample
The test samples which are placed side by side with the castings, in the same mold
using the same pouring system.
4 Designations of gray iron castings
4.1 The method of expressing gray iron casting material designation shall comply with
the provisions of GB/T 5612.
4.2 For the designation of gray iron casting material, based on the minimum tensile
strength value measured on a tensile specimen processed from a single-cast sample,
which has a diameter of φ30 mm, the gray iron casting is divided into 8 designations.
HT100, HT150, HT200, HT225, HT250, HT275, HT300, HT350, see Table 1.
4.3 The material designations of gray iron casting are divided into 6 designations. HT-
HBW155, HT-HBW175, HT-HBW195, HT-HBW215, HT-HBW235, HT-HBW255,
5 Production methods and chemical composition
5.1 The production method and chemical composition of gray iron castings are
determined by the supplier. The chemical composition is not used as a basis for
acceptance of castings; however, the selection of chemical compositions shall ensure
the mechanical properties and metallographic structure of the castings.
5.2 If the technical conditions of the buyer include acceptance requirements for
chemical components, they shall be implemented in accordance with the requirements
Material designation
5.3 Unless otherwise specified, castings are delivered as cast.
6 Technical requirements
6.1 Mechanical properties
6.1.1 Tensile strength
6.1.2 Tensile strength of casting body
6.1.2.1 If tensile specimens are cut out and processed from the casting body, the supplier
and the buyer shall agree on.
6.1.2.2 The relationship between the tensile strength, Brinell hardness and wall
thickness of the casting body is shown in Appendix C. The expected value of the tensile
strength of the casting body is shown in Table C.1.
6.1.3 Hardness
6.1.3.1 Gray iron casting, which is classified according to hardness, is mainly applicable
to gray iron casting parts, which have cutting performance or wear resistance as the
main evaluation index. The hardness value of gray iron castings shall comply with the
requirements in Table 2.
6.1.3.2 Castings with main wall thickness t > 80 mm are not classified according to
hardness.
6.2 Metallographic structure
6.2.1 The graphite form of gray iron castings is mainly A-type graphite, wherein the A-
type graphite accounts for more than 90%. The total amount of carbide and phosphorus
eutectic in the matrix structure shall be less than 1%.
6.2.2 When the purchaser has clear requirements on the matrix structure and graphite
shape, quantity, distribution size, grade, phosphorus eutectic content, carbide content in
the metallographic structure, the purchaser's technical requirements shall be met.
6.3 Machining allowances, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, geometric shapes,
geometric tolerances
If the buyer has no special requirements, the machining allowance, dimensional
tolerance, geometric tolerance of castings shall be selected according to the provisions
of GB/T 6414.
6.4 Weight tolerance
If the buyer has no special requirements, the weight tolerance of castings shall be
selected according to the provisions of GB/T 11351.
6.5 Surface quality
6.5.1 If the buyer has no special requirements, the surface roughness value of the casting
shall be within the range specified in GB/T 6060.1.
6.5.2 The castings shall be cleaned; the excess parts shall be trimmed; the residue of the
pouring riser, core bone, sticky sand, inner cavity residues shall be removed. The
allowable pouring and riser residues, draped seams, flying burr residues, internal cavity
cleanliness, etc. of castings shall comply with the purchaser's drawings, technical
requirements or ordering agreement.
6.6 Casting defects
6.6.1 There shall be no defects that affect the performance of castings, such as cracks,
cold shut, shrinkage cavities, etc.
6.6.2 Surface defects within the machining allowance are allowed on the processing
surface of castings.
6.6.3 The type, scope, quantity of defects allowed on the non-machined surface of the
casting and inside the casting shall comply with the buyer's drawings, technical
requirements, or the ordering agreement between the supplier and the buyer.
6.6.4 The machined surface of castings shall not be welded or repaired. However, with
the permission of the purchaser, defects that do not affect structural performance can be
welded and repaired, under conditions that do not affect mechanical processing.
7 Specimen preparation
7.1 General
7.1.1 The test sample shall be poured from the same ladle (or furnace) of molten iron
as the casting it represents.
7.1.2 When a casting requires heat treatment, the test sample shall be heat treated in the
same furnace as the casting it represents.
