NB/T 47013.14-2023 PDF English
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Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 14: X-ray computed radiographic testing
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Nondestructive testing of pressure equipments -- Part 14: X-ray Computed radiographic testing
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NB/T 47013.14-2023: Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment - Part 14: X-ray computed radiographic testing
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/NBT47013.14-2023
NB
ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD OF
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS H 26
Replacing NB/T 47013.14-2016
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment – Part 14.
Computed Radiographic Testing
Issued on. OCTOBER 11, 2023
Implemented on. APRIL 11, 2024
Issued by. National Energy Administration
Announcement of the National Energy Administration
No.5 of 2023
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
Introduction... 7
1 Scope... 8
2 Normative References... 8
3 Terms and Definitions... 9
4 General Requirements... 12
5 Testing Process and Its Selection... 18
6 Image Quality Requirements... 30
7 Defect Identification and Measurement... 36
8 Image Storage and Preservation... 36
9 Evaluation of Inspection Results and Quality Grading... 37
10 Testing Records and Reports... 37
Appendix A (Informative) Test Method of Min. Grey Value... 39
Appendix B (Normative) Determination of Resolution (Ratio)... 41
Appendix C (Normative) Determination of Normalized Signal-to-Noise Ratio... 44
Bibliography... 45
1 Scope
1.1 This Document specifies the radiographic computer-aided imaging inspection technology
and quality grading requirements for fusion welding joints of metal material pressure
components of pressure-bearing equipment. Metal materials used to make welding joints
include steel, copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium
alloys, nickel and nickel alloys.
1.2 This Document is applicable to the radiographic computer-aided imaging inspection of butt
welds of plates and tubes (hereinafter referred to as "butt welds") during the manufacture,
installation and in-service inspection of pressure components of pressure-bearing equipment.
1.3 The imaging device applicable to this Document is the imaging plate.
1.4 The radioactive source applicable to this Document is the X-ray source and the Ir192 and
Se75γ radioactive source, where the maximum tube voltage of the X-ray machine does not
exceed 600kV.
1.5 The radiographic computer-aided imaging inspection of welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment supports and structural parts and plug-in and placement tubes can be used as a
reference.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
GB/T 14058 Apparatus for gamma radiography
GB/T 21356 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and long-term stability of computed
radiology systems
GB/T 23901.1 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1.
Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
GB/T 23901.5 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 5.
Determination of the image un-sharpness and basic spatial resolution value using duplex
wire-type image quality indicators
GB/T 23910 Non-destructive testing - Metal intensifying screens for radiographic testing
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the terms and definitions given in NB/T 47013.1 and the
following apply.
3.1 Imaging plate (IP)
A flexible board coated with a compound of the rare earth elements europium, barium, and
fluorine that can store information in the form of a latent image after exposure.
3.6 Structure noise of IP
The inherent noise in digital images that is caused by the uneven structure of the photosensitive
layer and surface of the imaging plate.
3.7 Pixel
The basic unit of a radiographic digital image. A radiographic digital image is composed of
points, and the points that make up the image are called pixels.
3.8 Grey value
A numerical value that represents the brightness or darkness of a pixel in a digital image.
3.9 Linearized grey value
Grey value that is proportional to the exposure of the imaging plate.
3.10 Image sensitivity
The ability of an inspection system to detect the smallest details in the image of the inspected
workpiece.
4 General Requirements
4.1 Testing personnel
4.1.1 The general requirements for personnel engaged in computed radiographic testing
(hereinafter referred to as “testing personnel”) shall comply with the relevant provisions of
NB/T 47013.1.
4.2 Testing system and equipment
4.2.1 X-ray machine
4.2.1.1 The energy range of the X-ray machine shall be selected according to the thickness,
material and focal length of the object to be tested.
4.2.2 γ-ray machine
4.2.2.1 The type and activity of the γ-ray source shall be selected according to the thickness,
material and focal length of the object to be tested.
