GB/T 150.4-2024 PDF in English
GB/T 150.4-2024 (GB/T150.4-2024, GBT 150.4-2024, GBT150.4-2024)
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Pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance
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| GB 150.4-2011 | English | 145 |
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[GB/T 150.4-2011] Pressure Vessels -- Part 4: Fabrication, inspection and testing, and acceptance
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Standards related to (historical): GB/T 150.4-2024
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GB/T 150.4-2024: PDF in English (GBT 150.4-2024) GB/T 150.4-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 23.020.30
CCS J 74
Replacing GB/T 150.4-2011
Pressure vessels - Part 4.Fabrication, inspection and testing,
and acceptance
ISSUED ON. JULY 24, 2024
IMPLEMENTED ON. FEBRUARY 01, 2025
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
National Standardization Administration.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
Introduction... 11
1 Scope... 13
2 Normative references... 13
3 Terms and definitions... 15
4 General... 19
5 Material re-inspection, segmentation, mark transplantation... 23
6 Cold and hot forming and assembly... 25
7 Welding... 35
8 Heat treatment... 45
9 Test pieces and specimens... 55
10 Nondestructive testing... 60
11 Pressure test and leakage test... 67
12 Hot gas circulation test... 71
13 Exit-factory requirements for pressure vessels... 73
Appendix A (Normative) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection,
acceptance of forged and welded pressure vessels... 76
Appendix B (Normative) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection,
acceptance of shrink fit pressure vessels... 80
Appendix C (Normative) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection,
acceptance of wrapped pressure vessels... 83
Appendix D (Normative) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection,
acceptance of steel ribbon wound pressure vessels... 94
Appendix E (Normative) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection,
acceptance of pressure vessels based on the design to prevent low-temperature brittle
fracture... 97
Pressure vessels - Part 4.Fabrication, inspection and testing,
and acceptance
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of
steel pressure vessels.
This document applies to the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of non-alloy steel, low
alloy steel or high alloy steel base layers in steel pressure vessels, composite plate
pressure vessels, lined pressure vessels, pressure vessels with cladding layers.
This document applies to single-layer welded (including pipe-made cylinder) pressure
vessels, forged welded pressure vessels, shrink fit pressure vessels, multi-layer wrapped
(including multi-layer cylinder segment wrapped, multi-layer integral wrapped)
pressure vessels, steel ribbon wound pressure vessels.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents constitute essential clauses of this document
through normative references in the text. Among them, for dated references, only the
version corresponding to that date applies to this document; for undated references, the
latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 150.1 Pressure vessels - Part 1.General requirements
GB/T 150.2-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 2.Materials
GB/T 150.3-2024 Pressure vessels - Part 3.Design
GB/T 151 Heat exchangers
GB/T 196 General purpose metric screw threads - Basic dimensions
GB/T 197 General purpose metric screw threads - Tolerances
GB/T 228.1 Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1.Method of test at room
temperature
GB/T 228.2 Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 2.Method of test at elevated
temperature
Pressure vessel designed by simple fatigue analysis
Pressure vessels that have been successfully used, designed according to GB/T 150.3
and approved by the technical director of the design organization, supplemented
with fatigue analysis and assessment according to the analysis design, meanwhile
meet the relevant fabrication, inspection, acceptance requirements.
3.17
Weld metal replacement
For parts and components such as heads (including cones) that are first assembled
and then hot-formed, the operation of removing the original weld metal and re-
welding after the forming is completed.
4 General
4.1 Requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of pressure vessels
4.1.1 The fabrication, inspection, acceptance of pressure vessels of different structural
forms shall be subject to additional requirements based on the requirements for the
fabrication, inspection and acceptance of single-layer welded (including pipe-made
cylinder) pressure vessels.
a) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of forged and
welded pressure vessels shall be in accordance with Appendix A;
b) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of shrink fit
pressure vessels shall be in accordance with Appendix B;
c) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of wrapped
pressure vessels shall be in accordance with Appendix C;
d) Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of flat steel
ribbon wound pressure vessels shall be in accordance with Appendix D.
4.1.2 Additional requirements for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of pressure
vessels designed to prevent low-temperature brittle fracture shall be in accordance with
Appendix E.
