GB/T 2893.4-2013 PDF in English
GB/T 2893.4-2013 (GB/T2893.4-2013, GBT 2893.4-2013, GBT2893.4-2013)
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Graphical symbols -- Safety colours and safety signs -- Part 4: Colorimetric and photometric properties of safety sign materials
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Standards related to (historical): GB/T 2893.4-2013
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GB/T 2893.4-2013: PDF in English (GBT 2893.4-2013) GB/T 2893.4-2013
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 01.080.10
A 22
Graphical symbols - Safety colors and safety signs - Part 4:
Colorimetric and photometric properties of safety sign
materials
(ISO 3864-4:2011, MOD)
ISSUED ON: JULY 19, 2013
IMPLEMENTED ON: NOVEMBER 30, 2013
Issued by: General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine of PRC;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
Introduction ... 4
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions... 6
4 Requirements ... 8
4.1 General... 8
4.2 Object color under external illumination ... 9
4.3 Object color of energized internally illuminated safety signs ... 10
5 Test methods ... 14
5.1 General... 14
5.2 Object color under external lighting ... 15
5.3 Object color of energized internally illuminated safety signs ... 16
Appendix A (Informative) Object colors for different types of safety signs and materials
... 18
Appendix B (Normative) Classification of light emission colors from phosphorescent
materials ... 21
Appendix C (Normative) Specification for colorimetric instruments and photometric
instruments ... 24
Appendix D (Informative) Guidelines for the photometric relationship between and
within safety colors and contrasting colors of graphic symbols ... 26
Appendix E (Informative) Examples of safety colors and contrast colors for object
colors of ordinary materials ... 28
Appendix F (Informative) Considerations for color vision defects ... 31
References ... 33
Graphical symbols - Safety colors and safety signs - Part 4:
Colorimetric and photometric properties of safety sign
materials
1 Scope
This Part of GB/T 2893 specifies the relevant requirements and test methods for the
colorimetric and photometric attributes of the colors of safety signs, which are used in
workplaces and public places. It provides colorimetric and photometric specifications,
for the safety colors and contrast colors, which are specified in GB/T 2893.1-2013..
The physical requirements, as met by safety signs, are mainly related to daylight color
and normal lighting environment. This Part also includes colorimetric requirements and
test methods, for safety signs and phosphorescent materials, which are used in
unilluminated environments.
This Part applies to all locations, where personal safety concerns are an issue. This Part
does not apply to the transmission of guidance signals, for rail, road, inland shipping,
sea, air traffic. In short, it does not apply to the fields otherwise specified in the laws
and regulations.
The colorimetric and photometric properties of retroreflective safety signs,
retroreflective materials combined with fluorescent or phosphorescent materials, or
luminescent safety signs activated by a radioactive source, are not specified in this Part.
2 Normative references
The following documents are essential for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the dated version applies to this document. For undated references, the
latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 2893.1-2013 Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 1:
Design principles for safety signs and safety markings (ISO 3864-1:2011, MOD)
GB/T 15565 (all parts) Graphical symbols - Terms
CIE 15 Colorimetry
CIE 69 Methods of characterizing illuminance meters and luminance meters:
Performance, characteristics and specifications
3.12
Phosphorescent material
Materials containing phosphors, that store energy when excited by ultraviolet or
visible light. This energy is emitted as light, for a certain period of time.
3.13
Safety colour
Colors with special properties, that are assigned a safety meaning.
[GB/T 15565.2-2008, definition 2.2.5]
4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 All colorimetric and photometric requirements apply to materials, which are used
in finished signs.
4.1.2 See GB/T 2893.1-2013 for the provisions on the safety colors and contrast colors
of the geometric shapes of safety signs, as well as the graphic symbols of specific types
of safety signs.
4.1.3 The requirements of this Part are based on the CIE 2° standard colorimetric
observer, which is specified in CIE 15.
