GB/T 2678.2-2021 PDF in English
GB/T 2678.2-2021 (GB/T2678.2-2021, GBT 2678.2-2021, GBT2678.2-2021)
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Paper, board and pulps -- Determination of water-soluble chlorides
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Standards related to: GB/T 2678.2-2021
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GB/T 2678.2-2021: PDF in English (GBT 2678.2-2021) GB/T 2678.2-2021
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 85.040;85.060
CCS Y 30
Replacing GB/T 2678.2-2008
Paper, board and pulps - Determination of water-soluble
chlorides
(ISO 9197:2016, MOD)
ISSUED ON: AUGUST 20, 2021
IMPLEMENTED ON: SEPTEMBER 01, 2022
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 6
2 Normative references ... 6
3 Terms and definitions ... 6
4 Mercury nitrate method ... 7
5 Silver nitrate potentiometric titration method ... 9
6 Ion chromatography ... 12
7 Quality control ... 15
8 Test report ... 15
Annex A (informative) Comparison on structural changes between this document and
ISO 9197:2016 ... 17
Annex B (informative) Preparation and calibration of mercury nitrate standard solution
... 18
Paper, board and pulps - Determination of water-soluble
chlorides
WARNING -- Persons using this document shall have practical experience in
formal laboratory work. This document does not address all possible security
issues. It is the user's responsibility to take appropriate safety and health measures
and to ensure compliance with the conditions stipulated by relevant national
regulations.
1 Scope
This document specifies the methods for the determination of water-soluble chlorides
in paper, paperboard and pulp by mercury nitrate, silver nitrate potentiometric titration
and ion chromatography.
This document is applicable to all kinds of paper, cardboard and pulp.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 450, Paper and board - Sampling for testing and identification of machine and
cross direction, wire side and felt side (GB/T 450-2008, ISO 186:2002, MOD)
GB/T 462, Paper, board and pulp - Determination of moisture content of analytical
sample (GB/T 462-2008, ISO 287:1985 and ISO 638:1978, MOD)
GB/T 740-2003, Pulps - Sampling for testing (ISO 7213:1981, IDT)
GB/T 6682, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods
(GB/T 6682-2008, ISO 3696:1987, MOD)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 water-soluble chlorides
The chloride ion content in aqueous extracts of paper, board and pulp specimens
measured under specified conditions.
4 Mercury nitrate method
4.1 Principle
The specimen is extracted with boiling water for 1h. Then in a solution containing
chloride ions, drop into mercuric nitrate standard titration solution. At this time,
mercury ions immediately react with chloride ions to form insoluble mercuric
dichloride. Add excess ethanol to the titrant to reduce its solubility. When all the
chloride ions in the solution become mercuric dichloride, a slight excess of mercury
ions immediately forms purple mercury compounds with diphenylcarbazone added to
the solution. Use the concentration and volume of the standard solution of mercury
nitrate consumed to calculate the chloride ion concentration in the specimen extract.
4.2 Reagents
Unless otherwise specified, only analytically pure reagents are used.
4.2.1 Water, GB/T 6682, grade two.
4.2.2 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution, 30% (mass fraction).
4.2.3 Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) solution, 95% (volume fraction).
4.2.4 Nitric acid (HNO3) solution [c(HNO3)=1.0mol/L]. Carefully measure 90mL
[c(HNO3)=14mol/L] of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3 content is about 65%). Add to
500mL of water (4.2.1). Then dilute to 1L.
4.2.5 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, [c(NaOH)=0.50mol/L].
4.2.6 Sodium chloride standard solution [c(NaCl)=0.01mol/L]. Accurately weigh
0.5846g of the benchmark sodium chloride that has been calcined at 500℃ ~ 600℃ for
2h and dissolve in water (4.2.1). Transfer to a 1000mL volumetric flask. Use water
(4.2.1) to dilute to the scale. Certified standard solutions can also be purchased.
4.2.7 Mercury nitrate standard solution {c[Hg(HNO3)2]=0.01mol/L}. See Annex B for
preparation and calibration.
4.2.8 Nitric acid (HNO3) solution (volume fraction 1:1). Carefully measure 90mL of
concentrated nitric acid c(HNO3)=14mol/L (HNO3 content is about 65%)]. Add into
500mL of water (4.2.1). Then dilute to 1L.
4.2.9 Diphenylcarbazone (C13H12ON4) indicator [c(C13H12ON4)=10g/L]. Weigh 0.25g
of diphenylcarbazone and dissolve it in 25mL of 95% ethanol. Store in a brown bottle.
This solution is valid for one week.
4.3 Instruments and equipment
4.3.1 Analytical balance: the resolution is 0.0001g.
4.3.2 pH meter: the precision is 0.01 units.
4.3.3 Constant temperature water bath.
4.3.4 1mL microburette: the minimum division is 0.01mL.
4.3.5 150mL, 250mL, 500mL conical flasks.