7.1.3 All test samples shall be clearly marked to ensure quality traceability.
7.2 Specimen types
7.2.1 The specimen type (single-cast sample, side-by-side cast sample, attached cast
sample, body specimen) shall be selected based on the weight and wall thickness of the
casting. Unless both the supplier and the buyer have determined the relevant wall
thickness and the specimen type, the specimen type shall be determined by the supplier.
7.2.2 When the mass of the casting exceeds 1000 kg and the relevant wall thickness
exceeds 50 mm, attached cast samples shall be used first. The size and location of the
test samples shall be agreed upon by the supplier and the buyer.
7.2.3 In order to ensure that the performance is achieved, the type II test samples in
Figure 1 is usually used.
7.3 Tensile test samples
7.3.1 Test sample dimensions
7.3.1.1 The dimensions of single-cast samples and side-by-side cast samples are as
shown in Figure 1.The dimensions of the samples shall correspond to the relevant wall
thickness. The φ30 mm type II test samples in Figure 1 can also be used to characterize
the material.
7.3.1.2 If other sizes are used, the size of the specimen and the measured minimum
tensile strength value or allowable range value shall be agreed upon by both parties.
Description of index symbol.
7.3.2 Detection frequency and quantity
The sampling frequency of specimens representing casting materials shall be consistent
with the supplier's quality control requirements, or shall be agreed upon by both the
supplier and the buyer.
7.3.3 Single-cast sample
7.3.3.1 Single-cast samples are prepared according to Figure 1; the test samples shall
be cast vertically. The test samples and castings shall be poured from the same batch of
molten iron; the test samples shall be poured at the end of the batch of molten iron.
7.3.3.2 The single-cast sample shall be cast in a mold with a similar thermal
conductivity to the casting it represents. Three or more test samples can be poured into
the same mold at the same time. The minimum sand consumption between the test
samples shall be greater than 40 mm.
7.3.3.3 The unpacking sand-out temperature of single-cast samples shall be lower than
500 °C. After negotiation and agreement between the supplier and the buyer, if the
castings are shaken out when the temperature is higher than 500 °C, the single-cast
samples can also be unpacked and shaken out when the temperature is higher than 500 °C.
7.3.3.4 If the casting requires heat treatment, the test samples shall be treated in the
same furnace as the casting it represents; when the casting is subjected to stress-
relieving aging treatment, the test samples may not be treated.
7.3.4 Side-by-side cast samples
7.3.4.1 Side-by-side cast samples represent castings of the same batch that are cast in
the same batch and have similar relevant wall thicknesses. The test samples shall be
cast at the end of the same batch of castings.
7.3.4.2 The dimensions of the side-by-side cast samples are as shown in Figure 1.
7.3.5 Attached cast samples
7.3.5.1 The attached cast sample represents the attached casting and the same batch of
castings with similar relevant wall thickness. The casting with the attached cast samples
shall be poured at the end of the same batch of castings.
7.3.5.2 The shape and size of the attached cast samples are as shown in Figure 2 or
Figure 3.The length L of the attached cast sample shall be determined, based on the
length of the cast sample and the length of the clamping end.
7.3.5.3 Two sets of dimensions are given in Figures 2 and 3, wherein the larger cast
sample dimensions are given in parentheses. The small-sized attached cast sample is
suitable for castings, which have a wall thickness less than 100 mm; the large-sized
attached cast sample is used for castings, which have a wall thickness not less than 100 mm.
7.3.5.4 The type, size and cast-in position of the attached-cast sample shall be agreed
between the supplier and the buyer, OR by the supplier itself.
7.3.5.5 When the relevant wall thickness is greater than 20 mm and the mass is greater
than 200 kg, an attached cast sample should be used.
7.3.5.6 If the casting requires heat treatment, the attached cast sample shall be cut after
the casting is heat treated.
7.3.6 Casting bulk specimen
7.4 Hardness test block
7.4.1 The hardness can be tested on a hardness test block at a certain position of the
attached cast sample. The shape and size of the hardness test block are as shown in
Figure 4.The position of the hardness test block on the attached cast sample shall be
agreed upon by the supplier and the buyer.
7.4.2 The hardness test block is used for castings which have a wall thickness of not
less than 20 mm. The test block is cut from the casting; after the cut surface is ground,
the Brinell hardness value is measured on the smoothed surface.