4.2.2.2 The performance indicators of the used γ-ray machine shall comply with the provisions
of GB/T 14058.
4.2.3 CR system
The applicable CR system shall be selected according to the testing object and technical
requirements. The system performance testing conditions and testing methods shall be
implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 21356.The system shall at least meet
the following performance indicators.
4.2.4 Computer system
The basic configuration of the computer system is determined according to the performance
and scanning speed requirements of the adopted CR system. It should be equipped with a
memory of no less than 512MB, a hard disk of no less than 40GB, a high-brightness and high-
resolution ratio display, a CD writer, a network card, etc.
The display shall meet the following minimum requirements.
4.2.5 System-specific software
4.2.6 Image quality indictor
4.2.6.1 The image quality indicators used in this Document include wire type image quality
indictors and duplex wire type image quality indicators. The supplier of the image quality
indicator shall provide corresponding quality certification documents.
4.3 Testing technology level
4.3.1 The computed radiographic testing technology level specified in this Document is divided
into three levels from low to high. A, AB and B.
4.4 Testing process documents
4.4.1 Testing process documents include process procedures and operating instructions.
4.4.2 In addition to meeting the requirements of NB/T 47013.1, the process procedures shall
also specify the specific scope or requirements of the following related factors. If the changes
in related factors exceed the provisions, the process procedures shall be re-compiled or revised.
4.5 Safety requirements
4.5.1 The testing environment shall meet the requirements of the system operation on
environment (temperature, humidity, grounding, electromagnetic radiation, vibration, etc.).
4.5.2 Radiation protection shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB 18871 and GBZ
117.
4.5.3 When conducting CR testing on site, the control area and supervision area shall be divided
according to the provisions of GBZ 117; and warning signs shall be set up; during the inspection
operation, the radiation level shall be measured around the boundary of the control area. The
inspector shall wear a personal dosimeter and carry a dose alarm.
5 Testing Process and Its Selection
5.1 Testing timing
5.1.1 The testing timing shall meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations, standards
and design technical documents; and shall also meet other technical requirements agreed upon
by both parties to the contract.
5.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, the testing shall be carried out after welding is completed. For
materials with delayed cracking tendency, the testing shall be carried out at least 24 hours after
welding is completed.
5.2 Testing area
5.3 Surface requirements
Before testing, the surface of the welded joint shall be visually inspected and qualified. The
image of the irregular state of the surface on the digital image shall not cover or interfere with
the defect image, otherwise the surface shall be properly trimmed.
5.4 Imaging plate and metal screen
5.5 Transillumination arrangement
5.5.1 Transillumination method
The appropriate transillumination method shall be selected according to the characteristics of
the object to be tested and the requirements of the technical conditions. For typical
transillumination methods, please refer to NB/T 47013.2.Except for the special case where
double-wall transillumination is allowed for small-diameter tubes or the contracting parties
agree to select double-wall transillumination; when single-wall transillumination conditions are
available, single-wall transillumination should be selected.
5.5.3 Effective length of a single exposure
5.5.4 Overlap of effective evaluation area
5.5.4.1 The effective evaluation area refers to the imaging area that meets the requirements of
this Document FOR the ratio between max. and min. penetrated thicknesses AND image quality.
5.5.4.2 When 100% testing is performed on butt welds, the number of exposures and the overlap
of the effective evaluation area shall ensure that the entire volume range of the detected area is
detected.
5.15 Selection of scanner parameter
5.15.1 The selection of the scanner photomultiplier tube voltage or gain shall match the
exposure so that the grey value of the digital image is in an appropriate range (5%~90%).
5.15.2 The selection of the scanning resolution ratio shall ensure that the image resolution ratio
meets the requirements specified in the standard and shall match the characteristics of the
imaging plate.
5.16 Image evaluation environment requirements
Image evaluation shall be carried out in a dedicated evaluation room, which shall be clean and
tidy, with appropriate temperature and humidity.
