GB/T 42825-2023 PDF English
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General technical specification for electric scooters
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GB/T 42825-2023: PDF in English (GBT 42825-2023) GB/T 42825-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 43.140
CCS Y 14
General Technical Specification for Electric Scooters
ISSUED ON: AUGUST 6, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: AUGUST 6, 2023
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative References ... 4
3 Terms and Definitions ... 5
4 General Requirements ... 6
5 Requirements ... 6
5.1 Structure ... 6
5.2 Performance ... 7
5.3 Electrical safety... 8
5.4 Mechanical safety... 9
5.5 Components ... 10
5.6 Environmental adaptability ... 12
5.7 Instructions ... 12
6 Test Method ... 13
6.1 Structural inspection ... 13
6.2 Performance test... 14
6.3 Electrical safety testing ... 17
6.4 Mechanical safety test ... 19
6.5 Component test ... 23
6.6 Environmental adaptability test ... 24
6.7 Instruction manual ... 26
6.8 Test conditions ... 26
6.9 Instrument accuracy ... 26
7 Inspection Rules ... 26
7.1 General ... 26
7.2 Exit-factory inspection ... 26
7.3 Periodic inspection ... 27
7.4 Type inspection ... 29
8 Marking, Packaging, Transportation and Storage ... 29
8.1 Marking ... 29
8.2 Packaging ... 31
8.3 Transportation ... 31
8.4 Storage ... 31
General Technical Specification for Electric Scooters
1 Scope
This Document specifies the structure, performance, electrical safety, mechanical safety,
components, environmental adaptability, inspection rules and marking, instructions, packaging,
transportation and storage requirements of electric scooters; describes the corresponding test
methods; and defines the corresponding terms and definitions.
This Document applies to the design, manufacture and sales of electric scooters.
This Document does not apply to children's electric scooters and competitive/sports electric
scooters.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
GB/T 2423.1 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Tests A: Cold
GB/T 2423.3 Environmental testing - Part 2: Testing method - Test Cab: Damp heat, steady
state
GB/T 2828.1 Sampling procedures for inspection by attribute - Part1: Sampling schemes
indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
GB/T 2829 Sampling procedures and tables for periodic inspection by attributes (apply to
inspection of stability for productive process)
GB/T 4208 Degrees of protection provided by enclosure (IP code)
GB 4706.18 Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Particular requirements
for battery chargers
GB/T 5169.16 Fire hazard testing for electric and electronic products - Part 16: Test flames
- 50W horizontal and vertical flame test methods
GB/T 12742 The specifications of testing equipment and measuring appliance for bicycle
GB 14023 Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engine - Radio disturbance
4 General Requirements
4.1 Electric scooters shall not be dangerous in normal use, under reasonably foreseeable misuse
and malfunctions. Dangers include but are not limited to the following situations:
a) The generated heat causes material deterioration or burns to personnel;
b) Dangers such as combustion, explosion, and electric shock, etc.;
c) Release of toxic and harmful gases during charging;
d) Personal injury caused by breakage, deformation, loosening, and motion interference of
the vehicle or its components.
4.2 The safety of lithium-ion batteries (hereinafter referred to as "batteries") shall comply with
the provisions of GB/T 40559; and the initial capacity, high temperature capacity, and low
temperature capacity of the batteries shall comply with the provisions of SJ/T 11685. Batteries
that have been used in cascades should not be used.
NOTE: Batteries that have been used in cascades refer to batteries that have been retired and are used in
the form of battery packs, modules, or monomers as a whole or after disassembly, classification, testing,
reorganization, and assembly, and are used again in related target areas include but not limited to base
station backup power, energy storage, and low-speed power, etc.
4.3 The safety of the charger shall comply with the provisions of GB 4706.18 and shall be
compatible with the battery system of the electric scooter; the connector of the charging port of
the electric scooter shall be able to prevent misalignment and reverse plugging.
4.4 The combustion classification of the circuit board and the non-metallic shell of battery shall
be no lower than the Level-V-1 in GB/T 5169.16.
5 Requirements
5.1 Structure
5.1.1 Sharp edges
During normal riding, handling and maintenance, there shall be no exposed sharp edges on the
rider's hands, legs and other parts of the body that may be touched.