4.1.4 If the requirements of this Part relate to the color of the sign material, under
external illumination, the colorimetric and photometric requirements are based on the
CIE standard illuminator D65. D65 is at an angle of 45° to the surface normal AND
observed along the normal direction (geometric conditions 45/0) OR viewed
perpendicular to and at 45° to the surface (geometric conditions 0/45).
4.1.5 The requirements and test methods of this Part are for both illuminated and
unilluminated safety signs. See Appendix A, for information on the color characteristics
of external lighting, internal lighting, phosphorescent materials.
To function as intended, safety signs without internal light sources shall be illuminated
externally.
Internally illuminated safety signs are classified as "maintained" (the internal light
source is energized) or "non-maintained" safety signs (signs are illuminated externally
when the internal light source is not energized, BUT the internal light source is
energized in an emergency). If the safety sign is designed as a dimmed sign, it also
needs to meet the requirements, under this condition.
Phosphorescent safety signs can be used, in both illuminated and unilluminated
environments. For example, in an emergency, the excited phosphorescent material
emits light, for a period of time.
4.1.6 The color regime for each specified color is specified in this Part.
4.1.7 See 4.2.1 for the colorimetric and photometric requirements for safety signs,
which are made of ordinary materials. See 4.2.2 (if the internal light source is not
energized) and 4.3 (if the internal light source is energized), for colorimetric and
photometric requirements for non-maintained internally illuminated safety signs. See
4.3, for colorimetric and photometric requirements for maintained internally
illuminated safety signs. See 4.2.3, for colorimetric and photometric requirements for
externally illuminated phosphorescent safety signs.
If, at the time of use, the colorimetric coordinates and/or the luminance factor are
outside the color regime, which is specified in Table 1, for the corresponding safety sign
material type, OR the colorimetric coordinates and/or luminance or luminance contrast
are beyond the scope of the corresponding safety sign type, which is specified in Tables
2 and 3, THEN, the material is no longer considered suitable for safety purposes.
In order to facilitate the classification of manufacturers, the performance requirements
and test methods for the emission color of phosphorescent materials are as shown in
Appendix B.
4.2 Object color under external illumination
4.2.1 Safety signs made of ordinary materials
If the color of the object is tested, in accordance with the provisions of 5.2.1, the
colorimetric coordinates of each color shall be within the corresponding color regime,
which is specified in Table 1, as shown in Figure 1. The luminance factor of each color
shall comply with the provisions in Table 1.
4.2.2 Unpowered internally illuminated safety signs under external lighting
If the unpowered internally illuminated safety sign is tested, in accordance with the
provisions of 5.2.2, the colorimetric coordinates of each color shall be within the
corresponding color regime, which is specified in Table 1, as shown in Figure 1. The
luminance factor of each color shall comply with the provisions in Table 1.
4.2.3 Phosphorescent safety signs under external lighting
If the phosphorescent material at the bottom of the phosphorescent material OR the
phosphorescent material printed with color on the surface is tested, in accordance with
5.2 Object color under external lighting
5.2.1 Safety signs made of ordinary materials
The front of the sign shall be measured by a spectrophotometer, which complies with
the specifications in C.1.1.
Three measurements shall be made at the same location. The average of x, y, Y shall be
calculated.
All safety colors and contrast colors, that make up the sign, shall be measured.
5.2.2 De-energized internally illuminated safety signs under exterior lighting
Black material shall be lined behind the front of the sign. The front of the sign shall be
measured, by a spectrophotometer, which complies with the specifications in C.1.1.
Three measurements shall be made at the same location. The average of x, y, Y shall be
calculated.
All safety colors and contrast colors, that make up the sign, shall be measured.
5.2.3 Phosphorescent safety signs under external lighting
Phosphorescent safety signs shall be placed in a dark and airtight environment, for at
least 48 hours, for pretreatment. Samples shall be removed from a dark, closed
environment, prior to testing.
The ambient temperature during the sign pretreatment, excitation, colorimetric and
luminance testing shall be (23 ± 2) °C. The relative humidity shall be (50 ± 10) %. All
tests shall be performed indoors or in a container, which has an ambient luminance at
least one order of magnitude lower than the lowest measured luminance value.
