GB/T 44132-2024 PDF English
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Recovery of traction battery used in electric vehicle - General requirements
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GB/T 44132-2024: PDF in English (GBT 44132-2024) GB/T 44132-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 43.120
CCS T 40
Recovery of traction battery used in electric vehicle -
General requirements
ISSUED ON: MAY 28, 2024
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 28, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
3.1 Traction battery ... 7
3.2 Take-back ... 8
3.3 Recovery ... 10
3.4 Green production ... 14
4 Recovery principles ... 15
4.1 Safety principle ... 15
4.2 Green and low-carbon principle ... 15
4.3 Reuse principle ... 16
4.4 Full life cycle principle ... 16
5 Basic requirements ... 16
5.1 General requirements ... 16
5.2 Requirements for traction battery products ... 16
5.3 Traceability management requirements ... 17
5.4 Safety requirements ... 18
5.5 Environmental requirements ... 18
5.6 Recovery emergency management requirements ... 19
6 Take-back requirements ... 19
6.1 Removal requirements ... 19
6.2 Collecting requirements ... 19
6.3 Classification requirements ... 19
6.4 Packaging and transportation requirements ... 20
6.5 Loading, unloading and handling requirements ... 20
6.6 Storage requirements ... 21
7 Comprehensive use requirements ... 22
7.1 Echelon use requirements ... 22
7.2 Recycling requirements ... 23
Appendix A (Normative) Calculation method for use rate of recycled materials ... 27
Bibliography ... 28
Recovery of traction battery used in electric vehicle -
General requirements
1 Scope
This document defines the terms and definitions of the recovery process of traction
battery used in electric vehicle, and stipulates the recovery principles, basic
requirements, recovery requirements and comprehensive use requirements.
This document is applicable to the recovery of lithium-ion traction batteries and nickel-
metal traction batteries, as well as to the recovery of other types of batteries as a
reference.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of
their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the
version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references,
the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 19001, Quality management systems - Requirements
GB/T 19596-2017, Terminology of electric vehicles
GB/T 23331, Energy management systems - Requirements with guidance for use
GB/T 24001, Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance
for use
GB/T 26008, Battery grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate
GB/T 26300 Nickel cobalt manganese composite hydroxide
GB/T 26493 Store and transport regulation of battery scraps
GB/T 26989-2011 Automobile recovery - Terminology
GB/T 33062-2016 Methods for disposal and recycling of nickel-metal hydride
battery material wastes
GB/T 33598 Recovery of traction battery used in electric vehicle - Recycling - Part
3: Specification for discharging
4.3 Reuse principle
Priority should be given to reusing materials generated during the recovery process, and
materials that cannot be reused should be disposed of harmlessly.
4.4 Full life cycle principle
Consideration should be given to the echelon use and recovery of future scrapped
products based on the full life cycle, starting from the new product design stage.
5 Basic requirements
5.1 General requirements
5.1.1 Enterprises that comprehensively use waste and used traction batteries should
establish and implement quality management systems, occupational health and safety
management systems, environmental management systems, and energy management
systems, and meet the requirements of GB/T 19001 or international advanced quality
management systems, as well as GB/T 45001, GB/T 24001, and GB/T 23331. Each
management system should be certified by a third-party organization.
5.1.2 Enterprises that comprehensively use waste and used traction batteries should
select production facilities and equipment with high production efficiency and
advanced energy consumption indicators, and should give priority to the use of
intelligent disassembly equipment that is compatible with a variety of battery packs and
can achieve flexible disassembly.
5.1.3 Enterprises that comprehensively use waste and used traction batteries should
build green factories. Green factories shall comply with the requirements of GB/T
36132-2018.
5.1.4 Enterprises that comprehensively use waste and used traction batteries shall
establish a carbon emission management system, including carbon emission monitoring
mechanism and data record management, etc., and should have the ability to
independently conduct organizational-level carbon emission accounting and product
carbon footprint accounting and reporting in accordance with GB/T 32150 or relevant
industry standards.
