GB/T 39118-2020 PDF English
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GB/T 39118-2020: Safety requirements of optical radiation for laser pointers products---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT39118-2020
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 31.260
L 51
Safety requirements of optical radiation for laser
pointers products
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 11, 2020
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 01, 2021
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of
China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 4
4 Safety classification ... 5
4.1 Overview ... 5
4.2 Classification responsibilities ... 6
4.3 Classification rules ... 6
4.4 Categories ... 7
4.5 Accessible emission limits ... 8
5 Accessible emission and hazard assessment ... 9
5.1 Determination of accessible emission level ... 9
5.2 Hazard assessment... 10
6 Control measures ... 16
6.1 Requirements for manufacturer ... 16
6.2 Requirements for agents ... 20
6.3 Requirements for testing agency... 20
6.4 Requirements for user ... 20
Annex A (informative) Potential hazards of laser pointer light radiation ... 21
Annex B (informative) Calculation examples of MPE and NOHD ... 29
Bibliography ... 33
Safety requirements of optical radiation for laser
pointers products
1 Scope
This Standard specifies safety requirements of optical radiation for laser pointer
for consumer, mainly including safety classification, accessible emission and
hazard assessment as well as control measures.
This Standard is applicable to production, testing, sales and use of laser pointer
for consumer of which the nominal wavelength is within the visible light range
of 400nm~700nm (hereinafter referred to as laser pointer).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of
this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
GB 7247.1-2012, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification
and requirements
GB/T 7247.13-2018, Safety of laser products - Part 13: Measurements for
classification of laser products
GB/T 7247.14-2012, Safety of laser products - Part 14: A user’s guide
IE C60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification
and requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions defined in GB
7247.1-2012, GB/T 7247.13-2018, GB/T 7247.14-2012 as well as the
followings apply.
3.1 laser pointer
laser product used to indicate the location of a target object or space
classification of laser products is based on the maximum laser radiation level
that may be exposed under normal operating conditions. The safety categories
of laser products specified in 3.18~3.21 in GB 7247.1-2012 are only for the
harm of laser radiation to eyes and skin. For use characteristics of laser pointer
for consumer, in addition to the potential hazards caused by laser radiation
exposure, laser radiation may also cause temporary visual disturbances, such
as glare, flash blindness, and after-vision images. This effect depends on the
use conditions and environmental illuminance. Therefore, the laser pointer
categories given in this Standard only include Class 1, Class 1M, Class 2 and
Class 2M.
The electrical part of the laser pointer shall comply with relevant electrical safety
standards.
4.2 Classification responsibilities
It is the responsibility of the manufacturer (including agents) to correctly
determine the safety category of the laser pointer (see 6.1).
4.3 Classification rules
Laser pointers can be classified into a specific category only when they meet
all the requirements of this Standard for that category: such as control
measures, marks and user information. As a classification rule, the following
categories shall be used (in order of increasing degree of harm): Class 1, Class
1M, Class 2, and Class 2M.
It shall uniformly evaluate all wavelengths outside the nominal wavelength and
within the working wavelength. Comprehensive considerations meet the
following requirements:
a) In principle, the visible light wavelength accessible laser radiation shall be
far greater than the invisible light accessible laser radiation, so as to
prevent consumers from being exposed to invisible light laser radiation.
b) The accessible laser radiation of invisible light shall be less than 0.1mW.
c) The classification in this Standard uses the following time base:
1) In the wavelength range of 400nm~700nm, the time reference for Class
2 and Class 2M laser radiation is 0.25s;
2) In the wavelength range of 400nm~700nm, except for the cases listed
in 1), the time base is 100s.
When classifying products, each possible emission duration within the time
base shall be considered.
4.4 Categories
4.4.1 Class 1
Under reasonably foreseeable use conditions, usually it refers to safe laser
pointer. The laser radiation accessible to personnel is not allowed to exceed the
Class 1 achievable emission limit.
But in the case of low environmental illumination, it may still produce dazzling
visual effects in intrabeam viewing. See Annex A.
