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GB/T 34370.11-2020 PDF English


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GB/T 34370.11-2020: PDF in English (GBT 34370.11-2020)

GB/T 34370.11-2020 GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 97.200.40 Y 57 Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 11: Ultrasonic guided wave testing ISSUED ON: NOVEMBER 19, 2020 IMPLEMENTED ON: JUNE 01, 2021 Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation; Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Table of Contents Foreword ... 3 1 Scope ... 4 2 Normative references ... 4 3 Terms and definitions ... 5 4 Method summary ... 5 5 Safety requirements ... 8 6 Personnel requirements ... 8 7 Testing equipment and instruments ... 9 8 Testing process specifications ... 16 9 Testing procedures ... 18 10 Classification and processing of test results... 22 11 Test record and report ... 23 Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 11: Ultrasonic guided wave testing 1 Scope This part of GB/T 34370 specifies the ultrasonic guided wave testing and result evaluation methods for amusement equipment. This Part is applicable to the ultrasonic guided wave testing and result evaluation of amusement equipment components such as metal plates (including groove steels and square beams) with a wall thickness of 4 mm ~ 80 mm, steel pipes with a diameter of 16 mm ~ 2000 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm ~ 80 mm, steel wire ropes and cables with a diameter of 12 mm ~ 185 mm, and pull rods with a diameter of 16 mm ~ 80 mm. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. GB/T 12604.4, Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Terms used in acoustic emission testing GB/T 20306, Amusement devices terminology GB/T 20737, Non-destructive testing - General terms and definitions GB/T 28704, Non-destructive testing - Test method for ultrasonic guided wave testing based on magnetostrictive effects GB/T 31211, Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic guided wave testing - General principle GB/T 34370.1, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 1: General requirement GB/T 34370.3, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 3: Magnetic particle testing GB/T 34370.4, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 4: Penetrant testing GB/T 34370.5, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 5: Ultrasonic testing GB/T 34370.6, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 6: Radiographic testing GB/T 34370.7, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 7: Eddy current testing GB/T 34370.9, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 9: Magnetic flux leakage testing GB/T 34370.10, Nondestructive testing of amusement equipments - Part 10: Magnetic memory testing 3 Terms and definitions Terms and definitions determined by GB/T 12604.4, GB/T 20306, GB/T 20737, GB/T 28704 and GB/T 31211 are applicable to this document. 4 Method summary 4.1 Ultrasonic guided wave testing principle According to the characteristics of the tested component, use a certain method to excite ultrasonic guided waves that propagate along the component. When the guided wave encounters a defect, it generates a reflected echo. Receive the echo signal by a receiving sensor. By analyzing the echo signal characteristics and propagation time, the defect location and size can be determined. Test method for ultrasonic guided wave testing based on magnetostrictive effects is a method of testing components by using the ultrasonic guided waves generated in the components by magnetostrictive effects. Test method for piezoelectric ultrasonic guided wave testing is a method of testing components by using ultrasonic guided waves generated in the components by piezoelectric effects. 4.2 Ultrasonic guided wave testing method for plates Ultrasonic guided wave testing of plates is generally performed using SH waves or Lamb waves. Ultrasonic guided waves in SH mode are generally excited by thin-film magnetostrictive transducers, and Lamb waves are generally excited by piezoelectric ultrasonic guided wave transducers. The testing principle of piezoelectric ultrasonic guided waves for plates is shown in Figure 1, and the testing principle of magnetostrictive ultrasonic guided waves for plates is shown in Figure 2. The ultrasonic testing method should be A-scan or B-scan; if necessary, a combination of the above methods can be used for testing; d) For pipe fittings with a nominal diameter greater than DN800, the T (n,1) mode should be used and the ultrasonic guided wave B-scan testing method should be used. 7.2.3.3 Rod, cable and rope components to be tested In the low-frequency region, the bending mode guided wave dispersion is serious and is not suitable as a testing mode; the longitudinal mode and torsional mode dispersion are small and are suitable as testing modes. The torsional mode is not suitable as the testing mode of this type of component. The axial vibration displacement of the longitudinal mode guided wave is much larger than the radial vibration displacement, and is evenly distributed in the cross section of the component, so it is suitable as a testing mode. For rods, cables, ropes and other tested components that cannot be equipped with transducers on the end faces, magnetostrictive transducers (direct method) should be used for guided wave testing. For metal rope-type multi-filament components with a diameter of more than 12 mm and a length of 1 000 m ~ 2 000 m, such components are often used as support and traction structures. The two end faces of the components are generally inaccessible, and the anchoring areas at both ends can be focused on; the middle area can be tested by multiple moving segmented testing methods. For pull rods with a diameter greater than 16 mm and a length greater than 10 m, the transducer arrangement scheme is the same as that of rope components, and the longitudinal mode should be selected for testing. For tested components with a length of less than 1 m, such as rods, shafts, pins, bolts, anchor bolts, etc., whose end faces can be installed with transducers, a piezoelectric transducer should be used first to excite the end face of the tested component, and the testing