5.1.5 Traction battery product manufacturers should conduct greenhouse gas emissions
accounting and reporting in accordance with GB/T 32150.
5.2 Requirements for traction battery products
5.2.1 Traction batteries shall be coded in accordance with GB/T 34014. The coding
information shall be accurate, and the coding shall be clear, visible, durable and not
easy to replace.
5.2.2 The specifications and dimensions of traction batteries should comply with the
relevant provisions of GB/T 34013, and a standardized, easy-to-disassemble, easy-for-
echelon-use and recyclable product structure should be adopted to improve the
recyclability rate and recoverability rate of battery products.
5.2.3 Traction batteries should be accompanied by a technical information sheet on
disassembly and disassembly, indicating precautions related to recovery.
5.2.4 Traction batteries should give priority to using recycled materials as production
raw materials to reduce the carbon footprint of battery products.
5.2.5 The utilization rate of recycled materials in traction batteries shall be calculated
in accordance with Appendix A.
5.2.6 The basic information of the battery (such as manufacturer information, battery
code, battery type, recovery information, etc.) shall be reflected on the traction battery
label or instruction manual, and the following information should also be reflected:
a) The proportion of recycled materials in battery materials (including but not
limited to four elements such as cobalt, lead, lithium and nickel);
b) Label of carbon footprint of the product;
c) Electronic product identification.
5.2.7 The green-design product evaluation of traction battery products should be carried
out in accordance with the requirements of GB/T 33761-2017.
5.3 Traceability management requirements
5.3.1 Automobile manufacturers, battery manufacturers, battery leasing agencies, scrap
vehicle recycling and dismantling companies, take-back management agencies and
comprehensive use companies and other units that generate waste and used traction
batteries shall carry out traceability management.
5.3.2 Automobile manufacturers, battery manufacturers, battery leasing agencies, scrap
vehicle recycling and dismantling companies, take-back management agencies and
comprehensive use companies and other units that generate waste and used traction
batteries shall establish an information traceability management system, keep records
of traceability information, and upload traceability information.
5.3.3 Automobile manufacturers shall submit and disclose technical information such
as traction battery disassembly, dismantling, and use of hazardous substances within
the specified time.
wastewater and waste residues. The pollution control and emission limits for the
treatment of waste lithium-ion traction batteries shall be implemented in accordance
with HJ 1186-2021.
5.5.5 The pollutant emissions during the recycling of waste nickel-metal hydride
traction batteries shall meet the relevant requirements of Chapter 7 of GB/T 33062-
2016.
5.5.6 Enterprises shall have full-time environmental protection management personnel
and establish safety management systems and environmental monitoring and
management systems.
5.6 Recovery emergency management requirements
5.6.1 Recovery enterprises shall establish a safety and environmental emergency
management system and prepare emergency management plans for sudden
environmental or safety incidents.
5.6.2 Recovery enterprises shall have the ability to deal with emergencies in safety and
environmental protection incidents, shall be equipped with relevant special equipment
and facilities for emergency rescue and emergency treatment, and shall regularly
organize emergency rescue and emergency treatment drills.
6 Take-back requirements
6.1 Removal requirements
6.1.1 Pollution control during removal shall be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of HJ 348.
6.1.2 Other requirements during removal shall be carried out in accordance with the
provisions of GB/T 34015.2.
6.2 Collecting requirements
Take-back service net-works shall be established to collect waste and used traction
batteries. The construction, operation, safety, environmental protection and emergency
requirements of the take-back service net-works shall meet the requirements of GB/T
38698.2-2023.
6.3 Classification requirements
When packaging, storing and comprehensively using waste and used traction batteries,
classification should be made first according to the type of traction battery, differences
in component composition, utilization method, safety characteristics and charge status.
6.4 Packaging and transportation requirements
6.4.1 Before packaging and transportation, waste and used traction batteries shall be
subject to safety assessment and classification. The assessment and classification basis
shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 38698.1-2020.
