GB/T 43093-2023 PDF English
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GB/T 43093-2023: Electrochemical performance test of lithium nickel manganese oxide - Test method for the initial discharge specific capacity and initial efficiency
---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT43093-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.160
CCS H 21
Electrochemical Performance Test of Lithium Nickel
Manganese Oxide - Test Method for the Initial Discharge
Specific Capacity and Initial Efficiency
ISSUED ON: SEPTEMBER 7, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: APRIL 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative References ... 4
3 Terms and Definitions ... 4
4 Reagents and Materials ... 4
5 Instruments and Equipment ... 5
6 Test Procedures ... 6
7 Test Data Processing ... 14
8 Allowable Differences ... 15
9 Test Report ... 15
Electrochemical Performance Test of Lithium Nickel
Manganese Oxide - Test Method for the Initial Discharge
Specific Capacity and Initial Efficiency
1 Scope
This document describes the test method for the initial discharge specific capacity and initial
charge and discharge efficiency of lithium nickel manganese oxide - lithium-ion battery positive
electrode material.
This document is applicable to the test of the initial discharge specific capacity and initial charge
and discharge efficiency of lithium nickel manganese oxide - lithium-ion battery positive
electrode material. The test method includes button-type half-cell method and button-type full-
cell method.
2 Normative References
This document does not have normative references.
3 Terms and Definitions
This document does not have terms or definitions that need to be defined.
4 Reagents and Materials
4.1 Lithium nickel manganese oxide: spinel type.
4.2 Artificial graphite negative electrode material.
4.3 Lithium-ion battery electrolyte: high-voltage resistant type, with a moisture content not
greater than 0.002%, free acid (HF) not greater than 0.005%, and electrical conductivity (25 C)
not less than 7.0 mS/cm.
4.4 Ethanol: industrial grade.
4.5 Binder: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), battery grade, with a weight-average molecular
weight not less than 5 105 and moisture content not greater than 0.10%; sodium
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), battery grade, with a viscosity of 500 mPa s ~ 1,200 mPa
s; styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) emulsion.
4.6 N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP): battery grade, with a purity not less than 99.9% and a moisture
5.11 Inert atmosphere (argon) glove box: with a moisture content and oxygen content not
greater than 0.0001%.
5.12 Button-type battery packaging machine.
5.13 Lithium-ion battery electrochemical performance tester: with a current and voltage full-
scale accuracy of 0.1%.
5.14 Thermostat: with a temperature of 25 C 1 C and a relative humidity less than 40%.
5.15 Pre-treatment drying room: with a temperature of 25 C 2 C and a relative humidity
less than 5%.
5.16 Desktop digital display thickness gauge: with a resolution of 1 m.
5.17 Myriameter.
5.18 Tweezers.
5.19 Insulated tweezers.
6 Test Procedures
6.1 Button-type Half-cell Method
6.1.1 Pre-treatment
6.1.1.1 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (4.1), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (4.5),
conductive agent (4.7): put in the oven (5.1), at 85 C ~ 120 C, bake for 4 h ~ 20 h. After
cooling to room temperature, place it in the desiccator (5.3).
6.1.1.2 Lithium-ion battery separator (4.12): place it in the oven (5.1), at 50 C ~ 70 C, bake
for 4 h. Take it out and transfer to the inert atmosphere (argon) glove box (5.11).
6.1.1.3 Standard battery structural parts (4.13): use ethanol (4.4) to ultrasonically clean the
standard battery structural parts for 1 ~ 3 times, 30 min each time. After the operation is
completed, take out the standard battery structural parts and place them in the oven (5.1); at 85
C, bake for above 12 h, then, transfer to the inert atmosphere (argon) glove box (5.11).
6.1.2 Preparation of positive electrode sheet
6.1.2.1 Test conditions
The operation shall be carried out in the pre-treatment drying room (5.15), and the instruments
and equipment used shall be clean.