4.3.6 Wild-mouth bottle with ground glass stopper.
4.3.7 Reflux condenser.
4.3.8 Buchner funnel.
4.3.9 Other routine laboratory glassware.
4.4 Specimen collection and preparation
If it is to evaluate a batch of pulp, the specimen shall be collected according to GB/T
740-2003. If the test is used to evaluate a batch of paper and board, the specimen shall
be taken in accordance with GB/T 450. If evaluating other types of samples, it shall be
ensured that the samples taken are representative.
Due to the low chloride content in some samples, contamination of the samples shall
be avoided during sampling. Clean gloves shall always be worn during specimen
preparation. Tear or cut the sample into 5mm x 5mm specimens.
It shall be ensured that the laboratory is free of dust and fumes of chlorine-containing
substances such as hydrochloric acid or chlorinated solvents. If the paper mill uses
chlorine or chlorine dioxide as a bleaching agent, special attention shall be paid to
specimen collection and preparation in the factory's in-house laboratory. Please do it in
the on-site laboratory.
Wrap the sample in aluminum foil or plastic bag after specimen preparation until
analysis. Store in the wild-mouth bottle with ground glass stopper.
The determination shall be carried out immediately after specimen preparation.
4.5 Test steps
4.5.1 Do two experiments in parallel. Extract each specimen in duplicate. Carry out a
blank test of the reagents in full accordance with the method for the test specimen.
4.5.2 Accurately weigh 5.0g of the air-dried specimen, accurate to 0.001g. At the same
time, take another specimen of the same mass to determine the absolute dry mass m of
Extract the sample with boiling water for 1h. Filter the extract. Use hydrogen peroxide
heating to reduce the disturbances that may be caused by carbohydrates. Add nitric acid
to dissolve and acidify the test solution. Add acetone. Then use potentiometric titration
method to titrate. With the addition of silver nitrate standard solution titrant, the
potential of the indicator electrode changes accordingly. Near the end point of the
titration, the concentration of the measured ion undergoes a sudden change, causing a
sudden jump in the electrode potential. The end point of the titration can be determined
from the jump in the electrode potential. From this, the content of chloride ions can be
calculated from the volume of the consumed silver nitrate standard solution.
5.2 Reagents
Unless otherwise specified, only analytically pure reagents are used.
5.2.1 Water, GB/T 6682, grade two.
5.2.2 Nitric acid solution (1+1). Use water (5.2.1) to dilute 500mL of
[c(HNO3)=14mol/L] concentrated nitric acid (HNO3 content is about 65%) to 1L.
5.2.3 Acetone (CH3COCH3), chloride free.
5.2.4 Silver nitrate standard solution [c(AgNO3)=20mmol/L]. Accurately weigh 3.397g
of dried silver nitrate. Use water (5.2.1) to make it completely dissolved. Transfer it
into a 1000mL volumetric flask. Use water (5.2.1) to dilute it to the scale. This solution
shall be stored in the dark.
5.2.5 Sodium hydroxide solution [c(NaOH)=0.1mol/L]. Weigh 4g of sodium hydroxide.
Use water (5.2.1) to dissolve it. Transfer into a 1000mL volumetric flask. Then use
water (5.2.1) to dilute it to the scale.
5.2.6 Hydrogen peroxide solution, 30% (mass fraction).
5.3 Instruments and equipment
5.3.1 Potentiometer or other measuring instrument: The measured DC voltage is
0mV~300mV. The accuracy is not less than 2mV. Use a silver electrode (silver ion
selective electrode) as the indicator electrode, and a glass electrode as the reference
electrode. Use an electrokinetic potentiometer with a motor-driven microburette and
graph recording.
5.3.2 Glass microsyringe: 0.100mL, can read to 0.001mL.
5.3.3 500mL conical flask.
5.3.4 Reflux condenser.
5.3.5 Constant temperature water bath.
5.3.6 Analytical balance with a resolution of 0.0001g.
5.3.7 Magnetic stirrer.
5.3.8 Other routine laboratory glassware.
5.4 Specimen collection and preparation
Proceed as described in 4.4.
5.5 Test steps
5.5.1 Do two experiments in parallel. Each specimen is extracted in duplicate. Carry
out a blank test according to the procedure for testing specimens.
5.5.2 Weigh air-dried specimens. Weigh 20g for high-purity electrical paper. For general
paper, weigh 4g, accurate to 0.0001g. At the same time, take another specimen of the
same mass. Determine the absolute dry mass m of the specimen according to the
provisions of GB/T 462. Put the specimen into the 500mL Erlenmeyer flask (5.3.3).
Add 300mL of freshly boiled water (5.2.1) to high-purity electrical paper. For general
paper, add 100mL of water (5.2.1). Install the reflux condenser (5.3.4). Extract in
boiling water for 60min±5min.
5.5.3 When the extraction time is up, take it out and let the extract cool to room
temperature. Pour out or use a glass filter to filter. For high-purity electrical paper,
pipette 150mL of filtrate into a 250mL beaker. For general paper, pipette 50mL of
filtrate. Then add 10 drops of sodium hydroxide solution (5.2.5) and 10 drops of
hydrogen peroxide solution (5.2.6). Put them on an electric hot plate to heat, oxidize
and decolorize. Wait until the solution evaporates to about 5mL. After the test solution
is cooled to room temperature, add 1mL of nitric acid solution (1+1) (5.2.2).