Phosphorescent signs shall be excited by the light of a D65 daylight simulator
fluorescent lamp. The lamp is being 45° to the normal to the sign surface, resulting in a
measurement of (200 ± 2) lx, on the sign surface (plane) at the location of the test piece.
The duration of the excitation shall be 20 min. There shall be no ambient or diffuse light,
during excitation.
The colorimeter, which is specified in C.1.2 or C.1.3, shall be placed perpendicular to
the surface of the sign. The size of the test piece shall be within the size range of the
graphic symbol or basic geometric shape being measured.
After 20 min, the colorimetric coordinates and luminance Lp shall be measured, once
every 1 min within 10 min, under the condition that the D65 daylight simulator
fluorescent lamp keeps glowing. Colorimetric coordinates x, y and luminance [in
candelas per square meter (cd/m2)] shall be recorded.
All safety colors and contrast colors, that make up the sign, shall be measured.
The above measurement procedure shall be repeated, on two additional test pieces,
which are placed within the color of the graphic symbol and basic geometry of the same
color.
In order to determine the luminance factor, the luminance Lw of a calibrated white
reflectance standard, at geometric condition 45/0 (placed at the same test piece location
and under the same D65 daylight simulator lighting conditions) shall be measured, once
every 1 min for 10 min. The luminance factor β of phosphorescent signs shall be
calculated, according to the following formula:
β = ρ (Lp/Lw)
Where ρ is the reflectance of the calibrated white reflectance standard.
5.3 Object color of energized internally illuminated safety signs
The test methods, which are specified in this paragraph, also apply to non-maintained
internally illuminated safety signs, when the interior light source is energized.
Measurements shall be performed in a dark closed environment (inside the container),
with the internal light source energized.
A colorimeter, which complies with the specifications in C.1.2 or C.1.3, shall be placed
perpendicular to the surface of the sign. The size of the test piece shall be within the
size of the color regime. Place the test piece, so that the distance, from edge of the test
piece to the edge of the color regime, is at least half the size of the test piece.
It shall measure the colorimetric coordinates of the safety colors and contrast colors;
record the luminance values, in candela per square meter (cd/m2)].
The luminance instrument, that complies with the specifications in C.2, OR the
colorimeter, that complies with the specifications in C.1.2 or C.1.3, shall be placed
perpendicular to the surface of the sign. The size of the test piece should be within the
size of the color regime. Place the test piece, so that the distance, from the edge of the
test piece to the edge of the color regime, is at least half the size of the test piece.
It shall measure the minimum and maximum luminance (if present), over the regime of
safe colors and white contrast colors. Boundary areas outside the basic geometry of the
safety sign shall be excluded.
The minimum and maximum luminance contrast shall be calculated, as shown in
formula (1) and formula (2):
Appendix A
(Informative)
Object colors for different types of safety signs and materials
A.1 External illumination
A.1.1 Ordinary materials
The object color of ordinary materials is produced, by the selective absorption of light
incident on the surface. The perceived color depends on various factors, including the
spectral distribution of the incident light, the spectral radiance factor of the surface,
certain visual parameters, such as the observer's matching state and the color of the
surrounding area. However, in order to determine the color of practical application, it
is sufficient to use the colorimetric coordinates and luminance factor of the CIE 2°
standard colorimetric observer. These numbers depend only on the spectral distribution
of the incident light and the spectral luminance factor of the surface. This Part is to
calculate the colorimetric value, under the CIE standard illuminant D65.
When considering the primary colors of a surface, it is generally assumed that the
surface is a uniformly reflective diffuser. Light, which is reflected from a smooth or
semi-smooth surface, includes some specular reflections; it is normally excluded when
determining color; the specified measurement geometry should be able to exclude such
reflections. Geometry 45/0 and geometry 0/45 represent the interaction of light, because
the reflected light from the surface of many materials is not uniformly scattered, so ring
lighting is chosen. The reference geometry is 45/0.
