GB/T 37306.2-2019 PDF in English
GB/T 37306.2-2019 (GB/T37306.2-2019, GBT 37306.2-2019, GBT37306.2-2019)
| Standard ID | Contents [version] | USD | STEP2 | [PDF] delivered in | Name of Chinese Standard | Status |
| GB/T 37306.2-2019 | English | 180 |
Add to Cart
|
0-9 seconds. Auto-delivery.
|
Metallic materials -- Fatigue testing -- Variable amplitude fatigue testing -- Part 2: Cycle counting and related data reduction methods
| Valid |
Standards related to (historical): GB/T 37306.2-2019
PDF Preview
GB/T 37306.2-2019: PDF in English (GBT 37306.2-2019) GB/T 37306.2-2019
Metallic materials--Fatigue testing--Variable amplitude fatigue testing--Part 2. Cycle counting and related data reduction methods
ICS 77.040.10
H22
National Standards of People's Republic of China
Metal material fatigue test variable amplitude fatigue test
Part 2. Loop Counting and Related Data Reduction Methods
Part 2. Cyclecountingandrelateddatareductionmethods
(ISO 12110-2.2013, IDT)
Published on.2019-03-25
2020-02-01 implementation
State market supervision and administration
China National Standardization Administration issued
Content
Foreword I
1 range 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and Definitions 1
4 loop counting method 2
5 counting method selection 6
Appendix A (informative appendix) Rainflow counting method 7
Appendix B (informative) Example of composition of open loop sequences in quantification, loop extraction, and loops 17
Appendix C (informative) Example of rain flow counting result report 20
Reference 26
Foreword
GB/T 37306 "Metal material fatigue test variable amplitude fatigue test" is divided into two parts.
--- Part 1. General, test methods and reporting requirements;
--- Part 2. Loop count and related data reduction methods.
This part is the second part of GB/T 37306.
This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part uses the translation method equivalent to ISO 12110-2.2013 "Metal material fatigue test variable amplitude fatigue test part 2.
Loop Count and Related Data Reduction Methods.
The documents of our country that have a consistent correspondence with the international documents referenced in this part are as follows.
--- GB/T 37306.1-2019 Metallic materials - Fatigue test - Amplitude fatigue test - Part 1. General, test methods and
Reporting requirements (ISO 12110-1.2013, IDT).
This section has made the following editorial changes.
--- Amend "Figure A.6" in the second paragraph of A.3.2 of Appendix A to "Figure A.7";
--- "See Tables C.1 and C.2", "See Table C.3" and "Parameters" in A.3.4.2.1, A.3.4.2.2 and A.3.4.2.3 of Appendix A.
See Table C.4" revised to "see Figure C.1 and Figure C.2", "see Figure C.3" and "see Figure C.4";
---In the corresponding position in Appendix A, reference is made to Figure A.11, Appendix B, Appendix C, Table C.1, Table C.2, Table C.3, Table C.4 and
Table C.5;
--- Add a corresponding reference to Table C.8 in Appendix C.
This part was proposed by the China Iron and Steel Association.
This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Steel Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC183).
This section drafted by. Shanghai University, Shanghai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Industrial Products and Raw Materials Testing Technology Center, Guangzhou University, Zhejiang
Wanliyang Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Wantest Testing Equipment Co., Ltd.
Drafters of this section. Wang Hongbin, Li Qian, Wu Yiwen, Shen Wenquan, Zhou Wei, Xu Zhonggen, Chen Zhuo, Qin Ziwei, Huang Xing.
Metal material fatigue test variable amplitude fatigue test
Part 2. Loop Counting and Related Data Reduction Methods
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 37306 specifies methods for cyclic counting and data reduction for variable amplitude fatigue testing.
Cycle counts are binding for each test or test series, and various methods of data reduction are optional.
This section supports ISO 12110-1, which contains general requirements for variable amplitude fatigue tests, test methods, and reporting requirements.
