GB/T 14408-2024 PDF English
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GB/T 14408-2024: PDF in English (GBT 14408-2024) GB/T 14408-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.140.80
CCS J 31
Replacing GB/T 14408-2014
Low Alloy Steel Castings for General Engineering and
Structural Purposes
(ISO 9477:2023, High strength cast steels for general engineering and
structural purposes, MOD)
ISSUED ON: APRIL 25, 2024
IMPLEMENTED ON: APRIL 25, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative References ... 5
3 Terms and Definitions ... 6
4 General Conditions of Delivery ... 7
5 Manufacturing Process ... 7
6 Technical Requirements ... 7
7 Test Methods ... 10
8 Inspection Rules ... 12
9 Marking and Quality Certificate ... 15
10 Casting Protection, Packaging, Transportation and Storage ... 16
Appendix A (informative) Comparison of Structural No. between This Document and
ISO 9477:2023 ... 17
Appendix B (informative) Technical Differences between This Document and ISO
9477:2023 and the Causes ... 18
Bibliography ... 20
Low Alloy Steel Castings for General Engineering and
Structural Purposes
1 Scope
This document specifies the manufacturing, technical requirements, test methods, inspection
rules, marking and quality certificate of low alloy steel castings for general engineering and
structural purposes, as well as casting protection, packaging, transportation and storage, etc.
This document is applicable to the production, inspection and delivery acceptance of low alloy
steel castings for general engineering and structural purposes.
2 Normative References
The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document
through the normative references in the text. In terms of references with a specified date, only
versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references without a
specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 222 Permissible Tolerances for Chemical Composition of Steel Products
GB/T 223.3 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy - The Diantipyryl Methane
Phosphomolybdate Gravimetric Method for the Determination of Phosphorus Content
GB/T 223.4 Alloyed Steel - Determination of Manganese Content - Potentiometric or Visual
Titration Method
GB/T 223.60 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy - The Perchloric Acid
Dehydration Gravimetric Method for the Determination of Silicon Content
GB/T 223.68 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Iron, Steel and Alloy - The Potassium Iodate
Titration Method after Combustion in the Pipe Furnace for the Determination of Sulfur Content
GB/T 223.69 Iron, Steel and Alloy - Determination of Carbon Contents - Gas-volumetric
Method after Combustion in the Pipe Furnace
GB/T 228.1 Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing - Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature
GB/T 229 Metallic Materials - Charpy Pendulum Impact Test Method
GB/T 230.1 Metallic Materials - Rockwell Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method
GB/T 231.1 Metallic Materials - Brinell Hardness Test - Part 1: Test Method
GB/T 4336 Carbon and Low-alloy Steel - Determination of Multi-element Contents - Spark
Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometric Method (routine method)
GB/T 5611 Foundry Terminology
GB/T 5613 Designation for Cast Steels
GB/T 5677 Castings - Radiographic Testing
GB/T 5678 Sampling Methods of Spectrochemical Analysis for Cast Alloys
GB/T 6414 Castings - Dimensional Tolerances and Geometrical Tolerances and Machining
Allowances
GB/T 7233.1 Steel Castings - Ultrasonic Testing - Part 1: Steel Castings for General Purposes
GB/T 9443 Steel and Iron Castings - Liquid Penetrant Inspection
GB/T 9444 Steel and Iron Castings - Magnetic Particle Inspection
GB/T 11351-2017 Mass Tolerances of Casting
GB/T 20066 Steel and Iron - Sampling and Preparation of Samples for the Determination of
Chemical Composition
GB/T 39428 Steel Castings by Sand Casting - Visual Examination Method of Surface Quality
GB/T 40800 Specification and Qualification of Welding Procedures for Production Welding of
Steel Castings
GB/T 40805-2021 Steel Castings - General Technical Delivery Requirements
3 Terms and Definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 5611, and the following are applicable to this
document.
3.1 carbon equivalent
The content of alloying elements in steel is converted into the equivalent content of carbon in
accordance with their effects, which is equal to the sum of the converted carbon content of
various alloying elements and the actual total carbon content.
NOTE: carbon equivalent (CE) can be used as a reference index to evaluate the repair weldability
of steel. Unless otherwise specified, the carbon equivalent is generally calculated in
accordance with Formula (1).
Where,
C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu---the mass fraction of the element in steel, expressed in (%).
[source: GB/T 37681-2019, 3.10]
3.2 major defect
A defect with an excavation depth exceeding 25 mm or 40% of the wall thickness (whichever
is smaller) or an excavation repair area greater than 64 cm2.
4 General Conditions of Delivery
4.1 The delivered products shall comply with the requirements stated in the ordering
information and additional materials in GB/T 40805-2021.