5.1.2 Protrusions
Rigid protrusions of electric scooters shall meet the following requirements:
--- For rigid protrusions that may injure riders, the ends of the protruding parts shall be
protected by protective materials of appropriate shapes (e.g., silicone or rubber protective
sleeves are used to protect the ends of the crossbar);
--- For bolts, the length of the part beyond the threaded fitting shall be less than the nominal
diameter of the bolt.
5.1.3 Active clearance
Except for wheels (the clearance between the wheels and their supporting system, wheels and
fenders), suspension systems, braking systems, brake handles, and folding mechanisms, the
active clearance of electric scooters shall be less than 5mm, or greater than 18mm.
5.1.4 Internal wiring
Internal wiring shall meet the following requirements:
a) The wires shall be firmly fixed, not subjected to excessive pressure, not loose, and more
than two wires in the same direction shall be bundled together; the wires shall be placed
on parts without sharp angles or sharp edges;
NOTE: Excessive pressure refers to the pressure that causes obvious deformation of the wire.
b) There shall be insulating sleeves at the wire connection;
c) When the wire passes through a metal hole, the wire or metal hole shall be equipped with
insulating sleeve parts.
5.2 Performance
5.2.1 General
The maximum speed and motor start of the electric scooter shall meet the requirements of 5.2.2
and 5.2.3, respectively; the braking performance shall meet the requirements of 5.2.4.1 and
shall also meet one of the requirements of 5.2.4.2 or 5.2.4.3.
5.2.2 Maximum speed
The maximum speed of the electric scooter shall be within ±10% of the maximum speed clearly
stated by the enterprise and shall not exceed 25km/h.
5.2.3 Motor start
When the speed of the electric scooter is less than 3km/h, its motor shall not output power.
5.2.4 Braking performance
5.2.4.1 Braking structure
a) During the test, the surface temperature of the parts that the rider continuously contacts
(such as handlebars, pedals, etc.) shall not exceed 43°C;
b) For the braking system with an operating temperature greater than 60°C, a warning sign
shall be marked on the exposed part or the obvious part around it;
c) During the test, except for the braking system, the surface temperature of the parts that
the rider can easily contact (such as cables, connectors, etc.) shall not exceed 57°C; if
there are parts with a surface temperature greater than 57°C, protective measures shall
be taken.
5.3.5 Charging lock
During the battery charging process, the electric scooter's motor shall not run.
5.3.6 Braking power-off
The electric scooter shall have a braking power-off function. When the electric scooter is braked,
the motor input current shall be less than or equal to the current when it has no torque output
(standby current) within 3s.
5.3.7 Charging port protection
The charging port of the electric scooter shall have protection design functions against reverse
connection and electric shock.
5.4 Mechanical safety
5.4.1 Pedal static strength
The test is carried out according to the method described in 6.4.1. The permanent deformation
of the stress-bearing part of the pedal of the electric scooter shall be no greater than 5mm.
5.4.2 Entire-vehicle load drop
After the test is carried out according to the method described in 6.4.2, the electric scooter shall
not catch fire, explode, or leak; and its main load-bearing structure shall not have obvious
damage and deformation; and the driving shall be normal.
5.4.3 Pull-off force
The end of the handlebar tube shall be equipped with a handle cover or a handlebar cap, which
shall be able to withstand a pull-off force of 70N. For quick-release handlebar tubes, after
assembling the quick-release part with the handlebar tube, apply force along the quick-release
direction of the handlebar tube, and the quick-release part and the handlebar tube shall not
separate.
5.4.4 Static load strength of handlebar
After the test is carried out as described in 6.4.4, the handlebar shall not have obvious
deformation. The handlebar and its locking device shall not have cracks or breaks, and shall
operate and lock normally.
5.4.5 Handlebar fatigue strength
After the test is carried out as described in 6.4.5, there shall be no visible cracks, damage,
obvious deformation and looseness in all parts of the handlebar.
5.4.6 Steering fatigue strength
After the test is carried out as described in 6.4.6, there shall be no visible cracks, damage,
obvious deformation and looseness in all parts of the handlebar, bendable wire and its sheath.
5.4.7 Entire-vehicle vibration
After the test is carried out according to the method described in 6.4.7, the battery of the electric
scooter shall not catch fire, explode or leak; any part of the mechanical structure shall not have
cracks or breaks; and the functions of all electrical components shall be normal. The electric
scooter shall be able to drive normally after the test.