This section applies to all load types and the term “load” refers to force, stress or strain.
The following items are outside the scope of this section.
--- Constant amplitude fatigue test with isolated overload or underload phenomenon;
---Experiment of parts or structural parts;
--- Environmental effects such as corrosion, temperature-dependent creep caused by frequency and waveform effects;
--- Multi-axis loading.
Note 1. Phase is critical when performing constant amplitude or variable amplitude controlled loading multi-axis tests.
Note 2. Frequency changes during cycling are outside the scope of this section, and subsequent chapters only deal with constant frequency cycling.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only dated versions apply to this article.
Pieces. For undated references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
Metallic materials -- Fatigue test -- Fatigue test -- Part 1 . General rules, test methods and reporting requirements
(ISO 12110-1, Metalic materials-Fatiguetesting-Variableamplitudefatiguetesting-Part 1.
Generalprinciples, testmethodandreportingrequirements)
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions defined by ISO 12110-1 apply to this document.
3.1
Average load crossing number meancrossing
Within a given length history, the load-time history passes through the average load with either a positive or negative slope, or both.
The number of levels.
Note. For the purpose of cycle counting, the average number of load passes can also be defined as the reference load level level.
3.2
Range range
Algebraic difference between two consecutive foldback points.
Note 1. In the case of variable amplitude loading, the definition of the range varies depending on the counting method used. For example, the "total range" is defined as the highest of a given load-time history.
The algebraic difference between the peak and the lowest valley (the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum, respectively).
Note 2. When using different methods for cycle counting, the difference between the peak and valley values of the discontinuous load is usually used as the range. But in practice, the definition of "scope"
It has been broadened and therefore can include such continuous load peak and valley types.
3.3
Reference load referenceload
The load level set for counting, the load change is superimposed thereon.
Note 1. The reference load can be the same as the average load of the load-time history, but this is not required.
3.4
Turnback point reversal
The point at which the first derivative of the load-time history changes sign (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).
Note 1. The return point appears on the peak or valley.
3.5
Irregular factor
Characterization of signal irregularities, ie the number of cycles without crossing the mean, I=N0/Np.
Note 1. N0 is the average number of load penetration stages.
Note 2. Np is the number of peaks.
3.6
Average load level mean-loadlevel
The average of the peak and valley values.
4 loop counting method
4.1 General
Loop counts are often used to reflect irregular load-time history. It can give a simulation of the actual sample or component being studied.
The number of different size loops for the case.
Note. The definition of the loop varies depending on the loop count method used.
Cycle counts can also be cycle counted for load-time history of forces, stresses, strains, deflection angles, or other loading parameters.
There are the following loop counting methods.
---Peak-level counting method;
--- Peak counting method;
---Simple range counting method;
--- Range pair counting method;
--- Rain flow counting method.
4.2 Cycle counting method
4.2.1 Loading signal sampling
The recording of the loaded signal typically involves the continuous evolution of the measured signal (analog or digital) over time. If the original load
The load-time history is an analog signal, then it needs to be converted into a digital file in order to be able to perform subsequent calculations of the load-time history.
Machine processing, including signal sampling, that is, sampling at regular intervals.
Take the following precautions, the digital signal can represent the real analog signal.
---Filter the output signal to eliminate noise and other disturbances that are not related to the fatigue process. These noises and other disturbances are usually true
Part of the Dutch-time history;
--- Sampling frequency should be such that each simulated loading cycle contains at least 20 sampling points, and at least the actual or expected analog signal is observed
20 times the maximum frequency.
The original analog signal should be filtered according to ISO 12110-1.
4.2.2 Threading counting method
4.2.2.1 The results of the pass count are shown in Figure 1. Whenever the positive slope portion of the load time history crosses the reference load level level
Record a number at a preset level, whenever the negative slope portion of the load time history crosses a certain pre-level below the reference load level
Also count a number when setting the level. The number of stages of the reference load level is usually calculated by the number of stages in the positive slope portion of the load time history.
