GB/T 30102-2024 PDF English
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Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastics waste
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Plastics -- Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastic waste
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GB/T 30102-2024: Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastics waste---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT30102-2024
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 83.080.01
CCS G 31
Replacing GB/T 30102-2013
Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastics waste
(ISO 15270:2008, Plastics - Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of
plastics waste, MOD)
ISSUED ON: MAY 28, 2024
IMPLEMENTED ON: DECEMBER 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
Introduction ... 7
1 Scope ... 9
2 Normative references ... 9
3 Terms and definitions ... 9
4 Sources ... 14
5 Recovery and recycling ... 15
6 Recovery quality ... 20
7 Material standards and product specifications ... 22
Appendix A (Informative) Comparison of structure numbers between this document
and ISO 15270:2008 ... 23
Appendix B (Informative) Plastic recovery and integrated resource management ... 24
Appendix C (Informative) Schematic diagram of plastic recovery methods ... 25
References ... 26
Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastics waste
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on sources, recovery and recycling, recovery quality,
material standards and product specifications in the process of plastic waste recovery
and recycling, and provides various ways to recover and recycle plastic waste generated
from pre-consumer and post-consumer sources.
This document applies to the management and application of plastic waste recovery and
recycling.
NOTE: This document establishes general quality requirements to be considered at all steps of the
recovery process and provides general recommendations for material standards, test standards and
product specifications. The processing stages, requirements, recommendations and terminology
presented in this document are of general applicability.
2 Normative references
The provisions of the following documents constitute the essential clauses of this
document through normative references in this text. Among them, for referenced
documents with dates, only the versions corresponding to the dates are applicable to
this document; for referenced documents without dates, the latest versions (including
all amendments) are applicable to this document.
GB/T 2035 Terms and definitions for plastics (GB/T 2035-2008, ISO 472:1999,
IDT)
GB/T 16288 Marking of plastics products (GB/T 16288-2008, ISO 11469:2000,
MOD)
3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 2035 and the following apply to this
document.
3.1 waste
Any material or item that the owner discards or intends to discard or is required to
discard.
3.9 mechanical recycling
The process of converting plastic waste into secondary raw materials or products
without significantly changing the chemical structure of the material.
NOTE: Plastic secondary raw materials are synonymous with recyclate.
3.10 physical recycling
The process of separating one or more target polymers from other polymers, additives
and other added materials (such as fibers, fillers, colorants and contaminants) through
a series of purification steps to obtain a recovered polymer that is largely unaffected by
the process and can be reused in plastic formulations.
NOTE 1: This process may also enable other valuable components of the plastic to be recovered.
NOTE 2: Currently, most physical recycling methods are solvent-based methods.
3.11 chemical recycling
Through cracking, gasification or depolymerization reaction, coke oven treatment
(excluding energy recovery and incineration) and other technologies, the chemical
structure of plastic waste is changed to generate new monomers or raw materials.
NOTE: It is formerly known as "feedstock recycling".
3.12 biological recycling
organic recycling
The biodegradable plastic waste is treated aerobically (composting) or anaerobically
(digestion) using microorganisms under controlled conditions to produce stable residual
organic matter, carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions, or stable residual
organic matter, methane, carbon dioxide and water under anaerobic conditions.
NOTE: It includes industrial processes involving living microorganisms and can convert biowaste into
valuable products.
3.13 recovered material
Plastic materials that are separated, transferred or removed from solid waste for
recycling or to replace raw materials.
NOTE: See ISO 14021.
3.14 recyclate
Plastic materials that are generated from the recycling of plastic waste.
3.22 agglomerate
The phenomenon of particles sticking together after being shredded and/or granulated.
3.23 baling
The process in which plastic waste is compacted and secured as a bundle to facilitate
handling, storage and transportation.
3.24 lot
A determined quantity of some commodity produced or manufactured under assumed
uniform conditions.
3.25 homogenizing
The process of improving the uniformity of a certain component and/or property of a
plastic material throughout the material.
3.26 micronizing
The process of shredding plastic material into a fine powder.
3.27 purge material
Material resulting from the passing of polymer through plastics processing equipment
for the purpose of cleaning the equipment.
NOTE: If one polymer is changed to another, or the color or grade of the polymer is changed, purge
material is required.
3.28 depolymerization
The chemical reverse reaction of a polymer into its monomers or a polymer of lower
relative molecular mass.
NOTE: It includes hydrolysis, glycolysis, formic acid hydrolysis, etc.
3.29 biodegradation
A process in which material degradation is caused by biological activities, especially
the action of enzymes, so that the materials are gradually digested by microorganisms
or certain organisms as a nutrient source, resulting in a decrease in their relative
molecular mass, weight loss, a decrease in physical properties, etc., and ultimately
being decomposed into simpler compounds, mineralized inorganic salts of the
contained elements, and inanimate objects.