6.4.2 The positive and negative electrodes of waste and used traction batteries shall be
insulated before packaging. The packaging of used traction batteries shall be carried out
in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6 of GB/T 38698.1-2020.
6.4.3 The outer packaging of waste and used traction batteries shall have labels to
distinguish the traction battery safety characteristics and the charged state, and should
have labels to distinguish other categories. The corresponding dangerous goods
marking should be set on the outer packaging.
6.4.4 The transport boxes of waste and used traction batteries should comply with the
requirements of Table A.2 in GB/T 38698.2-2023.
6.4.5 The transportation process of waste and used traction batteries shall be traced by
logistics information.
6.4.6 The consignor shall observe and confirm that the used traction batteries are in
good safety condition, the stacking method is reasonable, the transport vehicle is normal,
and the driver's license and credentials are complete according to the transportation plan.
Only after taking photos for filing can the vehicle be dispatched.
6.4.7 Transportation service personnel shall transport used traction batteries in
accordance with the provisions of Chapter 7 of GB/T 38698.1-2020.
6.4.8 Vehicles that comply with the driving regulations for dangerous goods transport
shall be used for transportation, and signs that comply with Chapter 7 of JT/T 617.5-
2018 shall be hung on the front, back and both sides of the transport vehicles.
6.5 Loading, unloading and handling requirements
6.5.1 Special containers or insulated equipment shall be used to load, unload and handle
waste and used traction batteries.
6.5.2 Waste and used traction batteries shall be loaded, unloaded and handled separately
according to their safety characteristics.
6.5.3 Batteries that pose a safety risk shall be protected in a safety case for waste and
used traction battery and loaded, unloaded and handled separately.
6.5.4 Waste and used traction batteries shall be tied and fixed during loading, unloading
and handing. Transporters shall use qualified transportation tools (forklifts, carts, etc.)
and handle them with care. The batteries shall not be subjected to severe vibration,
impact or compression.
7 Comprehensive use requirements
7.1 Echelon use requirements
7.1.1 Requirements for echelon use production
7.1.1.1 Waste and used traction batteries shall be prioritized for echelon use. Waste and
used traction batteries that cannot be echelon used or are scrapped after echelon use
shall be recycled.
7.1.1.2 Priority should be given to the selection of retired traction battery packs for
echelon use, followed by battery modules (groups) for echelon use, and finally battery
cells for echelon use.
7.1.1.3 The dismantling of waste and used traction battery packs and battery modules
(groups) shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T 33598.
7.1.1.4 The safety assessment and classification of retired traction batteries shall be
carried out in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 4 of GB/T 38698.1-2020
and the provisions of 6.3. Only Class A batteries that meet the requirements for echelon
use specified by the enterprise can be used for echelon use.
7.1.1.5 The residual capacity of retired traction batteries shall be tested in accordance
with the provisions of GB/T 34015.
7.1.1.6 The residual cycle life of retired traction batteries shall be evaluated based on
their design service life, service time or other methods.
7.1.1.7 The residual value of waste and used traction batteries shall be assessed and
their echelon use shall be regulated in accordance with GB/T 34015.3.
7.1.1.8 Echelon use enterprises shall take-back the test products and defective products
generated during the research and development, production, and testing of their own
products, and shall centrally store them and hand them over to recycling enterprises for
processing.
7.1.1.9 Echelon use enterprises shall fulfill their producer responsibilities and should
adopt leasing or replacement methods to achieve traceable take-back of scrapped
echelon used battery products.
7.1.2 Requirements for echelon used battery products
7.1.2.1 The design of echelon used battery products should comprehensively consider
factors such as electric insulation, flame retardant, thermal management and battery
management to ensure the safety and reliability of echelon used battery products.
shall formulate standardized disposal plans for unusable residues. If they do not have
the corresponding disposal capacity, they shall hand them over to enterprises with
relevant qualifications for centralized treatment in accordance with relevant national
requirements. At the same time, they shall do a good job of follow-up management to
ensure the environmentally friendly disposal of unusable residues.