6 Image Quality Requirements
6.1 General requirements
6.1.1 The marked image on the diagram shall be displayed complete and correctly positioned.
There shall be no pseudo-defect images caused by scratches, indentations, folds, delamination,
foreign matter adhesion, and metal screen defects that interfere with defect identification in the
effective image evaluation area.
6.2 Image sensitivity requirements
6.2.1 When a single-wall transillumination wire type image quality indicator is placed on the
radioactive source side, it shall comply with the provisions of Table 6; when a double-wall
double-shadow transillumination wire type image quality indicator is placed on the radioactive
source side, it shall comply with the provisions of Table 7;
6.2.2 For welded joints with pads, the penetrated thickness may include the pad thickness.
6.3 Requirements for resolution ratio
6.4 Normalized signal-to-noise ratio
6.4.1 The normalized signal-to-noise ratio of the image shall meet the requirements of Tables
12 and 13.The measurement and calculation of the normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNRn) are
shown in Appendix C.
7 Defect Identification and Measurement
7.1 Defect identification
7.1.1 Defect identification can be done by manual identification or computer-assisted
identification.
7.2 Defect measurement
7.2.1 Before defect measurement, the testing image containing the standard sample shall be
collected according to the actual testing process; and the geometric size shall be calibrated.
7.2.3 When the system and transillumination parameters change, recalibration shall be
performed.
8 Image Storage and Preservation
8.1 Image storage
8.1.1 The image storage format shall be implemented in DICONDE format.
8.1.3 When image processing technology is used, the processed image shall be labeled and
saved together with the raw digital image.
8.1.4 The image number shall correspond to the weld number.
8.2 Image preservation
8.2.1 Images shall be stored in digital storage media and archived.
9 Evaluation of Inspection Results and Quality Grading
9.1 Defects can be evaluated by artificial evaluation or computer-assisted evaluation methods.
9.2 When evaluating defects, if filtering or other image processing is used on the raw image, it
shall be agreed upon by both parties to the contract and recorded in relevant documents.
NB/T 47013.14-2023
NB
ENERGY INDUSTRY STANDARD OF
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.20
CCS H 26
Replacing NB/T 47013.14-2016
Nondestructive Testing of Pressure Equipment – Part 14.
Computed Radiographic Testing
Issued on. OCTOBER 11, 2023
Implemented on. APRIL 11, 2024
Issued by. National Energy Administration
Announcement of the National Energy Administration
No.5 of 2023
Table of Contents
Foreword... 4
Introduction... 7
1 Scope... 8
2 Normative References... 8
3 Terms and Definitions... 9
4 General Requirements... 12
5 Testing Process and Its Selection... 18
6 Image Quality Requirements... 30
7 Defect Identification and Measurement... 36
8 Image Storage and Preservation... 36
9 Evaluation of Inspection Results and Quality Grading... 37
10 Testing Records and Reports... 37
Appendix A (Informative) Test Method of Min. Grey Value... 39
Appendix B (Normative) Determination of Resolution (Ratio)... 41
Appendix C (Normative) Determination of Normalized Signal-to-Noise Ratio... 44
Bibliography... 45
1 Scope
1.1 This Document specifies the radiographic computer-aided imaging inspection technology
and quality grading requirements for fusion welding joints of metal material pressure
components of pressure-bearing equipment. Metal materials used to make welding joints
include steel, copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium
alloys, nickel and nickel alloys.
1.2 This Document is applicable to the radiographic computer-aided imaging inspection of butt
welds of plates and tubes (hereinafter referred to as "butt welds") during the manufacture,
installation and in-service inspection of pressure components of pressure-bearing equipment.
1.3 The imaging device applicable to this Document is the imaging plate.
1.4 The radioactive source applicable to this Document is the X-ray source and the Ir192 and
Se75γ radioactive source, where the maximum tube voltage of the X-ray machine does not
exceed 600kV.