4.1.3 For low-temperature pressure vessels made of chromium-nickel austenitic
stainless steel (design temperature below -196 °C), the parties involved in the
fabrication shall negotiate and stipulate additional requirements for fabrication,
inspection, acceptance; the design organization shall stipulate them in the design
documents.
4.2 Basis for the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of pressure vessels
In addition to complying with the requirements of this document and design documents,
the fabrication, inspection, acceptance of pressure vessels shall also comply with the
following requirements.
a) The fabrication, inspection, acceptance of heat exchangers, spherical storage tanks,
tower vessels and horizontal vessels shall comply with GB/T 151, GB/T 12337,
NB/T 47041, NB/T 47042, respectively.
b) The fabrication, inspection, acceptance of non-ferrous metal linings, cladding
layers, composite plate claddings in pressure vessels shall comply with JB/T 4734,
NB/T 11270, JB/T 4755, JB/T 4756, NB/T 47011, respectively.
4.3 Raw materials and parts and components (including self-made, outsourced,
purchased parts and components)
4.3.1 Raw materials
4.3.1.1 Plates, pipes, forgings, bars, composite plates shall comply with the following
requirements.
a) Plates, pipes, forgings, bars shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T
150.2, GB/T 151, GB/T 12337, JB/T 4734, NB/T 11270, JB/T 4755, JB/T 4756,
NB/T 47011, respectively. Material suppliers shall provide material exit-factory
heat treatment process parameters. When necessary, pressure vessel fabrication
organization may propose performance requirements for materials after simulated
minimum heat process treatment and/or simulated maximum heat process
treatment.
b) Composite plates shall comply with NB/T 47002 (all parts). When heat exchange
tubes are subjected to axial compressive stress, if composite plates are used to
fabricate tube sheets, requirements for the bonding strength of the composite
plates shall be put forward; bonding tests shall be carried out in accordance with
GB/T 6396 to determine the bonding strength.
c) Nonferrous metal lining parts shall be selected in accordance with the relevant
provisions of JB/T 4734, NB/T 11270, JB/T 4755, JB/T 4756, NB/T 47011.
4.3.1.2 In addition to complying with NB/T 47018 (all parts), welding materials shall
also meet the requirements of GB/T 150.2.When necessary, the pressure vessel
fabrication organization may propose performance requirements for welding materials
after minimum thermal treatment and/or maximum thermal treatment.
4.3.2 Parts and components (including self-made, outsourced, purchased parts and
components)
4.3.2.1 In addition to complying with GB/T 25198, the additional requirements for
heads are as follows.
4.4 Fabrication environment
4.4.1 The fabrication of high-alloy steel pressure vessels should be carried out in a clean
and relatively independent environment.
4.4.2 The fabrication environment of nonferrous metal lining parts shall comply with
the relevant provisions of JB/T 4734, NB/T 11270, JB/T 4755, JB/T 4756, NB/T 47011,
respectively.
4.5 Risk prevention and control in the fabrication process of pressure vessels
4.5.1 The fabrication organization shall complete the following work according to the
main failure modes, pressure vessel fabrication inspection requirements and
suggestions proposed in the risk assessment report.
a) Reasonably determine the fabrication, inspection process and quality plan;
b) Indicate the implementation of the failure prevention measures given in the risk
assessment report in the product quality certification document.
4.5.2 For pressure vessels for which the design organization has not issued a risk
assessment report or the risk assessment report issued does not fully consider the
fabrication risk, the fabrication organization shall assess the risk according to the
fabrication and inspection process of the pressure vessel and carry out effective control.
The technical measures shall at least include the following.
a) Evaluate the impact of the pressure vessel fabrication process on the material;
reasonably determine the requirements for the material performance in the
technical conditions for ordering materials (including welding materials).
When evaluating the impact of the pressure vessel fabrication process on the
material, the maximum thermal treatment process test or the maximum thermal
treatment + minimum thermal treatment process test shall be used, to determine the
impact of the thermal treatment in the fabrication process route and the possible
repair on the material performance.
b) Evaluate the requirements of the subsequent fabrication and inspection process of
the pressure vessel for the purchased finished parts and components; reasonably
formulate the technical conditions for ordering the purchased finished parts and
components.