6.1.2.2 Weighing
Weigh-take the pre-treated lithium nickel manganese oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
and conductive agent in 6.1.1.1, with a total amount of 4.0 g ~ 25.0 g. The mass fractions of the
three are respectively: (90% ~ 96%), (2% ~ 5%) and (2% ~ 5%); use the electronic balance (5.4)
for weighing; the amount of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (4.6) is 30% ~ 75% of solid content;
use the electronic balance (5.4) for weighing.
NOTE: the solid content is the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material lithium
nickel manganese oxide, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and conductive agent to the mass
of positive electrode slurry.
6.1.2.3 Slurrying
Add the weighed N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) into the
beaker, place the beaker under the dispersing mixer (5.6), disperse and stir, until the
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is completed dissolved. Thus, prepare it into a colorless and
transparent glue solution. Add the weighed conductive agent to the above-mentioned colorless
and transparent glue solution, mix and stir it. Slowly add the weighed lithium nickel manganese
oxide, evenly disperse and stir it, so that the various materials are evenly mixed.
6.1.2.4 Coating
Use the flat coating machine (5.7) to evenly coat the mixed positive electrode slurry on one side
of the aluminum foil (4.9). Put the coated positive electrode sheet into the oven (5.1), at 110 C
5 C, bake it for 2 h ~ 3 h.
6.1.2.5 Production of positive electrode sheet
Take the positive electrode sheet that has been dried and reached the requirements for
processability in 6.1.2.4, use the sheet-punching machine (5.9) to punch out the positive
electrode sheet with a diameter (D) of 12.0 mm ~ 15.0 mm. Use the electronic balance (5.5) to
weight the mass mc of the positive electrode sheet; use the desktop digital display thickness
gauge (5.16) or the myriameter (5.17) to measure the thickness dc of the positive electrode sheet.
Use the sheet-punching machine (5.9) to punch out the aluminum foil substrate with the same
diameter as the positive electrode sheet. Use the electronic balance (5.5) to weigh the mass mAl
of the aluminum foil substrate; use the desktop digital display thickness gauge (5.16) or the
myriameter (5.17) to measure the thickness dAl of the aluminum foil substrate.
The compacted density of the positive electrode sheet shall be calculated in accordance with
Formula (1):
Where,
ρc---the compacted density of the positive electrode sheet, expressed in (g/cm3);
gasket) and place it in the center of the negative electrode case;
c) Use the tweezers (5.18) to pick up the metal lithium sheet (4.11) and place it on the
foam nickel sheet (or spring support sheet and gasket); maintain the metal lithium
sheet (4.11) center-aligned with the foam nickel sheet (or spring support sheet and
gasket);
d) Use the pipette (5.10) to dropwise add 20 L ~ 200 L of lithium-ion battery
electrolyte (4.3) onto the surface of the metal lithium sheet (4.11);
e) Use the tweezers (5.18) to place a piece of lithium-ion battery separator (4.12) in the
center of the negative electrode case, so that it completely covers the metal lithium
sheet (4.11);
f) Use the pipette (5.10) to dropwise add 20 L ~ 200 L of lithium-ion battery
electrolyte (4.3) onto the surface of the separator;
g) Use the tweezers (5.18) to place the positive electrode sheet (see 6.1.2.5) in the center
of the lithium-ion battery separator (4.12), with the aluminum foil side facing up;
h) Use the insulated tweezers (5.19) to pick up the positive electrode case over the
negative electrode case, and manually press and fasten it;
i) Place the negative electrode case facing up, transfer it onto the button-type battery
packing machine (5.12), and crimp it for packaging. The packaging pressure is 35
kg/cm2 ~ 45 kg/cm2;
j) Use the dust-free paper (4.14) to wipe the electrolyte leaking outside the button-type
cell case;
k) Number the assembled cells one by one and keep records.
6.1.4 Battery test
Put the prepared test battery into the thermostat (5.14), let it stand for 2 h ~ 12 h, then, adopt
the lithium-ion battery electrochemical performance tester (5.13) to conduct the test. The
recommended charge and discharge system is as follows:
a) Charge cut-off voltage: constant-current charge to 4.95 V, and the constant-voltage
charging cut-off current is 0.05 C;
b) End of discharge voltage: constant-current discharge to 3.0 V;
c) Constant-current charging and discharging current: 0.1 C.