Count. There is no essential difference between positive or negative slope crossing counts. This distinction is made only to reduce the number of penetrations by half.
4.2.2.2 In engineering practice, the run-level count often specifies constraints to eliminate small amplitude changes that may cause large counts. This can also
This is done by filtering small load fluctuations before the cycle count. The second method is not counting at the reference load level, but at
A lower auxiliary level is set at each level above the reference load, when the auxiliary level is above the level of the adjacent two levels.
The load time history is recorded as a number of times when the positive slopes intersect; similarly, another level is set at each level below the reference load.
A high level of assist is also counted when the assist level intersects the negative slope portion of the load time history through the adjacent two levels.
Figure 1b) illustrates this second method. A variation of the second method is to use the same level for all count levels above the reference load.
The lower auxiliary level also uses the same higher auxiliary level for all count levels below the reference load. In this case
Below, the load levels are usually not evenly distributed.
4.2.2.3 The most common cycle counts in fatigue analysis are derived from the run-level counting method by first constructing the largest possible cycle,
The second largest loop is then constructed, and so on, until all levels of wearthrough are used. The return point assumes the middle water between the load levels
Flat.
The loop count processing method is shown in Figure 1c). It should be noted that once the loop count is obtained, these loops can be any desired
The order is loaded, but at the same time this order will have an effect on the degree of fatigue damage. Other loop construction methods can also be used.
4.2.3 Peak Counting Method
4.2.3.1 The peak count method needs to determine the occurrence of a relative maximum or minimum load value. This method requires a peak above the reference load level
Counting is performed and the valley below the reference load level is counted as shown in Figure 2a). Peak and valley count results are usually recorded separately
record. Another way to count this method is to count all peaks and valleys without considering the reference load.
4.2.3.2 In order to remove the effects of small amplitude loads, the mean crossing-peak counting method is often used. Don't have to count all the peaks and valleys,
It is only necessary to count the maximum peak or maximum valley between two consecutive mean crossings, as shown in Figure 2b).
4.2.3.3 The most common cycle counts in fatigue analysis are derived from the peak count method by first using the highest peak and lowest
The valley builds the largest possible loop, then constructs the second largest loop, and so on, until all peak counts are used. See this treatment method
Figure 2c). It should be noted that once the loop count is obtained then these loops can be loaded in any desired order, but at the same time
The order will have a certain impact on the degree of fatigue damage. Alternative methods of other cyclic constructions can also be used, such as randomly selecting peak-to-valley
Value pair.
4.2.4 Simple range counting method
4.2.4.1 Simple range counting method is shown in Figure 3. This method can be used to count positive ranges, negative ranges or both ranges. in case
Counting only positive or negative ranges, each range is treated as a loop count. If both the positive range and the negative range are counted, then each range
Count as a half cycle. A range smaller than the preset level is usually ignored before counting.
4.2.4.2 The average load also affects the measured fatigue results, so the average of each range is also important and the range average should also be counted.
This method is called a simple range-average counting method.
For the example in Figure 3, the results of the simple range-average count are given in the table of Figure 3 as a matrix of range-average values.
Horizontal counting
twenty three
-1 2
-twenty one
-3 1
a) Horizontal pass count
Horizontal counting
twenty three
0 0
-1 1
-twenty one
-3 1
b) Limit horizontal pass count
Range (horizontal) loop count
twenty one
c) a cycle derived from the horizontal pass count a)
Description.
X --- time;
Y --- load level.
Figure 1 Example of the wear level counting method
Horizontal counting
3.5 2
2.5 1
1.5 2
-1.5 1
-2.5 1
-2.7 1
-3.5 1
a) Peak count
Horizontal counting
3.5 2
-3.5 1
b) Mean pass-peak count
Horizontal counting
6.2 1
3 1.5
c) Cycle from peak count a)
Description.
X --- time;
Y --- load level.