When evaluating the requirements of the subsequent fabrication and inspection
process of the pressure vessel for the purchased finished parts and components, the
maximum thermal treatment process test or the maximum thermal treatment +
minimum thermal treatment process test may be used, to determine the impact of
the thermal treatment in the subsequent fabrication process route and the possible
repair on the material performance.
4.6 Design modification and material substitution
The fabrication organization shall obtain the written approval of the original design
organization (when the original design organization does not have the corresponding
design qualifications, it may entrust other design organizations with corresponding
design qualifications) for the modification of the design documents and the material
substitution of the pressure components in advance; make detailed records on the
completion drawings.
4.7 Use of new technologies and processes
When using new technologies, processes, methods for pressure vessel fabrication and
inspection that are not included in this document, the fabrication organization shall
conduct a technical review in accordance with the relevant safety technical
specifications before use.
4.8 Information management
Pressure vessel fabrication organization shall input the required relevant data in the
pressure vessel fabrication process into the special equipment information management
system, in a timely manner in accordance with the provisions of special equipment
information management.
5 Material re-inspection, segmentation, mark
transplantation
5.1 Material re-test
5.1.1 Raw material re-test
5.1.1.1 The following materials shall be re-tested.
a) Class IV forgings purchased for Class III pressure vessels;
b) Materials of main pressure components whose quality certificates cannot be
confirmed or whose performance and chemical composition are in doubt;
c) Foreign designation materials used to fabricate main pressure components;
d) Materials required to be retested by design documents.
5.1.1.2 When retesting materials, the chemical composition shall be retested by furnace
number; the mechanical properties shall be retested by heat treatment batch number.
5.1.1.3 The results of material retest shall comply with the provisions of the
corresponding material standards or the requirements of design documents.
5.1.2 Retesting of welding materials
5.1.2.1 For welding materials whose quality certificates cannot be confirmed or whose
performance and chemical composition are in doubt, the chemical composition and
mechanical properties of the deposited metal shall be retested by batch; the retest results
shall comply with the provisions of the corresponding welding material standards or
the requirements of design documents.
5.1.2.2 Flux-cored welding wires used for welding pressure components shall be
retested for chemical composition and mechanical properties of deposited metal in
batches. The chemical composition of deposited metal shall comply with the provisions
of relevant standards; the impact absorption energy shall comply with the provisions of
the corresponding welding rods (with the same minimum tensile strength code and
chemical composition classification code) in NB/T 47018.2.
5.1.2.3 Welding materials for pressure components made of low alloy steel with a
standard tensile strength lower limit greater than 540 MPa or pressure vessels with a
design temperature lower than -40 °C shall be retested for chemical composition of
deposited metal in batches. The phosphorus content in the deposited metal shall not
exceed 0.020% and the sulfur content shall not exceed 0.010%.
5.1.2.4 The fabrication organization shall retest the diffusible hydrogen content of the
deposited metal of the following welding materials in batches, using the mercury
method or thermal conductivity method in GB/T 3965.The diffusible hydrogen content
shall not exceed 5 mL/100 g.
a) Flux-cored welding wires used for welding pressure components;
b) Welding rods and each combination of welding wire and flux used for welding
pressure components of pressure vessels made of Fe-5A, Fe-5C materials, low-
temperature pressure vessels, non-alloy steel and low-alloy steel field-assembled
pressure vessels;
c) Welding materials other than solid welding wires used for welding pressure
components made of low-alloy steel with a standard tensile strength lower limit
greater than 540 MPa and a thickness greater than 36 mm;
d) For flux-cored welding wires with seams that have passed the retest of the
diffusible hydrogen content of the deposited metal, if the vacuum packaging is
damaged, the flux-cored welding wires with damaged vacuum packaging shall be
retested for the diffusible hydrogen content of the deposited metal before welding.
5.2 Material division
5.2.1 Cold cutting or hot cutting methods can be used for material division; the material
properties shall not be adversely affected during division. When hot cutting is used to
divide materials, the surface slag and the surface layer that affects the fabrication quality
6.1.4 For pressure-bearing components made of steel that has been normalized,
normalized, tempered, or quenched and tempered, cold forming or warm forming is
recommended; when warm forming is used, the forming heating temperature and
forming temperature should avoid the tempering brittleness temperature zone of the
steel.