NOTE 1: when adopting other charge and discharge systems, it shall be determined by the demand-
side and the supply-side through negotiation.
NOTE 2: the current t C represents the magnification number of completion of charging or
discharging ଵ௧ h.
6.2 Button-type Full-cell Method
6.2.1 Pre-treatment
6.2.1.1 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (4.1), artificial graphite negative electrode material
(4.2), conductive agent (4.7): put in the oven (5.1), at 85 C ~ 120 C, bake for 4 h ~ 20 h. After
cooling to room temperature, place it in the desiccator (5.3).
6.2.1.2 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (4.5), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (4.5):
place it in the oven (5.1), at 70 C ~ 90 C, bake for 4 h ~ 6 h. After cooling to room temperature,
place it in the desiccator (5.3).
6.2.1.3 Lithium-ion battery separator (4.12): place it in the oven (5.1), at 50 C ~ 70 C, bake
for 4 h. Take it out, then, transfer to the inert atmosphere (argon) glove box (5.11).
6.2.1.4 Standard battery structural parts (4.13): use ethanol (4.4) to ultrasonically clean the
standard battery structural parts for 1 ~ 3 times, 30 min each time. After the operation is
completed, take out the standard battery structural parts and place them in the oven (5.1); at 85
C, bake for above 12 h, then, transfer to the inert atmosphere (argon) glove box (5.11).
6.2.2 Preparation of positive electrode sheet
The preparation of the positive electrode sheet shall be carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of 6.1.2. The surface density of the positive electrode sheet shall be calculated in
accordance with Formula (3):
Where,
σc---the surface density of the positive electrode sheet, expressed in (g/cm2);
mc---the mass of the positive electrode sheet, expressed in (g);
mAl---the mass of the aluminum foil substrate, expressed in (g);
D---the diameter of the positive electrode sheet, expressed in (cm).
6.2.3 Preparation of negative electrode sheet
6.2.3.1 Weighing
The ratio (ε) of positive and negative electrode capacities per unit area (hereinafter referred to
and graphite negative electrode material, then, add the above-mentioned colorless and
transparent glue solution. In accordance with the designed solid content, add deionized water,
disperse and stir for 1.5 h ~ 2.0 h. Finally, dropwise add the weighed styrene-butadiene rubber
(SBR) emulsion, and stir it at a low speed for 20 min ~ 30 min, so as to evenly mix the various
materials.
6.2.3.3 Coating
Use the flat coating machine (5.7) to evenly coat the mixed negative electrode slurry on one
side of the copper foil (4.10). Put the coated negative electrode sheet into the oven (5.1), at 70
C ~ 90 C, bake it for 2 h ~ 4 h.
6.2.3.4 Production of negative electrode sheet
Take the negative electrode sheet that has been dried and reached the requirements for
processability in 6.2.3.3, use the sheet-punching machine (5.9) to punch out the negative
electrode sheet with a diameter larger than that of the positive electrode sheet. Use the electronic
balance (5.5) to weight the mass ma of the negative electrode sheet; use the desktop digital
display thickness gauge (5.16) or the myriameter (5.17) to measure the thickness da of the
negative electrode sheet. Use the sheet-punching machine (5.9) to punch out the copper foil
substrate with the same diameter as the negative electrode sheet. Use the electronic balance (5.5)
to weigh the mass mCu of the copper foil substrate; use the desktop digital display thickness
gauge (5.16) or the myriameter (5.17) to measure the thickness dCu of the copper foil substrate.
The compacted density of the negative electrode sheet shall be calculated in accordance with
Formula (6):
Where,
ρa---the compacted density of the negative electrode sheet, expressed in (g/cm3);
ma---the mass of the negative electrode sheet, expressed in (g);
mCu---the mass of the copper foil substrate, expressed in (g);
D0---the diameter of the negative electrode sheet, expressed in (cm);
da---the thickness of the negative electrode sheet, expressed in (m);
dCu---the thickness of the copper foil substrate, expressed in (m).