1.5 The radiographic computer-aided imaging inspection of welding joints of pressure-bearing
equipment supports and structural parts and plug-in and placement tubes can be used as a
reference.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
GB/T 14058 Apparatus for gamma radiography
GB/T 21356 Non-destructive testing - Qualification and long-term stability of computed
radiology systems
GB/T 23901.1 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 1.
Determination of the image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
GB/T 23901.5 Non-destructive testing - Image quality of radiographs - Part 5.
Determination of the image un-sharpness and basic spatial resolution value using duplex
wire-type image quality indicators
GB/T 23910 Non-destructive testing - Metal intensifying screens for radiographic testing
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the terms and definitions given in NB/T 47013.1 and the
following apply.
3.1 Imaging plate (IP)
A flexible board coated with a compound of the rare earth elements europium, barium, and
fluorine that can store information in the form of a latent image after exposure.
3.6 Structure noise of IP
The inherent noise in digital images that is caused by the uneven structure of the photosensitive
layer and surface of the imaging plate.
3.7 Pixel
The basic unit of a radiographic digital image. A radiographic digital image is composed of
points, and the points that make up the image are called pixels.
3.8 Grey value
A numerical value that represents the brightness or darkness of a pixel in a digital image.
3.9 Linearized grey value
Grey value that is proportional to the exposure of the imaging plate.
3.10 Image sensitivity
The ability of an inspection system to detect the smallest details in the image of the inspected
workpiece.
4 General Requirements
4.1 Testing personnel
4.1.1 The general requirements for personnel engaged in computed radiographic testing
(hereinafter referred to as “testing personnel”) shall comply with the relevant provisions of
NB/T 47013.1.
4.2 Testing system and equipment
4.2.1 X-ray machine
4.2.1.1 The energy range of the X-ray machine shall be selected according to the thickness,
material and focal length of the object to be tested.
4.2.2 γ-ray machine
4.2.2.1 The type and activity of the γ-ray source shall be selected according to the thickness,
material and focal length of the object to be tested.
4.2.2.2 The performance indicators of the used γ-ray machine shall comply with the provisions
of GB/T 14058.
4.2.3 CR system
The applicable CR system shall be selected according to the testing object and technical
requirements. The system performance testing conditions and testing methods shall be
implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB/T 21356.The system shall at least meet
the following performance indicators.
4.2.4 Computer system
The basic configuration of the computer system is determined according to the performance
and scanning speed requirements of the adopted CR system. It should be equipped with a
memory of no less than 512MB, a hard disk of no less than 40GB, a high-brightness and high-
resolution ratio display, a CD writer, a network card, etc.
The display shall meet the following minimum requirements.
4.2.5 System-specific software
4.2.6 Image quality indictor
4.2.6.1 The image quality indicators used in this Document include wire type image quality
indictors and duplex wire type image quality indicators. The supplier of the image quality
indicator shall provide corresponding quality certification documents.
4.3 Testing technology level
4.3.1 The computed radiographic testing technology level specified in this Document is divided
into three levels from low to high. A, AB and B.
4.4 Testing process documents
4.4.1 Testing process documents include process procedures and operating instructions.
4.4.2 In addition to meeting the requirements of NB/T 47013.1, the process procedures shall
also specify the specific scope or requirements of the following related factors. If the changes
in related factors exceed the provisions, the process procedures shall be re-compiled or revised.
4.5 Safety requirements
4.5.1 The testing environment shall meet the requirements of the system operation on
environment (temperature, humidity, grounding, electromagnetic radiation, vibration, etc.).
4.5.2 Radiation protection shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB 18871 and GBZ
117.
4.5.3 When conducting CR testing on site, the control area and supervision area shall be divided
according to the provisions of GBZ 117; and warning signs shall be set up; during the inspection
operation, the radiation level shall be measured around the boundary of the control area. The
inspector shall wear a personal dosimeter and carry a dose alarm.
5 Testing Process and Its Selection
5.1 Testing timing
5.1.1 The testing timing shall meet the requirements of relevant laws, regulations, standards
and design technical documents; and shall also meet other technical requirements agreed upon
by both parties to the contract.