7.4.3 If the casting requires heat treatment, the hardness test block shall be cut after the
casting is heat treated.
8 Test methods
8.1 Tensile test
8.1.1 The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 228.1.
8.1.2 There are two types of tensile test specimens, type A and type B. The type of
tensile test specimens shall be as shown in Figure 5 or Figure 6.
Note. For the same material, the test results of Type A specimens may be slightly higher than
the test results of Type B specimens.
8.1.3 See Table 3 for tensile specimen dimensions. Both ends of the specimen can be
processed into threaded or cylindrical shapes, to meet the needs of the clamping device.
Unit is millimeters
8.2 Hardness test
8.2.1 The hardness measurement method shall be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of GB/T 231.1.The hardness test with a test force-ball diameter square ratio
of 30 or 10 shall be preferred.
8.2.2 When testing the hardness, the test shall be conducted below 1.5 mm from the
casting surface.
8.3 Chemical analysis
8.4 Metallographic examination
8.4.1 The metallographic examination of castings shall be carried out in accordance
with the provisions of GB/T 7216.
8.4.2 The sampling location and testing frequency of the metallographic structure of
castings shall be agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer.
8.4.3 For examination of the metallographic structure of castings, samples shall be Parallel section
8.5 Non-destructive testing
8.5.1 Magnetic particle testing shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 9444.
8.5.2 Penetration testing shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 9443.
8.5.3 Radiographic testing shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 5677.
8.6 Casting dimensions, dimensional tolerances, geometric tolerances
8.6.1 The geometric shape, dimensional inspection points, machining reference points
of castings shall be marked by the purchaser.
8.6.2 The geometric tolerances and dimensional tolerances of castings shall be tested
using corresponding precision testing tools, gauge blocks, templates or markings.
8.6.3 Samples and trial production castings shall be submitted with full-size inspection
reports; the inspection quantity shall be agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer.
Castings supplied in mass production shall submit critical dimension (or important
dimension) inspection reports on a batch-by-batch basis; the testing frequency and
quantity shall be agreed upon by both the supplier and the buyer.
8.7 Defect detection
8.7.1 Detection of surface and internal defects of castings.
8.7.2 The appearance defects of castings shall be visually inspected piece by piece.
However, for the inspection of internal defects of castings with complex geometric
shapes and inner cavity shapes, random inspections can be carried out according to the
inspection frequency, inspection quantity, inspection method agreed upon by both the
supplier and the buyer.
8.8 Optional test methods
Upon agreement between the supplier and the buyer, equivalent test methods can also
be used to measure tensile strength, Brinell hardness, metallographic structure.
9 Inspection rules
9.1 Group-batching
Casting inspection batches are divided as follows.
9.2 Chemical composition analysis
Chemical composition shall be tested batch by batch, based on sampling batches.
9.3 Tensile strength test
The specimens used for mechanical property testing shall be taken from the test sample
(block) or the casting body; a tensile test shall be conducted for each sampling batch.
9.4 Hardness test
The hardness test can be carried out on the casting body or on the tensile specimen or
hardness test block. Each sampling batch shall be tested once for hardness.
9.5 Validity of test
When the test results do not meet the requirements due to one of the following reasons,
the test shall be repeated and the data of the defective sample shall be replaced by the
obtained results.
9.6 Judgment of test and retest results
9.6.1 When testing the tensile strength, first use a tensile specimen to test. If it meets
the requirements, the batch of castings will be qualified in terms of material. If the test
results do not meet the requirements, two more samples can be taken from the same
batch of specimens for reinspection.
9.6.2 If the reinspection results all meet the requirements, the material of this batch of
castings is still qualified. If there is still one piece of reinspection results that fails to
meet the requirements, the material of this batch of castings is initially judged to be
unqualified.
9.7 Test data storage
The supplier shall conduct inspections in accordance with the provisions of this
document; be responsible for the accuracy and authenticity of all test results; keep all
complete original test and inspection records for a period of not less than five years, or
according to the period required by the customer.
9.8 Specimen storage
In the absence of special provisions from the purchaser, the tensile test specimens and
untested test samples of the same batch shall be kept for more than three months from
the date of filling in the test report.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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