Design in accordance with the compacted density of the negative electrode sheet 1.4 g/cm3 ~
1.7 g/cm3, and calculate the theoretical thickness of each negative electrode sheet. Use the roller
machine (5.8) to roll the dried negative electrode sheet (see 6.2.3.3) to the target thickness. Use
the sheet-punching machine (5.9) to punch out a sufficient number of negative electrode sheets
with a diameter larger than that of the positive electrode sheet. Place the negative electrode
sheet into the vacuum oven (5.2), at 105 C 5 C, bake it for above 4 h.
6.2.4 Cell assembly
Cell assembly shall be performed in the inert atmosphere (argon) glove box (5.11). The stacking
sequence of assembled button-type full-cell is from bottom to top, successively: negative
electrode case, spring support sheet, gasket, negative electrode sheet, separator, positive
electrode sheet and positive electrode case. The cell assembly may take the following steps as
a reference:
a) Take the standard battery structural parts (4.13), with the negative electrode case
opening facing up, and flatly place it on the horizontal table;
b) Use the tweezers (5.18) to pick up the spring support sheet and place it on the negative
electrode case. The large opening of the spring support sheet faces upward and is
flatly placed in the center of the negative electrode case;
c) Use the tweezers (5.18) to pic up the gasket and place it on the spring support sheet,
with the burr side facing down;
d) Use the tweezers (5.18) to pick up the negative electrode sheet (see 6.2.3.4) and place
it in the center of the gasket, with the copper foil side facing down; maintain the
negative electrode sheet, the gasket and the spring support sheet center-aligned;
e) Use the pipette (5.10) to dropwise add 50 L ~ 200 L of lithium-ion battery
electrolyte (4.3) onto the surface of the negative electrode sheet;
f) Use the tweezers (5.18) to place a piece of lithium-ion battery separator (4.12) in the
center of the negative electrode case, so that it completely covers the negative
electrode sheet and is centered;
g) Use the pipette (5.10) to dropwise add 50 L ~ 200 L of lithium-ion battery
electrolyte (4.3) onto the surface of the separator;
h) Use the tweezers (5.18) to place the positive electrode sheet in the center of the
separator, with the aluminum foil side facing up;
i) Use the insulated tweezers (5.19) to pick up the positive electrode case over the
negative electrode case, and manually press and fasten it;
j) Place the negative electrode case facing up, transfer it onto the button-type battery
packing machine (5.12), and crimp it for packaging. The packaging pressure is 35
kg/cm2 ~ 45 kg/cm2;
k) Use the dust-free paper (4.14) to wipe the electrolyte leaking outside the button-type
cell case;
l) Number the assembled cells one by one and keep records.
6.2.5 Battery formation and test
The test process of the test battery shall be carried out in the thermostat (5.14). Adopt the
lithium-ion battery electrochemical performance tester (5.13) to carry out the test. The
recommended battery formation and capacity setting procedures are as follows:
a) Let it stand for not less than 3 h;
b) Constant-current charge: charge to 3.4 V with a current of 0.02 C;
c) Constant-current charge: charge to 3.75 V with a current of 0.1 C;
d) Constant-current and constant-voltage charge: charge to 4.8 V with a current of 0.333
C, then, switch to constant-voltage charging, with a cut-off current of 0.05 C;
e) Let it stand for not less than 10 min;
f) Constant-current discharge: discharge to 3.0 V with a current of 0.333 C;
g) Let it stand for not less than 10 min;
h) Constant-current discharge: discharge to 3.0 V with a current of 0.05 C.
NOTE: when adopting other charge and discharge systems, it shall be determined by the demand-
side and the supply-side through negotiation.
7 Test Data Processing
7.1 Initial Discharge Specific Capacity
The initial discharge specific capacity of lithium nickel manganese oxide shall be calculated in
accordance with Formula (7):
Where,
Cm---the initial discharge specific capacity, expressed in (mA h/g);
QID---the initial discharge capacity, expressed in (mA h);
m---the mass of the active material lithium nickel manganese oxide in the positive electrode
formula, expressed in (g).
The calculation results shall retain one decimal place.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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