5.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, the testing shall be carried out after welding is completed. For
materials with delayed cracking tendency, the testing shall be carried out at least 24 hours after
welding is completed.
5.2 Testing area
5.3 Surface requirements
Before testing, the surface of the welded joint shall be visually inspected and qualified. The
image of the irregular state of the surface on the digital image shall not cover or interfere with
the defect image, otherwise the surface shall be properly trimmed.
5.4 Imaging plate and metal screen
5.5 Transillumination arrangement
5.5.1 Transillumination method
The appropriate transillumination method shall be selected according to the characteristics of
the object to be tested and the requirements of the technical conditions. For typical
transillumination methods, please refer to NB/T 47013.2.Except for the special case where
double-wall transillumination is allowed for small-diameter tubes or the contracting parties
agree to select double-wall transillumination; when single-wall transillumination conditions are
available, single-wall transillumination should be selected.
5.5.3 Effective length of a single exposure
5.5.4 Overlap of effective evaluation area
5.5.4.1 The effective evaluation area refers to the imaging area that meets the requirements of
this Document FOR the ratio between max. and min. penetrated thicknesses AND image quality.
5.5.4.2 When 100% testing is performed on butt welds, the number of exposures and the overlap
of the effective evaluation area shall ensure that the entire volume range of the detected area is
detected.
5.15 Selection of scanner parameter
5.15.1 The selection of the scanner photomultiplier tube voltage or gain shall match the
exposure so that the grey value of the digital image is in an appropriate range (5%~90%).
5.15.2 The selection of the scanning resolution ratio shall ensure that the image resolution ratio
meets the requirements specified in the standard and shall match the characteristics of the
imaging plate.
5.16 Image evaluation environment requirements
Image evaluation shall be carried out in a dedicated evaluation room, which shall be clean and
tidy, with appropriate temperature and humidity.
6 Image Quality Requirements
6.1 General requirements
6.1.1 The marked image on the diagram shall be displayed complete and correctly positioned.
There shall be no pseudo-defect images caused by scratches, indentations, folds, delamination,
foreign matter adhesion, and metal screen defects that interfere with defect identification in the
effective image evaluation area.
6.2 Image sensitivity requirements
6.2.1 When a single-wall transillumination wire type image quality indicator is placed on the
radioactive source side, it shall comply with the provisions of Table 6; when a double-wall
double-shadow transillumination wire type image quality indicator is placed on the radioactive
source side, it shall comply with the provisions of Table 7;
6.2.2 For welded joints with pads, the penetrated thickness may include the pad thickness.
6.3 Requirements for resolution ratio
6.4 Normalized signal-to-noise ratio
6.4.1 The normalized signal-to-noise ratio of the image shall meet the requirements of Tables
12 and 13.The measurement and calculation of the normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNRn) are
shown in Appendix C.
7 Defect Identification and Measurement
7.1 Defect identification
7.1.1 Defect identification can be done by manual identification or computer-assisted
identification.
7.2 Defect measurement
7.2.1 Before defect measurement, the testing image containing the standard sample shall be
collected according to the actual testing process; and the geometric size shall be calibrated.
7.2.3 When the system and transillumination parameters change, recalibration shall be
performed.
8 Image Storage and Preservation
8.1 Image storage
8.1.1 The image storage format shall be implemented in DICONDE format.
8.1.3 When image processing technology is used, the processed image shall be labeled and
saved together with the raw digital image.
8.1.4 The image number shall correspond to the weld number.
8.2 Image preservation
8.2.1 Images shall be stored in digital storage media and archived.
9 Evaluation of Inspection Results and Quality Grading
9.1 Defects can be evaluated by artificial evaluation or computer-assisted evaluation methods.
9.2 When evaluating defects, if filtering or other image processing is used on the raw image, it
shall be agreed upon by both parties to the contract and recorded in relevant documents.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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