4.2 The supplementary requirements for delivered products shall be determined in the order
contract, and the specific requirements shall comply with the provisions of Appendix C in GB/T
40805-2021.
5 Manufacturing Process
5.1 Casting
5.1.1 Unless the demand-side has special requirements, the smelting method of alloy materials
shall be determined by the supply-side.
5.1.2 Unless the demand-side has special requirements, the casting and forming processes and
methods shall be determined by the supply-side.
5.2 Heat Treatment
Unless the demand-side has special requirements, the heat treatment process shall be
determined by the supply-side.
6 Technical Requirements
6.1 Chemical Composition
6.1.1 The method of designation expression of low alloy steel castings shall comply with the
provisions of GB/T 5613.
6.1.2 The sulfur and phosphorus contents in the chemical composition of each material
designation shall comply with the provisions of Table 1.
6.5.2 The machining allowances, dimensional tolerances and geometric tolerances of the
castings shall comply with the requirements of the contract and drawings; if there are no
requirements in the contract and drawings, the appropriate tolerance level shall be selected in
accordance with the provisions of GB/T 6414.
6.6 Weight Tolerances
The weight tolerances shall comply with the drawings and technical requirements. If there are
no special provisions, the weight tolerances shall comply with Level MT12 in GB/T 11351-
2017.
6.7 Welding Repair
6.7.1 The welding repair of the castings shall comply with GB/T 40800. Unless otherwise
specified, the welding process shall be determined by the supply-side.
6.7.2 Major welding repairs shall be approved by the demand-side in advance, and the location
and size of the welding repairs shall be recorded.
6.7.3 If there are no special provisions, after major welding repairs, stress relief heat treatment
shall be carried out. The temperature of the stress relief heat treatment shall be lower than the
minimum tempering temperature of the previous heat treatment.
6.7.4 The welding repair area and surrounding areas shall be inspected in accordance with the
inspection requirements of the body of this part.
6.8 Correction
The deformation caused by the castings can be eliminated through the method of correction.
After correction, stress relief treatment shall be performed.
7 Test Methods
7.1 Chemical Composition Analysis
7.1.1 The chemical composition analysis method can be conventional chemical analysis or
spectral analysis.
7.1.2 The sampling method of specimens for chemical composition analysis shall comply with
the provisions of GB/T 20066. The sampling method of specimens for spectral analysis shall
comply with the provisions of GB/T 5678.
7.1.3 The analysis of carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur in the chemical
composition shall respectively be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 223.69,
GB/T 223.60, GB/T 223.4, GB/T 223.3, GB/T 223.68 or GB/T 4336.
7.1.4 The spectral analysis shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 4336.
7.1.5 Chemical analysis methods shall be selected for chemical composition arbitration.
7.2 Test of Mechanical Properties
7.2.1 Test blocks
7.2.1.1 The test blocks for mechanical properties shall be selected as single-cast test blocks or
attached-casting test blocks as agreed upon by the demand-side and the supply-side. Unless
otherwise specified, the selection of test block type shall be determined by the supply-side.
7.2.1.2 The shapes, dimensions and specimen cutting positions of single-cast test blocks shall
comply with the requirements of Figure 1 in GB/T 40805-2021. Single-cast test blocks shall be
cast from the same molding material as the casting they represent.
7.2.1.3 The shapes, dimensions, sampling positions and mechanical properties of attached-cast
test blocks shall be agreed upon by the demand-side and the supply-side.
7.2.1.4 It is allowed to cut an appropriate gap for the attached-cast test blocks before heat
treatment, but 10 mm ~ 30 mm can be retained to connect to the body. Before final properties
heat treatment of the casting, the test blocks shall not be separated from the casting.
7.2.1.5 Unless otherwise specified, the test blocks and the casting they represent must be heat
treated in the same furnace and marked.
7.2.1.6 When there are insufficient spare test blocks, sampling from the casting body is allowed.
The sampling position and property indicators shall be agreed upon by the demand-side and the
supply-side.
7.2.1.7 Unless otherwise specified, the thickness of the test blocks may refer to the thickness of
the main section of the castings (expressed as t), which shall not be less than 28 mm thick.
Sampling and analysis shall be carried out in accordance with the following provisions:
a) When the thickness of the test blocks is 56 mm, the distance between the axis center
of the specimen and the casting surface shall not be less than 14 mm;
b) When the thickness of the test blocks is > 56 mm, the distance between the axis center
of the specimen and the casting surface shall be t/4 ~ t/3, and not exceed 30 mm.
7.2.2 Tensile test
The tensile test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 228.1.
7.2.3 Impact test
The impact test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 229.
7.2.4 Hardness test
7.2.4.1 The Rockwell hardness test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of
GB/T 230.1.
7.2.4.2 The Brinell hardness test shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T
231.1.