A.1.2 Phosphorescent materials under external illumination
These materials are colorants that emit phosphorescence, because energy in the shorter
wavelength and/or ultraviolet regions of the visible spectrum is absorbed, meanwhile
the colorant stores energy, some of which is re-radiated at longer wavelengths, so as to
emit light in the visible region, for a period of time.
The color, which is produced by excitation by an external light source, is the color of
the phosphorescent colorant, which results from the reflection of the excitation
radiation AND the broadband radiation, as emitted by the phosphorescent colorant or
the product placed on it. Usually, the reflected light is much stronger than the emitted
light.
Object color depends on many factors, including the characteristics of the
phosphorescent material, as well as the spectral composition, luminance level, duration
of the excitation source. Tests are performed, under saturated excitation conditions. The
test method uses light from a D65 daylight simulator fluorescent lamp, at 45° to the
normal to the surface of the sign, resulting in a 200 (1 ± 2%) lx measurement for 20
min, on the surface of the phosphorescent material. The measurement is carried out by
a tricolor colorimeter or spectrocolorimeter, which is observed at right angles to the
phosphorescent surface. The luminance factor can be determined, by measuring a white
reflectance standard, which is placed in the same measurement position.
A.1.3 De-energized internally illuminated safety signs under external lighting
When a non-maintained internally illuminated safety sign is externally illuminated
AND the internal light source is in operation, the non-energized external lighting is
reflected from any surface. The test method is basically the same as the test method for
ordinary materials, except that a black material is placed behind the front of any
translucent sign.
A.2 Energized internally illuminated safety signs
This category includes maintained internally illuminated safety signs and non-
maintained internally illuminated safety signs, that are in operation with the internal
power source energized.
Sign constructions, types of light sources, techniques vary. Integral light sources can
illuminate translucent materials, from behind or from an edge, OR emissive materials
such as electroluminescent sheets or light-emitting diode sheets. The surface can exhibit
partly emissive properties AND exhibit partly diffusive reflection properties.
The measurement adopts tricolor colorimeter or spectrocolorimeter, which is observed,
at a right angle to the front surface of the sign. Color is determined, using the CIE 2°
standard colorimetric observer's colorimetric coordinates and luminance. Luminance
instruments (still observed at right angles to the front surface of the sign) can be used,
to determine the luminance contrast k, between the contrast color and safety colors, as
well as the luminance variation within each color.
A.3 Emission color of phosphorescent materials
Phosphorescent materials emit visible light for a period of time, with reduced luminance,
after exposure to light AND all light sources are turned off. The measurement does not
require the presence of other light sources.
The color of the emitted visible light depends on many factors, including the
characteristics of the phosphorescent material and the spectral composition, luminance
level, duration of the excitation light source.
Excitation of the phosphorescent materials, which is specified in this Part, is generated
by light from a D65 daylight simulator fluorescent lamp, that produces a measured
luminance of 200 (1 ± 2%) lx, on the sign surface/plane at the location of the test piece;
the excitation duration is 20 min.
Appendix C
(Normative)
Specification for colorimetric instruments and photometric instruments
C.1 Colorimetric instrument
C.1.1 Spectrophotometer
Instruments shall be provided, in accordance with the provisions of CIE 15.
Colorimetric values shall be calculated, under CIE standard illuminator D65 and CIE
2° standard colorimetric observer conditions. In general, it may use a monochromatic
or polychromatic illumination in a monochromator; however, in cases where the
reflected light contains phosphorescence, it shall use the polychromatic illumination. In
this case, the quality of the illuminating light shall be higher than category B (visible)
and category C (ultraviolet), when estimated using the CIE 51.2 method.
The instrument shall have the following characteristics:
- Spectral condition:
● Wavelength range: 380 nm ~ 780 nm, at least 400 nm ~ 700 nm;
● Wavelength sampling interval: ≤ 20 nm;
- Geometrical conditions: The illumination and observation conditions are
(geometrical conditions 45/0) or (geometrical conditions 0/45);
- Photometric conditions: The measurement range of Y is at least 0% ~ 100%.
Note: The luminance factor β is Y/100.