7.2.1.4 Waste and used traction batteries shall be physically discharged or chemically
discharged before disassembly. For physics discharge, external circuit discharge
method should be preferred, and for chemical discharge, immersion discharge method
should be preferred. The discharge of waste and used traction batteries shall be carried
out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 33598.3. Among them, the battery
module should be discharged preferably using a discharge cabinet for waste and used
traction batteries.
7.2.1.5 Waste and used traction batteries shall be dismantled by professionals in
accordance with the dismantling information provided by the traction battery
manufacturer. If there is no dismantling information, it shall be carried out in
accordance with the provisions of QC/T 1156.
7.2.1.6 The pyrolysis process of waste and used traction batteries shall be carried out in
a closed reaction system and equipped with an exhaust gas treatment system. The
pyrolysis of waste and used traction batteries should be carried out in accordance with
the provisions of HG/T 5816.
7.2.1.7 The exhaust gas generated during the pyrolysis of waste and used traction
batteries should be recovered for energy, and the comprehensive energy consumption
for unit output of product should be reduced by utilizing exhaust heat.
7.2.1.8 The shredding and separation process of waste and used traction batteries shall
be carried out in a closed structure. The shredding and separation system shall be
classified to independently take-back the enclosure, current collector, powder of battery
material, diaphragm, etc. The shredding and separation of waste and used traction
batteries shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of YS/T 1174.
7.2.1.9 The treatment and disposal of waste electrolyte and waste liquid generated
during the recycling process should be carried out in accordance with the method of
GB/T 33060; the treatment and disposal of waste coolant can refer to HG/T 5963.
7.2.1.10 The comprehensive recovery rate and element recovery rate requirements of
waste and used traction batteries using hydrometallurgical recycling shall meet the
requirements of GB/T 33598.2. The waste recycling and treatment methods can refer
to GB/T 33059 and GB/T 33062-2016, and the hydrometallurgical recycling technology
can refer to Appendix A of GB/T 33598.2-2020.
7.2.1.11 Recycling enterprises shall establish an energy consumption assessment
system and be equipped with necessary energy (water, electricity, natural gas, etc.)
metering instruments. Strengthen energy consumption control in various links such as
transportation, removal, storage, dismantling, testing, and utilization; reduce
comprehensive energy consumption and comprehensive energy consumption for unit
output of product; improve energy utilization efficiency.
7.2.2 Requirements for recycled products
7.2.2.1 Recycled products shall comply with corresponding product standards or
customer requirements.
7.2.2.2 Recycled products should pass the green-design product evaluation and should
be accompanied by a label of carbon footprint indicating the calculation basis standards,
carbon footprint quantification and grade, etc.
7.2.2.3 The intermediate good obtained by hydrometallurgical recycling shall meet the
following requirements:
-- Crude nickel cobalt hydroxide shall meet the requirements of YS/T 1460;
-- Crude cobalt carbonate shall meet the requirements of HG/T 5740;
-- Crude nickel carbonate shall meet the requirements of HG/T 5741;
-- Crude lithium carbonate shall meet the requirements of YS/T 1552.
7.2.2.4 The metal salt products obtained from recycling shall meet the following
requirements:
-- Nickel sulfate for battery materials shall meet the requirements of HG/T 5919;
-- Nickel sulfate for industrial use shall meet the requirements of HG/T 2824;
-- Cobalt sulfate for battery materials shall meet the requirements of HG/T 5918;
-- Cobalt sulfate for industrial use shall meet the requirements of HG/T 4822;
-- Battery grade lithium carbonate shall meet the requirements of YS/T 582;
-- Battery grade lithium hydroxide monohydrate shall meet the requirements of
GB/T 26008;
-- Battery grade anhydrous lithium hydroxide shall meet the requirements of
YS/T 1568.
7.2.2.5 The cathode material precursor obtained by recycling shall meet the following
requirements:
-- Ternary precursor products shall meet the requirements of GB/T 26300;
-- Iron phosphate precursor shall meet the requirements of HG/T 4701.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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