7.3 Surface Quality
7.3.1 The inspection of surface quality shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of
GB/T 39428. The inspection scope and level shall comply with the ordering requirements.
7.3.2 The penetrant inspection of the castings shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 9443.
7.3.3 The magnetic particle inspection of the castings shall comply with the provisions of GB/T
9444.
7.4 Geometrical Shape and Dimensional Inspection
7.4.1 To avoid disputes, dimensional inspection shall be performed in the shipped condition.
7.4.2 For the geometrical shape and dimensional inspection of the castings, inspection tools
with corresponding accuracy shall be selected, and three-coordinate measuring instrument or
other inspection methods can also be used.
7.5 Internal Quality
7.5.1 The ultrasonic testing of the castings shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions
of GB/T 7233.1.
7.5.2 X-ray or -ray photography inspection of the castings shall be carried out in accordance
with the provisions of GB/T 5677.
7.6 Welding Repair and Welding Qualification
The welding procedure qualification before welding repair of the castings shall be carried out
in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 40800.
7.7 Correction
Casting correction shall adopt a pressure forming method.
8 Inspection Rules
8.1 Composition of Inspection Batch
One of the following circumstances may constitute an inspection batch.
a) In accordance with the smelting heat and heat treatment furnace: castings of the same
material designation, the same smelting heat or multiple smelting heats, and the same
b) There are casting defects on the surface of the specimens or the specimens are
improperly cut and machined (for example, specimen dimensions, transition fillet and
roughness fail to comply with the requirements);
c) The specimens break outside the gauge length;
d) There are casting defects on the fracture surface after the specimens are broken.
8.3.4 If one of the above circumstances occurs, another specimen shall be taken from the same
test block or other test blocks in the same furnace of molten steel for the test. The test result
may replace the above invalid test results.
8.4 Re-inspection
When the initial test result is disqualified, unless otherwise specified, the supply-side shall
comply with the following provisions.
a) For disqualified mechanical test (except impact test) items, take another two
specimens and re-perform the mechanical test. If the result of one of the two
specimens is disqualified, then, the supply-side may perform in accordance with 7.5.
b) For the impact test, if the average value of the three specimens does not reach the
specified value, or one single value does not reach 70% of the specified value, or two
are lower than the specified value, the supply-side may take another three specimens
for the test from the same test block that was originally sampled, or from another test
block representing the casting. Add the three test values to the original test value to
re-calculate the average value. If the new average value satisfies the specified average
value, then it can be determined as qualified. If the new average value still does not
reach the specified value, or any of the new test values is lower than 70% of the lower
limit of the specified value, or two of the new test values fail to reach the specified
value, then, the supply-side may perform in accordance with 7.5.
8.5 Repeated Heat Treatment
When the properties in the initial inspection are disqualified, the castings and test blocks may
be re-subjected to the heat treatment, then, the mechanical test can be performed. Without the
consent of the demand-side, the castings and test blocks shall not be re-heated more than twice
(except tempering).
8.6 Surface Quality
8.6.1 The surface quality of the castings shall be subjected to 100% visual inspection.
8.6.2 The frequency and quantity of magnetic particle inspection and penetrant inspection shall
be agreed upon by the demand-side and the supply-side.
8.7 Internal Quality
The internal quality of the castings shall be subjected to non-destructive testing. The frequency
and quantity of non-destructive testing shall be agreed upon by the demand-side and the supply-
side.
8.8 Inspection of Geometrical Shapes, Dimensions, Dimensional Tolerances and
Machining Allowances
The castings shall be inspected piece by piece or randomly inspected in accordance with the
quantity agreed upon by the demand-side and the supply-side.
8.9 Welding Repair Inspection
The quality of welding repairs of the castings shall be inspected piece by piece or randomly
inspected in accordance with the method agreed upon by the demand-side and the supply-side.
8.10 Correction Inspection
The quality of casting correction shall be inspected piece by piece.
9 Marking and Quality Certificate
9.1 Marking
9.1.1 If required by the demand-side and with the consent of the supply-side, each casting shall
be properly marked. Unless otherwise specified by the demand-side, the position of the marking
shall be determined by the supply-side. The content of the marking shall be as follows:
a) Supply-side identification;
b) Inspection batch identification;
c) Steel casting identification (heat No., designation, name or part No.);
d) Other markings required by the demand-side.
9.1.2 Small steel castings can be marked in batches, and the identification mark is hung on the
plate of each batch of steel castings.
9.2 Quality Certificate
The supply-side shall provide the demand-side with a quality certificate signed by the person
in charge of the supply-side’s inspection department. The quality certificate shall at least include
but not be limited to the following content:
a) Order contract No.;
b) Part drawing No. and name;
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.chinesestandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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