C.1.2 Tricolor colorimeter for light color
The instrument directly measures the relative values (X, Y, Z) of the three primary color
values, by the three primary color method. The measurement results are represented by
colorimetric coordinates (x, y) and luminance Lv. Values shall be calculated for a CIE
2° standard colorimetric observer. The instrument shall have at least the following
characteristics:
- Wavelength range: At least 400 nm ~ 700 nm;
- Repeatability of colorimetric coordinates: ±0.003;
- Luminance range: 0.01 cd/m2 ~ 15000 cd/m2;
- Luminance repeatability: ±0.01 cd/m2.
Note: The luminance Lv is Y.
C.1.3 Spectrocolorimeter for light color
The instrument measures the relative spectral radiance Le(λ), by spectrometry. The
measurement results are represented by tristimulus values (X, Y, Z), colorimetric
coordinates (x, y), luminance Lv. Values shall be calculated for a CIE 2° standard
colorimetric observer. The instrument shall have at least the following characteristics:
- Wavelength range: 380 nm ~ 780 nm;
- Band pass: less than 5 nm;
- Luminance range: 0.01 cd/m2 ~ 15000 cd/m2;
- Luminance repeatability: ±0.01 cd/m2.
Note: Luminance Lv is Y.
C.2 Luminance instrument
The luminance meter shall be calibrated, to measure daylight luminance (CIE 2°
standard colorimetric observer). The instrument shall have the following characteristics:
- Spectral error: f1' ≤ 3% (f1' as defined in CIE 69);
- Luminance range: 0.01 cd/m2 ~ 15000 cd/m2;
- Luminance repeatability: ±0.01 cd/m2.
C.3 Illuminance instrument
A cosine daylight V (λ) shall be provided to calibrate the illuminance meter. After
calibration, it shall measure the illuminance, in the unit of lux (lx). The meter shall have
the following characteristics:
- Spectral error: f1' ≤ 5% (f1' as defined in CIE 69);
- UV response: u ≤ 0.5% (u as defined in CIE 69);
- Linearity error: f3 ≤ 0.5% (f3 as defined in CIE 69);
- Illuminance range: 10 lx ~ 1000 lx;
- Resolution: 1.0 lx.
Appendix F
(Informative)
Considerations for color vision defects
F.1 Types of color vision defects
Color defects, which are caused by the absence of one pigment, are called "dichromatic".
This defect is divided into three types: red blindness, green blindness, blue blindness.
Red blindness is a lack of red-sensing cone pigments; green blindness is a lack of green-
sensing cone pigments; blue blindness is a lack of blue-sensing cone pigments.
Observers, who are dichromatic have, two of these three color defects.
If any of the three cone pigments are abnormal, the abnormality is called "abnormal
trichromacy". The degree of color vision defect and the degree of dichromacy are the
same or normal of different degrees.
The incidence of color vision defects is 7% ~ 8% in European men, about 4% ~ 5% in
Asian men; most of these color vision defects are classified as deuteranopia genes. For
women in Europe and Asia, the incidence is less than 1%.
Acquired color vision defects include all color vision defects, except those with genetic
carriers. The difference, between birth defects and acquired defects, can be explained
as follows: People with acquired color vision defects had normal color vision in the
past; but this color vision has been affected by the disease. In other words, acquired
color vision defects can be classified as secondary color vision defects, as opposed to
congenital color vision defects. Broadly speaking, changes in color vision, due to aging,
are also classified as acquired color vision deficits, even if the defect is not due to
disease.
The main differences, between acquired and congenital color vision defects, can be
explained as follows:
a) In acquired color vision defects, the level of color vision defect varies according
to the degree of disease OR any other discomfort (or both). However, in
congenital color vision defects, the level of the color vision defect does not
change at all, throughout a person's life;
b) In congenital color vision defects, the color vision defect is always binocular,
whilst in acquired color vision defects, it can be either binocular or monocular;
c) In congenital color vision defects, the color vision defects are not accompanied
by other visual defects. However, acquired color vision defects are always
accompanied by one or more visual defects;
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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