5.4.8 Entire-vehicle fatigue strength
After the test is carried out according to the method described in 6.4.8, the electric scooter shall
meet the following requirements:
a) There are no visible cracks or breaks in any part of the frame; and no separation of any
part of the frame;
b) If a clearance is generated, it shall not affect the operation of the components and the
safety of the user.
5.5 Components
5.5.1 Folding locking device
The requirements for the folding locking device are as follows.
a) The folding locking device shall be opened after two consecutive operations, and the
second operation depends on the rider to perform and maintain the first operation to be
effective (such as: safety lock).
b) The folding locking device shall clearly indicate whether the device is in a loose or locked
position.
c) When the folding locking device is in a locked state, it shall not be accidentally released
The electric scooter shall be equipped with a main control device that is obvious, easy to access
and not easy to operate incorrectly to turn on and off the driving power supply; and the device
shall be triggered by the rider's autonomous behavior.
5.6 Environmental adaptability
5.6.1 Water spray
The electric scooter shall meet the enclosure protection grade IPX4. After the test is carried out
according to the method described in 6.6.1, the electric scooter shall not lose its normal driving
function, and all electrical components shall function normally. The insulation resistance value
shall be greater than 1MΩ.
5.6.2 Constant damp heat
After the test is carried out according to the method described in 6.6.2, the electric scooter shall
not lose its normal driving function, and all electrical components should function normally.
5.6.3 Low temperature
After the test is carried out according to the method described in 6.6.3, the electric scooter shall
not lose its normal driving function, and all electrical components shall function normally.
5.6.4 Radio interference characteristics
The radio interference characteristics shall meet the requirements of GB 14023.
5.7 Instructions
The instructions of the electric scooter shall include relevant instructions and usage information
on the use, operation and maintenance of the electric scooter, including at least the following
contents.
a) Safety and restrictions:
--- The use of this product shall comply with relevant laws and policies and other
information;
--- Information on protective measures for users to wear helmets, knee pads, elbow pads
and other protective gear;
--- Detailed instructions for the operation, storage and charging of electric scooters;
including but not limited to environmental conditions, road conditions, etc.;
--- Description of the operating environment and potential risks that may cause dangerous
situations when using and driving the electric scooter;
--- Warnings about the danger of high temperature burns;
--- Information on restrictive conditions such as the user's age and physical condition.
b) Product parameters and usage methods:
--- Dimensions and mass, as well as load or load capacity restrictions of the electric
scooter;
--- Shell protection level of the electric scooter;
--- Charging method of the electric scooter;
--- Location and specifications of protective devices such as fuses of the electric scooter,
as well as markings in the simple circuit diagram;
--- Storage and usage methods of the electric scooter;
--- Cruise range and its test methods and conditions of the electric scooter.
c) Maintenance:
--- Maintenance information of the electric scooter, as well as information prohibiting
users from disassembling and repairing it without authorization.
d) Other information:
--- Product implementation standards;
--- After-sales service contact information such as service phone or email;
--- Other safety warnings.
6 Test Method
6.1 Structural inspection
6.1.1 Sharp edges
Use visual inspection and finger touch to check whether the rider's body can touch the electric
scooter.
6.1.2 Protrusions
The electric scooter is in an upright position. Visually inspect the end of the handlebar; use a
vernier caliper to measure the length of the bolt end after assembly.
6.1.3 Active clearance
Sb - the distance from v1 to vb, in m;
Se - the distance from v1 to ve, in m.
NOTE: v1 is the speed of the test vehicle when the driver starts to operate the brake, in km/h.
The test method for the mean fully developed deceleration is as follows.
a) Preparation before the test:
1) The test vehicle is debugged to a normal driving state in the manner described by the
manufacturer; and each brake system is tested once to ensure normal function; the test
vehicle is placed in the center of the test road;
2) The mass of the driver (6.2.1.3) and the test device is adjusted to the maximum load
specified by the manufacturer; the driver is in the normal riding position described by
the manufacturer and maintains the same position throughout the test.
b) Braking force:
1) Hand brake: Apply a brake grip force of no more than 200N at 25mm from the end of
the brake handle;
2) Foot brake: Apply a pedal force of no more than 700N on the brake pedal.
c) Perform full brake test:
1) When the driver drives the test vehicle close to the maximum speed, start all brake
systems;
2) Measure and record the calculated MFDD value;
3) Perform 4 tests in total and take the average of the 4 test results.
d) Perform mechanical brake test:
1) When the driver drives the test vehicle close to the maximum speed, cut off the power
and start all mechanical brake systems;
2) Measure and record the calculated MFDD value;
3) Perform 4 tests in total and take the average of the 4 test results.