Figure 2 Example of peak counting method
Range (horizontal) cycle count history change segment
6 0.5 EF
4 1.5 BC-FG-HI
3 1 DE-GH
2 1.5 AB-CD-IJ
Average load (horizontal)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
range
(Level)
2 1 0.5
3 0.5 0.5
4 1 0.5
6 0.5
Description.
X --- time;
Y --- load level.
Figure 3 Example of a simple range counting method - both the positive range and the negative range are counted
4.2.5 Rainflow counting method
See Appendix A.
5 counting method selection
There are other loop counting techniques not mentioned in this section.
A major problem that has to be solved under each specific fatigue condition (change in load, sample, etc.) is which counting method to choose.
It is most suitable for the fatigue situation encountered.
The selection basis may be (narrow or wide bandwidth) energy spectrum or irregularity factor, or (narrow or wide bandwidth) energy spectrum and irregularity factor.
Most people choose rain flow counting. The rest use the typical counting methods in their respective industrial sectors.
In any case, the choice of counting method should follow a set of standards or requirements.
Appendix A
(informative appendix)
Rain flow counting
A.1 General
Structural fatigue behavior depends on the nature of the work load, the nature of the material, and the complex interactions between the geometry of the component.
The rain flow method is a cyclic counting method that allows the measurement values recorded in service to be decomposed in a form suitable for structural fatigue analysis.
Fatigue analysis includes fatigue life determination and simulation test performance.
Rainflow analysis allows the determination of the level of load level levels, their relative ranges, and the range of cycles.
The purpose of this appendix is to give recommendations and requirements for the following two aspects.
--- Perform rain flow cycle counting method;
--- Give the results of the rain flow counting method.
This appendix gives an example of a load sequence and its rainflow analysis as a test case and computer for how to use the rainflow counting method.
Programming help.
A.2 Load pretreatment
A.2.1 Overview
Before applying the rainflow method, the load signal needs to be preprocessed, including extracting peaks and valleys and placing them into pre-established loads.
Level or level (see 4.2).
A.2.2 Extraction of peaks and valleys
The rain flow count only needs to extract continuous load peaks and valleys from the sampled signal. The process does not consider between continuous peaks and valleys
Time, this section only applies to fatigue test results regardless of time and frequency, regardless of environmental and temperature or time interaction. tired
Labor life is expressed in terms of the number of cycles or the number of repetitions of the load sequence.
Figure A.1 and Figure A.2 show the principle of signal sampling and the extraction of peaks and valleys from the sampled signal.
Description.
1---true loading;
2---sample loading;
X---time;
Y---stress range.
Figure A.1 Load signal before peak and valley values are extracted
Description.
1---true loading;
2---peak and valley;
X---time;
Y---stress range.
Figure A.2 Load signal after peak and valley values are extracted
A.2.3 Load rating
The fatigue test control signal requires fast storage of the rain flow count results and requires a quantized load signal (see Appendix B). In engineering
In practice, the predicted or actual load range is usually divided into different levels or levels with a fixed width, all peaks and valleys are given at a given level, etc.
Within the level, and equal to the representative value of the level. The representative value is mostly the arithmetic mean of the level.
If a peak falls on the boundary of a level, its value is usually equal to the representative value of the adjacent higher level; if a valley falls in one
On the boundary of each level, its value is usually taken to be equal to the representative value of the adjacent lower level.
Through this process, representative values and two sets of values corresponding to the level boundaries can be obtained.
It is recommended to use at least 32 levels (see ISO 12110-1).
Note. General industrial practice uses 64 load levels (see ISO 12110-1).
Figure A.3 and Figure A.4 show examples of load signal processing using hierarchical partitioning.
Description.
1---level width or level step;
2---level 2;
X---time;
Y---stress range.
Figure A.3 Load before processing based on level division
Description.
1---level width or level step;
2---level 2;
X---time;
Y---stress range.