5.5.4 Use 10mL of acetone (5.2.3) to wash a 50mL beaker three times. Transfer the
above test solution (5.5.3) to this beaker. Immerse the electrode of the potentiometer
(5.3.1) in the test solution. Use a magnetic stirrer to stir continuously at a constant speed.
Read out the potential value on the potentiometer. Use the glass microsyringe (5.3.2) to
add 0.01mL of silver nitrate standard solution (5.2.4) each time for potentiometric
titration. After each addition of silver nitrate standard solution, read the potential value
once. Potential starts to change slowly. With the increase of the amount of silver nitrate
standard solution added, the potential change increases. Titrate until the potential value
changes slowly again.
NOTE: If an automatic titrator is used, the rate of adding titrant is set to 0.1mL/min~0.2mL/min.
5.6 Result calculation
The water-soluble chloride content of the specimen shall be calculated according to
formula (2):
2°C) water (6.2.1). Dissociate the specimen until the specimen is completely dispersed.
Then soak the specimen for 1h. Gently stir while soaking to ensure complete extraction
of chlorides.
After the stirring stops, immediately draw a part of the suspension with a syringe (6.3.3).
Filter it with the tea filter (6.3.4) to prepare the specimen solution.
6.5.1.3 Thermal extraction method
Weigh the air-dried specimen. Weigh 20g for high-purity electrical paper. For general
paper, weigh 4g, accurate to 0.0001g. At the same time, take another specimen of the
same mass to determine the absolute dry mass m of the specimen according to the
provisions of GB/T 462. Put the specimen into the 500mL Erlenmeyer flask (5.3.3).
Add 300mL of freshly boiled water (6.2.1) to the high-purity electrical paper. For
general paper, add 100mL of water (6.2.1). Install the reflux condenser (5.3.4). Extract
in boiling water for 60min±5min.
Take it out when the draw is up to the time. Let the extract cool to room temperature.
Pour out or filter through a glass filter. For high-purity electrical paper, pipette 150mL
of filtrate into a 250mL beaker. For general paper, pipette 50mL of filtrate. Use a syringe
(6.3.3) to draw part of the solution. Filter it to prepare the specimen solution.
6.5.2 Drawing of working curve of chloride ion
6.5.2.1 Use chloride dilute solution (6.2.3) to prepare concentration as c(Cl-)=1mg/L,
c(Cl-)=3mg/L, c(Cl-)=5mg/L, c(Cl-)=8mg/L, c(Cl-)=10mg/L series working solution.
The concentration of the working solution can be adjusted appropriately according to
the chloride ion concentration in the test solution.
6.5.2.2 Set the test conditions according to the instrument manual. Measure the working
solution in turn. Draw a working curve according to the measurement results and the
chloride ion concentration of the calibration solution.
6.5.3 Specimen and blank test
Set the test conditions according to the instrument manual. Determine the specimen and
blank solution, respectively. Calculate the chloride ion concentration in the solution
according to the working curve.
6.6 Result calculation
The water-soluble chloride content of the specimen shall be calculated according to
formula (3):
Where,
X - The water-soluble chloride content of the specimen, in milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg);
c1 - The chloride ion concentration in the specimen solution after filtration, in
milligrams per liter (mg/L);
c0 - The chloride ion concentration in the blank solution, in milligrams per liter (mg/L);
V - The volume of water used, the specified volume is 250mL;
m0 - The mass of the weighed specimen, in grams (g);
w - The absolute dry matter content of the sample, %.
The average of the two determination values is used as the measurement result. The
result is rounded to 0.1mg/kg.
7 Quality control
7.1 Nitric acid (HNO3) solution [c(HNO3)=1mol/L]. Carefully measure 90mL
[c(HNO3)=14mol/L] of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3 content is about 65%). Add into
500mL of water (6.2.1). Then dilute to 1L.
7.2 Carefully clean glassware and other instruments that come into contact with the
specimen or extract. All glassware shall be soaked in nitric acid solution (7.1) for
5min~10min. Rinse thoroughly with boiling water. Tweezers and scissors used for
sample preparation shall be washed with boiling water.
7.3 During the preservation, collection and preparation of the specimen, the pollution
of the environment and the operation process shall be avoided.
7.4 Calculate with a sampling amount of 5g. The detection limit of mercury nitrate
method is 10mg/kg. The detection limit of silver nitrate potentiometric titration is
5.0mg/kg. The detection limit of ion chromatography is 20mg/kg. The detection limit
of the method can be reduced by appropriately increasing the sampling amount,
concentration and so on. In this case, the detection limit can be evaluated according to
the actual test conditions.
8 Test report
The test report shall contain the followings:
a) Reference to this document and test method;
b) Test date and place;
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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