mode is generally the longitudinal wave mode. 7.3 Ultrasonic guided wave sensor 7.3.1 Classification of sensors According to different contact methods, working principles of generating ultrasonic waves, guided wave modes of exciting and receiving sensors, and detection methods, sensors are classified as follows: a) According to the contact mode between the sensor and the tested component, it can be divided into dry coupling sensor, bonding sensor and non-contact sensor, among which dry coupling sensor and bonding sensor are collectively referred to as contact sensor; b) According to the working principle of the sensor generating ultrasonic waves, it can be divided into piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, electromagnetic ultrasonic and laser ultrasonic; c) According to the guided wave modes of sensor excitation and reception, it can be divided into longitudinal guided wave sensors, torsional guided wave sensors, bending guided wave sensors, and composite guided wave sensors; d) According to the testing method, it can be divided into A-scan sensor and B-scan sensor. 7.3.2 Selection of sensors Since different sensors have different testing accuracy for different modes of guided waves and defects, the following factors shall be considered when selecting sensors: a) material properties of the components, such as whether they are conductive or magnetic; b) geometric shape of the components, such as pipes, bars, wires, profiles, plates, etc.; c) external conditions of the components, such as surface accessibility, coating materials, etc.; d) working environment conditions of the components, such as working temperature, working medium and load-bearing conditions; e) test purpose and type of defects to be tested, etc. 7.3.3 Installation of sensors Depending on the type of sensors, the following factors shall be considered during installation: a) For contact sensors, the surface of the component to be tested shall be clean and flat to improve coupling efficiency; b) For piezoelectric sensors, their installation can refer to the requirements for sensors in conventional ultrasonic testing; c) For non-contact sensors, they shall be as close to the component being tested as possible to reduce external interference such as electromagnetic interference and vibration. 7.4 Excitation unit The function of the excitation unit is mainly to generate the corresponding excitation signal, and then drive the excitation sensor to excite the corresponding mode of guided section loss rate respectively; the circumferential spacing of the flat-bottom holes shall be evenly distributed, the longitudinal spacing distance shall be greater than 1 m, and the depth tolerance shall not be greater than ±0.2 mm; the flat-bottom holes at both ends of the test piece shall be at least 1 m away from the end of the test piece. c) For components such as wire cables, wire ropes or pull rods tied in wire form, respectively machine fractures of the wire material at four locations on the comparative test piece; the number of broken wires at each location shall be calculated according to 2%, 4%, 8% and 10% of the cross-sectional loss rate respectively, and the broken wires at the same location shall be closely adjacent; the fractures at both ends of the test piece shall be at least 1 m away from the end of the test piece; the spacing between fractures at different locations shall be greater than 1 m, and they shall be evenly distributed in the circumferential direction. 7.8 Maintenance and calibration of testing equipment Written procedures shall be established for periodic maintenance and inspection of testing equipment to ensure instrument functionality. Before conducting on-site testing, test pieces for calibration of corresponding specifications shall be selected in the laboratory to calibrate the testing instrument. If the test results are consistent with the known defect distribution of the test pieces, it indicates that the instrument is normal. When conducting on-site testing, if there is any doubt about the equipment's test results, the equipment shall be functionally checked and adjusted, and the results of each maintenance inspection shall be recorded. 8 Testing process specifications 8.1 General testing process specifications Units engaged in ultrasonic guided wave testing of amusement equipment shall formulate general testing procedures in accordance with the requirements of GB/T 34370.1 and this Part, and the contents shall at least include the following elements: a) a reference to this document; b) scope of application; c) reference standards and regulations; d) qualifications of testing personnel; e) testing instruments and equipment: sensors, sensor fixtures, signal lines, preamplifiers, cables, instrument hosts, testing data acquisition and analysis software, etc.; f) information of the tested component: geometric shape and size, material, design and operating parameters; g) determination of testing coverage and sensor model; h) surface condition of the test piece and installation method of the sensor; i) timing of testing; j) comparative test pieces and drawing of distance-amplitude curve; k) testing process and data analysis and interpretation; l) evaluation of test results; m) archiving of test records, reports and information; n) personnel responsible for the preparation, review and approval of process specifications; o) date of preparation. 8.2 Testing process card For ultrasonic guided wave testing of each type of component, an ultrasonic guided wave process card shall be formulated based on actual conditions, in accordance with GB/T 34370.1, this Part and the general testing procedures. The content of the test process card shall at least include: a) process card number; b) standards for testing implementation; c) information on the tested components, including: equipment name, number, material and geometric dimensions, etc.; d) testing instruments and equipment: name, specification, model, number, etc.; e) testing method and sensor model; f) timing of testing; g) surface condition of the test piece and installation method of the sensor; h) testing schematic diagram; 9.3 Installation of sensor The installation of the sensor shall meet the following requirements: a) Determine the specific location of the sensor installation on the tested object according to the determined testing plan. The installation location of the sensor shall be as far away as possible from the complex structural parts such as the connection and support of the tested object; b) Carry out surface treatment on the installation part of the sensor to make it meet the installation requirements of the sensor; c) Press the sensor onto the surface of the test piece to achieve good acoustic coupling between the sensor and the surface of the test piece; d) Use mechanical clamps, magnetic clamps or other means to firmly fix the sensor on the test piece, and keep the sensor insulated from the test piece and the fixing device. 