Figure A.4 Load after processing
This processing may result in the removal of some consecutive values within the same level. If this happens frequently, then the current level
The division is too loose, so the number of levels should be increased and the level width will need to be reduced (see ISO 12110-1).
A.3 Cycle counting method for rain flow method
A.3.1 Principle
The basic principle of extracting the load cycle by the rain flow method is to use four consecutive points denoted 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
It can be explained in the following way. When S represents the stress level (as an example), a closed loop representation in the stress-strain (S, e) diagram or
Think of it as a loop.
It should be distinguished between the two cases in which the cycle occurs (see Figure A.5).
The following three stress ranges are calculated. ΔS1=|S2-S1|, ΔS2=|S3-S2|, ΔS3=|S4-S3|.
If ΔS2 ≤ ΔS1 and ΔS2 ≤ ΔS3 (the range ΔS2 is less than or equal to the other two ranges), proceed as follows.
--- Extract the loop represented by the extreme values S2 and S3 from the signal for further processing;
--- Eliminate two points S2 and S3 from the signal;
--- Connect the two parts of the signal at both ends of the extracted loop.
If the above requirements are not met, move the four-point appearance order by one unit and execute the same procedure again.
Repeat the above procedure until the end of the signal, see Appendix B.
Description.
X --- time;
Y --- stress range.
Figure A.5 Two possible scenarios of the cycle
When the above operation is completed, there will still be some peaks and valleys that are not extracted because they do not belong to a closed loop. Therefore, these remaining
Points are an open loop sequence.
The number of points of the open loop sequence cannot exceed (2k-1), where k is the number of levels or levels.
The result of the counting is reported in the form of a matrix "starting level - termination level" or "Smin-Smax" or "Sm-ΔS" (see A.3.4.1),
Among them, Smin, Smax and ΔS are the minimum value, the maximum value and the range, respectively.
By moving a portion of the signal from the head end to the absolute maximum at the end of the sequence, if so, the entire sequence can be artificially closed (see
See Figure A.6), then there will be no open loop sequence after the counting process is executed again.
a)
b)
Figure A.6 Procedure for artificially closing the load time history
A.3.2 Algorithm
After load pretreatment (see A.2), the peak value and valley value of the load are obtained. These continuous values Si (1 ≤ i ≤ N) are obtained after pretreatment.
Initial data.
Figure A.7 shows the algorithm flow chart.
Figure A.7 Algorithm for the rain flow method
A.3.3 Use and processing of open loop sequences
A.3.3.1 Overview
In the final phase of the loop count, the open loop sequence contains the non-closed loop defined in A.3.1, and the order of the original signal
the same. It can be a signal that increases or decreases in a continuous range (see Figure A.8). The maximum range is the largest peak and the smallest valley
Composition.
The open loop sequence is processed according to one of two methods.
---Open cycle sequence replication method;
--- Open cycle sequence closure method.
Figure A.8 Open cycle sequence of signals
A.3.3.2 Open loop sequence replication
The determination of fatigue life requires that the load signal be considered as a series of cycles. So the open loop sequence should be processed into a series of loops.
Add a same open loop sequence to the open loop sequence obtained after counting, but taking into account the peak to be connected
And the valley and the first slope and the last slope of the open loop sequence, some prevention should be taken for the connection between two identical sequences
Measures (see Figure A.9).
Figure A.9 Signals for Open Loop Sequence Processing (Open Loop Sequence Replication)
When the rainflow counting method is applied to a new sequence consisting of these two consecutive identical open loop sequences, it will eventually get again
Go to an open loop sequence exactly the same as before (see Figure A.8). Therefore, the extracted loop is equivalent to the loop in the open loop sequence.
Ring, see Appendix B.
The benefit of applying this program is that it is still using rain flow counting.
Thoroughly processing the entire fatigue load signal yields a continuous sequence of identical cycles.
The following precautions should be taken when connecting consecutive cycles.