NOTE 1: See Table 1 for the accessible emission limits of Class 1.
4.4.2 Class 1M
Within the wavelength range of 400nm~700nm, it refers to laser pointer that
does not exceed the accessible emission limit of Class 1. If it uses optical
instruments (a small magnifying glass or telescope for the eye) to observe the
collimated beam, it may cause eye damage.
In the case of low ambient illumination, the beam may still produce dazzling
visual effects in intrabeam viewing. Temporary visual disturbances or startled
reactions can cause indirect general safety issues. See Annex A.
4.4.3 Class 2
Within the wavelength range of 400nm~700nm, it refers to laser point of which
the laser radiation accessible to personnel is not allowed to exceed the Class 2
achievable emission limit. Laser radiation accessible to personnel is safe for
the skin, but not inherently safe for the eyes. Under normal circumstances, the
human eye can be protected by the natural avoidance response (0.25s) to
strong light.
NOTE: This natural avoidance reaction will fail if the eyes are deliberately looking directly
at the beam. It may also be affected by drinking or taking medicine.
In the case of low environmental illumination, the laser beam of the Class 2
laser pointer can cause glare, flash blindness and after-view images.
Temporary visual disturbances or startled reactions can cause indirect general
safety issues. See Annex A.
4.4.4 Class 2M
Under certain measurement conditions, it refers to laser pointer that does not
exceed Class 2 allowable emission limits. If it uses optical instruments (a small
magnifying glass or telescope) to observe the collimated beam, the natural
avoidance response cannot provide adequate protection, and injury may still
It is usually necessary to access the possible laser exposure levels under all
foreseeable conditions. To ensure that when personnel are exposed to laser
radiation, their exposure level does not exceed MPE under reasonably
foreseeable conditions.
The assessment also considers any physical environmental conditions that can
cause harm. The importance of environmental factors varies with the safety
category of the laser pointer. Environmental factors include indoor and outdoor
usage. The indoor environment includes classrooms, workshops, closed
laboratories, factory production lines and so on. It shall especially consider the
use of low environmental illumination. If the user is working under demanding
safety conditions, such as manipulating machinery, working at heights, working
environments with high voltage, or driving, the influence of visual interference
shall be paid with enough attention.
Reasonably foreseeable single failure conditions include but are not limited to:
a) The laser pointer that is not expected to be used by consumers, but may
be used by consumers under reasonably foreseeable conditions;
b) Under low-light environmental conditions, illuminating personnel of directly
or through mirror-reflected objects (such as stainless-steel surface, glass
surface);
c) Random illuminating people and objects used as warning and indicator in
public and entertainment venues, stage performances and movie theaters;
d) Use in public safety areas.
5.2.2 Maximum permissible exposure
When the eyes or skin are exposed to laser radiation, the maximum exposure
level without damage in an instant or for a long time. The determination of the
MPE value requires the following parameters to be known:
a) Wavelength;
b) Irradiation duration;
c) Irradiation conditions.
The MPE value expressed in terms of exposure (H) HMPE is in J/cm2. The MPE
value expressed by irradiance (E) EMPE is in W/cm2. The transformation
between the two is given by formula (4):
6 Control measures
6.1 Requirements for manufacturer
6.1.1 Product manufacturing
When developing and producing laser pointer, control measures shall be taken,
including but not limited to:
a) The laser pointer for consumer accessible to children does not exceed the
accessible emission limit of Class 1 laser pointer;
b) For laser pointer output by more than two wavelengths (such as invisible
light converted to visible light), necessary measures (such as using filters)
need to be taken to reduce the accessible laser radiation of invisible light
to less than 0.1mW, or eliminate the presence of invisible light;
c) The switch cannot have the function of continuous-on state;
d) There is safety interlock switch function;
e) Only use special tools to disassemble the laser pointer;
f) It is necessary to paste a label that meets the corresponding laser category
on the appropriate position of the laser pointer (see 6.1.3 for specific
requirements);
g) Properly keep relevant technical standards and inspection records for
future reference;
h) Other special instructions.