9.4 Testing 9.4.1 Testing equipment debugging The debugging of the testing equipment includes the following steps: a) Connect the sensor, preamplifier and instrument host; b) Turn on the instrument and preheat it for the time specified by the manufacturer to allow the instrument to reach a stable working state; c) Set the instrument’s operating parameters according to the specific conditions of the test piece and the test frequency determined by the dispersion curve calculation; d) Transmit ultrasonic guided wave signals to the tested component, observe the ultrasonic guided wave reflection signals generated by the ends, joints, welds, external supports and other parts of the component, and measure the wave velocity of ultrasonic guided wave propagation of the tested component; e) Further adjust the instrument operating parameters to keep the instrument in good working condition. 9.4.2 Analysis and interpretation of A-scan testing signals The analysis and interpretation of testing signals usually requires reference to the database established by relevant experiments, which shall at least include the following: a) Use the adjusted instrument to test the component to be tested, and observe and record the ultrasonic guided wave reflection echo signal; b) For the ultrasonic guided wave reflected echo signals that appear, first determine whether these signals are generated by the ends, joints, welds, external supports, etc. of the component. If so, they can be eliminated; c) For ultrasonic guided wave echo signals at locations without obvious geometric shape changes on the test piece, which can be determined as ultrasonic guided wave echo signals caused by material loss defects, first determine the reflection location of this echo signal and mark it; then, evaluate and process the test results. 9.4.3 Analysis and interpretation of B-scan imaging testing signals Compared with A-scan testing, B-scan testing has an additional position information perpendicular to the propagation direction of the guided wave. The analysis and interpretation of its testing signal includes at least the following contents: a) Use the adjusted instrument and B-scan sensor to perform B-scan testing on the component to be tested, observe and record the ultrasonic guided wave reflection echo signal and draw the B-scan image; b) For the drawn B-scan image signals, combined with the added position information, firstly perform a qualitative analysis of the characteristics, and then determine whether these signals are generated by the ends, joints, welds, external supports, etc. of the component. If confirmed, they can be excluded; c) For ultrasonic guided wave echo signals at locations without obvious geometric shape changes on the test piece, it can be determined that they are ultrasonic guided wave echo signals caused by material loss defects. For multiple reflected echo color blocks at the same sound path position, the number of suspected defects at the position can be determined first, and marked, and then the test results can be evaluated and processed. Table 2 lists the qualitative analysis of some pipe fittings characteristics when the pipe fittings are tested using B-scan. Figure 10 is a guided wave testing imaging diagram of a pipe fitting when it is tested by B-scan. In the diagram, the weld characteristics and defect characteristics on the pipe fitting can be analyzed through the circumferential information of the pipe fitting characteristics, and two defects in the same axial direction can be distinguished. Table 2 – Qualitative analysis of B-scan testing characteristics in pipe fittings Category B-scan imaging characteristics Typical characteristic structure Circumferential characteristics At the same axial distance, all circumferential positions of the pipe have echoes Welds, flanges, etc. Generally, signals judged as Grade III, Grade IV and Grade V in the test results are unreceivable signals. 10.2.3 Determination based on real defects on the tested component First, the first three largest defect signal locations found during the testing can be re- tested according to the method specified in 10.2.4, and the grade of unreceivable defect signals can be gradually determined based on the re-testing results. 10.2.4 Handling of unreceivable signals For confirmed unreceivable signals, the following methods need to be used for re- testing: a) First, use visual inspection and hammer tapping to distinguish whether the defects are located on the outer surface or inside; b) For external surface defects, use a depth gauge to directly measure the depth of the defect; c) For inner surface defects of tubular or plate shape, ultrasonic testing and measurement shall be carried out using a dual crystal straight probe to more accurately measure the depth of the defects. The ultrasonic testing method shall be implemented in accordance with GB/T 34370.5; d) For inner surface defects of components of other shapes, select appropriate non- destructive testing methods for re-testing in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 34370.3 ~ GB/T 34370.7 and GB/T 34370.9 ~ GB/T 34370.10; e) If necessary, with the user's consent, verification may also be carried out by autopsy sampling. 11 Test record and report 11.1 Test record The main contents of the test record shall not be less than those specified in 8.2 and 11.2. 11.2 Test report The test report shall at least include the following: a) information of the client; b) information of the testing unit; ......
 
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.