[Source: GB/T 41010-2021, 3.1]
3.30 environmental aspect
Elements of an organization's activities, products or services that interact or can interact
with their environment.
NOTE 1: An environmental aspect may produce one or more environmental impacts. Significant
environmental impact aspects are environmental aspects that have or can produce one or more significant
environmental impacts.
NOTE 2: Significant environmental aspects are determined by the organization using one or more
criteria.
[Source: GB/T 24001-2016, 3.2.2]
3.31 environmental impact
Adverse or beneficial changes in the environment that are caused wholly or in part by
the organization's environmental aspects.
[Source: GB/T 24001-2016, 3.2.4]
4 Sources
4.1 Overview
Recovered plastic materials come from a variety of sources, but do not include
hazardous plastic waste such as medical waste, pharmaceutical waste, pesticide
packaging waste, and plastic waste containing (or exposed to) radioactive or
biologically toxic materials.
4.2 Pre-consumer sources of materials
4.2.1 Resin (plastic raw material) production
Rejected materials generated during the production process of resin (plastic raw
material) manufacturers.
4.2.2 Plastic processing
Materials produced during the processing of plastic raw materials into plastic products,
including:
-- purge materials and waste from the processing;
-- scrapped products, parts and semi-finished products;
-- samples or rejected products and other unused clean products.
5.2 Material recovery
5.2.1 Overview
There are four different ways to recover plastic waste materials: mechanical recycling,
physical recycling, chemical recycling, and biological recycling. Plastic waste should
be recovered and labeled according to material type.
5.2.2 Separation and sorting
In all material recovery processes, plastics are usually required to be separated and
sorted, which can be separated and sorted manually or automatically by appropriate
identification methods. The more accurate and effective the identification, sorting and
separation methods are, the better the quality of the recovered products obtained.
Therefore, for product production or application, the design of disassembly, separation
and sorting should be considered. Depending on the specific situation, compaction
processes such as rolling and baling, or volume reduction processes such as shredding
and tearing can be used to ensure simpler operation. Plastic products marked in
accordance with GB/T 16288 shall be sorted according to the product markings.
It is not advisable to use manual sorting methods for the separation and sorting of plastic
waste, which may cause workplace environmental problems (such as chemical or
microbiological problems). Ergonomic problems caused by repetitive work and
patterned movements also pose risks. If manual sorting cannot be avoided, the
workplace needs to be designed to minimize the problem.
NOTE 1: Pre-consumer materials are usually sorted by plastic type to facilitate their reuse in the
production process. The recycling of post-consumer materials is often more complicated due to
accidental mixing with other plastic waste or aging of the polymer.
NOTE 2: Some post-consumer materials may contain the same base plastics, but some of these base
plastics have different material properties, such as high-density polyethylene bottles with different melt
flow rates, densities or colors. These may result in products with unique and controllable physical
properties in the next recycling step. In some cases, it is not practical or commercial to achieve the desired
degree of separation and purification of recyclates, so that products containing recyclate components are
only used in less demanding situations, such as certain mixed materials. Standards for recyclate properties
are an effective tool for evaluating whether they meet market requirements.
NOTE 3: In some cases, reinforced plastics may be recovered by chemical recycling without the need
to separate the polymer matrix from the reinforcing fiber material.
Most plastic products contain other polymers or additives for various reasons, such as
antioxidants, colorants, and in some cases, fillers, glass fibers, or carbon fibers for
reinforcement.
When the effective separation at this stage fails to achieve the performance required of
the recyclate, appropriate preparation should be made in the next regeneration step,
such as further sorting, homogenization, and micronization.
5.2.3 Mechanical recycling
5.2.3.1 Operation steps
Mechanical recycling usually includes the following operations, some of which may be
carried out simultaneously, which are part of the preparation and production process of
recyclates:
For plastics: collection → identification → sorting → shredding → washing → drying
→ separating → agglomerating → extruding/blending → pelletizing.
For reinforced plastics: collection → identification → sorting → shredding → washing
→ separating.
NOTE 1: In practical applications, flakes are often used directly as recyclates, and the last step of
pelletization can usually be omitted.
NOTE 2: If the secondary raw materials obtained from the crushed plastic waste are used as aggregates
for cement or mortar, the sequence of the operation units is as follows: collection → identification →
sorting → shredding → product.
NOTE 3: When plastic waste can be sorted by type during the sorting operation, there is no need for
separation operations after washing and drying operations.
Plastic waste for mechanical recycling is sold in bulk form as collected or in an added-
value, sorted grade. Such commercial plastic waste may have a variety of forms and
compositions, and information on the consistency and standard of its materials is
essential. As a general rule, manufacturers and users of plastic materials and articles
made from them should provide mechanical recyclers with material safety data sheets
or other appropriate documents giving necessary data such as thermal stability,
reactivity and recycled content.