6.1.5 The heating furnace used for heating the formed parts refers to 8.4.9 b); the
fabrication organization (or department) shall record the time-temperature curve of the
forming heating.
6.1.6 For parts and components that are first spliced and then hot-formed, where there
is support from process assessment and the welded test pieces of the formed parts have
passed the inspection, the weld seams do not need to be replaced.
6.2 Surface grinding
6.2.1 Mechanical damage to the material surface shall not be caused during fabrication.
Sharp scratches and local scratches, grooves and other defects on the corrosion-resistant
surface of high-alloy steel pressure vessels shall be ground; the maximum grinding
slope is 1.3.The grinding depth shall neither be greater than 5% of the thickness of steel
material of the part, nor greater than 2 mm; otherwise, it shall be weld-repaired.
6.2.2 For the cladding layer, composite plate coating, metal lining layer, the grinding
depth shall not be greater than 30% of the thickness of the cladding layer (or coating,
lining layer) and not greater than 1 mm; otherwise, it shall be welded. When the
cladding layer and coating are included in the strength, the remaining thickness of the
coating or cladding layer after grinding shall not be less than the thickness included in
the strength; otherwise, it shall be welded.
6.2.3 Tools for grinding different types of metals shall be dedicated to each other.
6.3 Groove
The groove shall meet the following requirements.
a) Visually inspect the groove surface according to NB/T 47013.7; there shall be no
defects such as cracks, delamination, inclusions, etc. For the groove of the
composite plate, there shall be no peeling of the base and cladding;
b) The groove surface of low-alloy steel and Cr-Mo, Cr-Mo-V steel, which has a
standard tensile strength lower limit greater than 540 MPa, shall be inspected
according to NB/T 47013.4 or NB/T 47013.5 after thermal cutting; the surface
shall be qualified at level I;
c) Before welding, remove the scale, oil, slag and other harmful impurities within a
range of at least 20 mm (measured by the distance from the edge of the groove)
on the steel groove and the surface of the parent material on both sides.
of other welding methods is greater than 90%;
d) Rain or snow environment;
e) The weldment temperature is lower than -20 °C.
7.1.1.2 When the weldment temperature is -20 °C ~ 0 °C, it shall be preheated to above
15 °C within 100 mm of the start of welding.
7.1.1.3 The welding environment of nonferrous metal lining parts shall comply with the
relevant provisions of the corresponding product standards.
7.1.2 Preparation of welding materials
7.1.2.1 The welding gas shall comply with GB/T 150.2.
7.1.2.2 The storage and quality management of welding materials shall comply with
JB/T 3223; the seamed flux-cored wire shall be stored in vacuum packaging.
7.1.2.3 For pressure vessels made of Fe-5A and Fe-5C materials and used in hydrogen-
containing medium environments, if the operating temperature is higher than 350 °C,
the deposited metal of the welding materials used shall be evaluated for temper
brittleness. The test method and qualified indicators shall be specified in the design
documents.
7.1.2.4 For pressure vessels made of Fe-5C materials and used in hydrogen-containing
medium environments, if the design temperature is higher than 440 °C, the high-
temperature endurance test of the weld metal and the welded joint shall be carried out
on a batch basis for each welding wire and flux combination used. The high-temperature
endurance test shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 2039.The requirements
are as follows.
a) The materials used to prepare the test pieces shall be of the same steel designation
and heat treatment state as the materials used for the pressure vessel; the welding
materials shall be of the same batch number;
b) The welded test pieces shall be subjected to maximum postweld heat treatment;
c) Two specimens are taken for the high temperature endurance test. one specimen
is parallel to the weld axis (full weld metal specimen); the other specimen is
perpendicular to the weld axis (welded joint specimen);
d) Within the range of the calibration length (detection length), the diameter of the
specimen shall be greater than or equal to 13 mm and not greater than 20 mm; the
center line of the specimen shall be located at t/2 (t is the thickness of the welded
test piece);
e) The calibration length (detection length) of the welded joint specimen shall
include the parent material, within a range of at least 20 mm wide between the
weld and the adjacent fusion zone on each side;
f) The qualified index for the stress rupture test is. at 540 °C, with a stress of 210
MPa, the time for the specimen to rupture shall not be less than 900 h.