The first point of the entire load sequence is connected after the last point of the open loop sequence. These points are no longer considered to be peaks or valleys. In this kind of
In this case, these points should be cleared.
There may be eight different situations (see Figure A.10). For the sake of clarity, it is assumed for the time being that R1 and R2 are open loop sequences.
At the beginning of the two points, Rn-1 and Rn are the last two points.
a) Direct connection. history change segment (Rn, R1) b) Connection. history change segment (Rn-1, R2), clear R1 and Rn points
c) Connection. history change segment (Rn, R2), clear R1 point d) connection. history change segment (Rn-1, R1), clear Rn point
Description.
1---in the case where (Rn-Rn-1)·(R2-R1)>0 and (Rn-Rn-1)·(R1-Rn)< 0;
2---in the case where (Rn-Rn-1)·(R2-R1)>0 and (Rn-Rn-1)·(R1-Rn)≥0;
3---in the case of (Rn-Rn-1)·(R2-R1)< 0 and (Rn-Rn-1)·(R1-Rn)≥0;
4---in the case of (Rn-Rn-1)·(R2-R1)< 0 and (Rn-Rn-1)·(R1-Rn)< 0;
5---Connect.
Figure A.10 Sequence connection
A.3.3.3 Open loop sequence closure method
The determination of fatigue life requires that the load signal be considered as a series of cycles. So the open loop sequence should be processed into a series of loops.
The open loop sequence can be closed by moving a portion of the beginning of the signal sequence to the end of the sequence, see Figure A.11.
Figure A.11 Open loop sequence closed
The rain flow counting method is then applied to the closed sequence.
A.3.4 Expression of test results
A.3.4.1 Expressed in matrix form
Counting results in the matrix "starting level - termination level" or "minimum Smin - maximum Smax" or "amplitude Sa - average Sm"
For a formal report, see Appendix C.
Results can be reported in different matrix types depending on their subsequent use. The five matrix types are described below.
a) Extract the loop's matrix [aij] "start level - end level" and open loop sequence. Recommended naming. loop and open loop order
Column "start level - termination level" rain flow matrix, see Table C.1;
b) A matrix [bij] "starting level - terminating level" that integrates the full cyclic sequence of the open loop sequence. Recommended naming. full sequence loop
"starting level - terminating level" rain flow matrix, see Table C.2;
c) shows the matrix [cij] "start level - termination level" of the extraction loop and all the history segments of the open loop sequence. Push
Recommended naming. “start level-termination level” rain flow matrix of the whole sequence history change segment, see Table C.3;
This matrix derived from the rainflow counting method is significantly different from the Markov transition matrix of the original sequence.
The matrix [cij] can be derived from the matrix [aij] by transformation.
Cij=aij aji The history of the open loop sequence (1)
The condition of the open loop sequence makes the matrix asymmetrical.
d) A matrix [dij] "minimum Smin-maximum Smax" integrating the complete sequence of open loop sequences.
Recommended nomenclature. "minimum Smin-maximum Smax" rainflow matrix for the full sequence cycle, see Table C.4.
The matrix [dij] is derived from the matrix [bij] by transformation.
Dij=bij bji when i \u003cj (2)
Dij=0 when i≥j (3)
The matrix [dij] is a strict upper triangular matrix.
e) A matrix [eij] "mean Sm-amplitude Sa" integrating the full sequence of open loop sequences. Recommended naming. full sequence
The "average Sm-amplitude Sa" rainflow matrix of the ring, see Table C.5.
This matrix contains [(2k-3) rows, (k-1 columns)], where k is the number representing the level.
For payload sequence reconstruction, the first matrix type is recommended.
For fatigue life assessment, the 2nd, 4th and 5th types can be used.
The third type can be used to establish a horizontal pass value map derived from the rain flow counting process.
A.3.4.2 Graphical report
When you want to report results in a graph or compare some distribution features, use a matrix or a three-dimensional map [(start level, termination level, l......
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
|