6.1.2 Information of user manual
The manufacturer shall provide the following safety notification information in
the laser pointer user manual:
a) Clearly give the product wavelength and category. And mark the warning
mark and instruction mark according to 6.1.3;
b) Give the nominal ocular hazard distance and safety distance of the
product;
c) If product category is greater than Class 1, it shall be marked that it is not
allowed to use by children under 14 years old;
d) Items a) and b) need to be protected by technical measures;
6.2 Requirements for agents
Corresponding security measures shall be taken for all types of distributors.
Make them have the following basic conditions, including but not limited to:
a) They shall have been subjected to professional optical radiation safety
training;
b) They shall obtain sales authorization from a qualified manufacturer;
c) They shall be checked correctly and meet the necessary matching signs
and product manuals of laser pointer for consumer of the corresponding
category;
d) Clearly understand product categories used for children under 14;
e) Be able to provide consumers with necessary optical radiation safety
information and advice.
6.3 Requirements for testing agency
The testing agency shall have technical capabilities or corresponding
qualifications recognized by the country or related agencies, so as to ensure
accurate measurement results.
6.4 Requirements for user
The user shall use it correctly according to the user manual provided by the
manufacturer:
a) Under no circumstances, it cannot point the laser beam at others,
including illuminating others through mirror reflection;
b) Under no circumstances, it is not advisable to observe the laser beam with
naked eyes or using optical instruments (such as telescopes or magnifying
glasses);
c) Avoid laser beam pointing randomly to various optical reflective surfaces;
d) Laser pointer accessible to children are used under adult supervision;
e) It is not allowed to use in public safety areas;
f) In public and entertainment venues, stage performances and movie
theaters, it is not allowed to irradiate people and objects as a warning and
indicator.
c In order to correct the visual sensitivity of the human eye, multiply the measured (or calculated)
irradiance level by the optical efficiency function of the photopic spectrum obtained from Table A.3. It
is not possible to use V(λ) to correct for MPE because these levels correspond to damage thresholds,
are not visual disturbances. The formula provides the MPE for the irradiation duration of 18μs~0.25s.
Even if the level of visual interference is high, as long as the irradiance exceeds MPE, MPE is preferred.
d The listed illuminance values only apply to laser products with a wavelength of 550nm. The visual
interference level of other wavelengths can be calculated by multiplying the provided value by V(λ) in
Table A.3.
Accidental visual interference has the following manifestations:
a) Disabling glare, is the partial or complete loss of visual function of the
central visual field caused by direct or strong scattered light irradiation. It
is similar to the glare effect of oncoming car lights at night. It is eliminated
as the strong beam leaves the field of view. Although the dazzling effect
does not cause permanent damage to the eyes, but it can cause severe
distraction or panic.
b) Flash blindness, is a temporary decrease in light sensitivity caused by
high-intensity flashes. In the other words, eyes that have adapted to low
or normal lighting, after being exposed to high-intensity flash in a short
time, will suddenly be in a very high light adaptation state and thus will
temporarily lose vision in low-light environments.
c) After-view image, or visual afterimage, is a phenomenon that, when strong
light stimulation acts on the visual organs, the excitement of the cells does
not disappear with the termination of the stimulation and can remain for a
period of time. Such visual image that remains after the stimulus is
stopped is called after-view image. For example, after-view image caused
by incandescent lamp filament.
A.3 Causes
The schematic diagram of the laser visual interference scene is shown in Figure
A.1. When there is no laser source, the image of the target object in the field of
view is focused on the retina. The observer can clearly see the target object.
When illuminated by a laser source, the resulting momentary visual effect
makes the light not focus on the eyes. Scattering occurs. The scattering in the
direction of the retina will act like a light curtain superimposed on a clear image.
In this case, this effect will reduce the contrast of the object image on the retina,
resulting in poor visual effects. That is, it interferes with people's visual cognition
and psychological behavior.
In Figure A.1, α is the opening angle of the solid elliptical target to the eye, and
θ is the angle between the laser source and the optical axis.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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