If the test vehicle is only equipped with a mechanical brake system, this test is exempted.
6.2.4.3 Braking distance
The test method of the braking distance is as follows:
Check whether the battery charging circuit and battery output circuit of the test vehicle are
equipped with protective devices such as fuses according to the circuit diagram. Check the
charging circuit, battery output circuit, or circuit board, if necessary.
6.3.3 Insulation resistance
Disconnect the battery circuit; connect one end of the 500V insulation resistance meter to the
positive or negative pole of the test vehicle circuit, and the other end to the frame, handlebar
and motor shell in sequence; and measure the insulation resistance value.
6.3.4 Heating
Fix the test vehicle on the test bench and apply the maximum load specified by the manufacturer
until the low battery alarm occurs. Then measure the temperature of the handlebar's grip, pedals,
exposed cables, connectors and other areas.
Use visual methods to check the protective measures for parts where the surface temperature is
greater than 57°C and easily accessible to cyclists; check the high temperature warning signs
marked on prominent locations such as motors and braking systems.
6.3.5 Charging lock
Use the adapter charger to charge the test vehicle battery when it is powered off. During the
battery charging process, turn on the power switch and check the operation of the motor of the
test vehicle.
6.3.6 Braking power off
Lift the driving wheel of the test vehicle off the ground; connect a DC ammeter in series to the
battery output terminal; turn on the power; and record the current value (standby current) when
there is no torque output on the driving wheel. Drive the motor to run; then brake (such as
holding the brake); and observe the time when the current of the DC ammeter drops to less than
or equal to the current value (standby current) when the motor has no torque output.
The test can also be carried out using equipment such as an oscilloscope.
6.3.7 Charging port protection
Check whether the charging port of the test vehicle and the charger output interface are the only
connection methods; if not, try to reversely connect the charger to the charging port of the test
vehicle to check whether the reverse connection protection is effective.
Check the anti-electric shock protection as follows.
a) Apply a subtle force to the Type-B test probe described in GB/T 16842; extend the probe
through the opening of the charging interface to any allowed depth; and turn or bend the
probe before, during and after insertion into any position. If the probe cannot be inserted
Key:
1 – pull-off device;
2 – handlebar cover;
3 – hook ring;
4 – handlebar tube.
NOTE: The hook ring can be separated.
Figure 4 – Example of Pull-Off Device
6.4.4 Static load strength of handlebar
The handlebar strength test is carried out in the following manner.
a) Resistance to downward force: Fix the test vehicle horizontally to keep it vertical during
the test. At the same time, apply a vertical load of (250±5) N to the middle of the two
handlebars and keep it for 5 min.
b) Resistance to upward force: Fix the test vehicle upside down. At the same time, apply a
vertical load of (250±5) N to the middle of the two handlebars and keep it for 5 min.
c) Resistance to forward force: Fix the test vehicle horizontally to keep it vertical during the
test. At the same time, apply a forward load of (250±5) N to the middle of the two
handlebars and keep it for 5 min.
d) Resistance to backward force: Fix the test vehicle horizontally to keep it vertical during
the test. At the same time, apply a backward load of (250±5) N to the middle of the two
handlebars and keep it for 5 min.
After the test, visually check whether the handlebars and locking devices can be operated and
locked normally.
NOTE 1: For telescopic handlebars, extend the stem to the highest position for testing.
NOTE 2: For test vehicles without grips on the handlebar tube, the center of force is 50 mm from the end
of the handlebar tube.
6.4.5 Handlebar fatigue strength
Fix the test vehicle horizontally so that it cannot move and the handlebar cannot rotate. Apply
a force of 270N along the upper rear (upper/rear), that is, 45° from the vertical direction; and
evenly distribute it on both sides of the handlebar tube 25 mm from the end; then repeat the
operation in the opposite direction (lower/front). Applying force in both directions is one cycle;
and repeat 10,000 cycles at a frequency of no more than 1 Hz.
After the test, visually inspect the handlebar condition.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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