7.1.2.5 When required by the design documents, the welding materials used for
submerged arc welding (SAW) of Fe-5C materials shall be evaluated for the reheat
crack sensitivity of the deposited metal for each welding wire and flux combination in
batches and shall be qualified.
7.1.2.6 Flux-cored welding wires can be used for welding between Fe-8-1 group
chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel base materials and Fe-1-1 group base
materials; however, they shall not be used to weld low-temperature pressure vessels,
pressure vessels designed by simple fatigue analysis, pressure vessels containing
extremely toxic and highly hazardous media, pressure component welds welded on site
in field-assembled pressure vessels, pressure component welds made of Fe-1-1 group
base materials with a thickness greater than 60 mm.
7.1.3 Cleaning and protection of weldments
7.1.3.1 Cleaning of steel weldments shall comply with 6.3; cleaning tools for different
materials shall be dedicated to each other.
7.1.3.2 For non-ferrous metal composite plate cladding, measures shall be taken to
protect it before welding to prevent damage, oxidation, contamination.
7.2 Welding method
Welding methods permitted by NB/T 47014 shall be used to weld pressure components.
7.3 Welding process
7.3.1 Welding procedure qualification
The welding procedure qualification of pressure vessels and their pressure components
shall comply with NB/T 47014 and shall meet the following additional requirements.
a) Before welding of pressure vessels, pressure component welds, welds welded to
pressure components, tack welds melted into permanent welds, surfacing and
repair welds on the surface of pressure component parent materials, repair welds
of the above welds shall be subject to welding procedure qualification, in
accordance with NB/T 47014 or have qualified welding process support.
b) For foreign designation materials (including welding materials) used for welded
structural pressure components, pressure vessel fabrication organization shall
conduct welding procedure qualification, according to NB/T 47014 before first
subjected to maximum thermal treatment + minimum thermal treatment; the
welding procedure qualification specimens of Class A and Class B welding joints
of high alloy steel shells can be subjected to maximum thermal treatment; the
simulation parameters, specimen inspection items, qualified indicators are
specified by the design documents.
7.3.2 Preheating and post-heating before welding
Preheating and post-heating before welding of pressure vessels and their pressure-
bearing components shall comply with NB/T 47015 and meet the following
supplementary requirements.
a) For Fe-3-3 group materials, when the weldment thickness is greater than or equal
to 70 mm, the preheating temperature before welding should not be lower than
170 °C; the weldment temperature shall be maintained within 170 °C ~ 300 °C
during welding. After welding, post-heating shall be performed immediately at a
temperature not lower than 300 °C; the holding time shall not be less than 2 h.
b) For Class Fe-5A and Fe-5C materials, preheating before welding shall ensure that,
the base material temperature within the range of the weld joint groove and one
time the wall thickness on both sides (and not less than 100 mm), is always not
lower than the preheating temperature and not higher than the maximum
allowable interlayer temperature, which is maintained until welding is completed;
if welding is interrupted, the base material temperature within the preheating
range shall still be maintained not lower than the preheating temperature,
meanwhile it is maintained until welding is restarted; otherwise, intermediate
stress relief shall be performed.
c) The preheating temperature before welding of pressure vessels and their pressure-
bearing components made of Class Fe-5C materials shall not be lower than
180 °C.
d) When the thickness of the weldment increases or the degree of constraint increases,
the preheating temperature shall be appropriately increased.
e) When the first layer of austenitic stainless steel, nickel and nickel alloy is clad on
the parent material of Fe-5A and Fe-5C materials, the preheating temperature
before welding shall not be lower than 100 °C; the interpass temperature shall not
exceed 175 °C. When the first layer of austenitic stainless steel, nickel and nickel
alloy is clad on the parent material of other steel materials, the preheating
temperature before welding shall not be lower than the preheating temperature
specified in NB/T 47015 minus 50 °C; meanwhile it shall not be lower than 15 °C.
f) The post-heat treatment of pressure vessels and their pressure-bearing components
shall be carried out immediately after welding. If intermediate stress relief or post-
weld heat treatment is carried out immediately after welding, post-heat treatment
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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