5.2.3.2 Pre-treatment
Depending on the intended use of the recyclate and the characteristics of the waste, pre-
treatment operations are used to remove as many contaminants as possible from the
recovered materials and products to optimize their handling steps for transportation,
processing and other downstream operations. For inhomogeneous plastic waste
materials composed of similar grades or similar types of materials, material
identification, sorting and separation steps are essential, such as household packaging
waste or end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment in dedicated sorting centers. In
any case, these pre-selection steps should be carried out before blending (commingling)
with other wastes. In some cases, especially for post-consumer sources of material, the
necessary to adopt appropriate processes (such as solvent extraction) to remove other
polymers, additives, fillers and contaminants.
5.2.5 Chemical recycling
In the petrochemical industry, some plastics can be converted into their basic monomer
chemical components or corresponding hydrocarbons through various processes such
as hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and gasification. These chemicals can be used as raw materials
for polymerization reactions or in other chemical processes.
NOTE 1: The depolymerization has already been demonstrated, e.g., for PET obtained from post-
consumer packaging sources such as collected commingled plastic bottles where the PET is sorted and
subsequently depolymerized, generating monomer feedstock for polymerization and the subsequent
manufacture of products such as bottles and fibers. Some acrylic polymers, such as methyl methacrylate
monomer obtained by depolymerization can also be used as feedstock for commercial polymerization
processes.
NOTE 2: Suitable plastic wastes and their derived hydrocarbons have been used as reducing agents in
kilns and in metal smelting.
5.2.6 Biological recycling
Biodegradation is a viable option for the biological recycling of certain types of plastic
waste. After the collection and separation of non-biodegradable contaminants, these
plastics are subjected to aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. Separation of
biodegradable contaminants, such as food or vegetable residues on plastics, is usually
not necessary when the criteria for biodegradability, abiotic toxicity, and composition
requirements are met. In the mechanical recycling process, they become contaminants
if they thermally degrade and decompose at normal plastic operating temperatures.
5.3 Energy recovery
Energy recovery is a viable option, like other recovery methods. From a sustainability
perspective, energy recovery is lower in priority than the reduction and reuse of plastics,
as well as mechanical, physical, chemical and biological recycling, and higher than
landfill. In municipal solid waste incineration systems that meet gas emission, radiation
and dust regulatory requirements, direct combustion or co-combustion of plastic waste
is a typical application of energy recovery.
NOTE: Since most plastic waste is hydrocarbon in nature, its inherent calorific value is high. Therefore,
the final application of recovered plastic as fuel is very effective, as long as factors such as combustion
by-products are fully considered. This recovery method has been successfully applied in industrial
processing and steam generation systems, thermal power generation, and lime, cement and metal mineral
smelters. If the plastic waste is a mixture of multiple polymers or is severely colored and cannot be
recycled as a material, energy recovery is the last option and is better than simple incineration or landfill.
necessary to ensure compliance with occupational health and safety requirements.
6.3 Color and appearance
The color and appearance of the recyclates shall be agreed upon by both the supplier
and the buyer. To meet the corresponding requirements, necessary colorants, anti-
ultraviolet agents, etc. may be added in appropriate amounts.
In most cases, color and appearance (such as color, transparency and cleanliness)
requirements are easily met when pre-consumer materials are recycled, as long as strict
controls and good manufacturing practices are followed.
When recovered materials come from post-consumer materials, there are often great
difficulties in meeting color and appearance requirements, especially when the
recovered materials or products consist of various containers and disposable utensils
from different sources and uses. Therefore, even if effective separation operations are
completed, how to effectively sort various wastes by color or other characteristics may
still be a challenge. In order to meet this basic need of end users of recyclates, it is
desirable to develop a method based on visual sorting.
6.4 Properties of recyclates
The properties of recyclates may be affected by the way they were recovered, the
environment in which they were previously used, and other factors, such as
contaminants, and chemical or structural changes that occur during recovery and
processing.
The use of appropriate sorting techniques, minimization of contaminants and
implementation of appropriate recovery operations can help reduce the adverse effects
on the properties of recyclates. This can be monitored through relevant tests that meet
the expected requirements, such as density, melt flow rate, oxidation induction time,
and tensile properties.
The addition of modifiers (including new materials) can improve certain properties of
recyclates. The supplier and the buyer should reach a consensus and list the additives
used in the material specification and material safety data sheet.
6.5 Criteria for acceptance
Each recovery and recycling process results in significant changes to the material. It is
important to ensure the quality, safety and functionality of recovered and recycled
materials for the next generation of products. Therefore, the quality and environmental
impact of recyclates should be fully evaluated. The criteria for acceptance of the
recyclates are determined by the use requirements or the agreement between the
supplier and the user. The criteria for acceptance may include the following:
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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