GB/T 13299-2022 PDF English
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| GB/T 13299-2022 | English | 620 |
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Determination of free cementite, pearlite and Widmanstaten structure in steel
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| GB/T 13299-1991 | English | 70 |
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Steel. Determination of microstructure
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GB/T 13299-2022: Determination of free cementite, pearlite and Widmanstaten structure in steel---This is an excerpt. Full copy of true-PDF in English version (including equations, symbols, images, flow-chart, tables, and figures etc.), auto-downloaded/delivered in 9 seconds, can be purchased online: https://www.ChineseStandard.net/PDF.aspx/GBT13299-2022
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.040.99
CCS H 24
Replacing GB/T 13299-1991
Determination of Free Cementite, Pearlite and
Widmanstaten Structure in Steel
Issued on. JULY 11, 2022
Implemented on. FEBRUARY 1, 2023
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 5
2 Normative References... 5
3 Terms and Definitions... 5
4 Cutting and Preparation of Specimens... 6
4.1 Cutting of Specimens... 6
4.2 Preparation of Specimens... 10
5 Determination Method of Free Cementite... 10
5.1 General Principle... 10
5.2 Comparison Method with Standard Rating Pictures... 11
5.3 Quantitative Analysis Method with an Image Instrument... 12
6 Determination Method of Pearlite... 13
6.1 General Principle... 13
6.2 Determination Method... 13
7 Determination Method of Widmanstaten Structure... 14
7.1 General Principle... 14
7.2 Determination Method... 14
8 Test Report... 15
Appendix A (normative) Standard Rating Pictures of Free Cementite... 17
Appendix B (informative) An Example of Quantitative Analysis of Cementite in SPCC
Steel... 26
Appendix C (normative) Standard Rating Pictures of Pearlite... 31
Appendix D (normative) Standard Rating Pictures of Widmanstaten Structure... 40
Bibliography... 46
1 Scope
This document specifies the methods of the cutting, preparation and determination of free
cementite, pearlite and Widmanstaten structure specimens in steel.
This document is applicable to the determination of free cementite, pearlite and Widmanstaten
structure in low-carbon and medium-carbon steel plates, steel strips and steel rods (billets). For
other steel types, this document may be taken as a reference.
2 Normative References
The contents of the following documents constitute indispensable clauses of this document
through the normative references in this text. In terms of references with a specified date, only
versions with a specified date are applicable to this document. In terms of references without a
specified date, the latest version (including all the modifications) is applicable to this document.
GB/T 13298 Inspection Methods of Microstructure for Metals
3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions are applicable to this document.
3.2 Pearlite
When the carbon content in iron-carbon alloy is greater than 0.025% and less than 6.67%, a
metastable microstructure formed when local regions in austenite tend to be eutectoid. This
structure is formed by slow cooling in the process of eutectoid transformation, which is an
alternating lamellar structure formed by ferrite and cementite.
3.3 Free Cementite
Free cementite refers to granular cementite that exists independently on the ferrite matrix or
grain boundaries.
3.4 Pearlite Colony
Pearlite colony refers to a bounded aggregate of sheets of the same phase with the same
orientation.
3.5 Widmanstaten Structure
Widmanstaten structure refers to a structure, in which, pearlite exists, in hypoeutectoid steel,
when proeutectoid ferrite grows from the austenite grain boundary or within the grain along a
certain grain plane of the austenite, and precipitates in the form of needles.
4 Cutting and Preparation of Specimens
4.1 Cutting of Specimens
4.1.1 Cutting positions
Under general circumstances, the specimens shall be cut from the steel (or intermediate billet)
in the delivery state; the sampling method and sampling size shall comply with the stipulations
of the product standards or technical conditions. If there is no special stipulation, the inspection
surface of free cementite and pearlite specimens shall be parallel to the longitudinal axis of steel
strips, steel plates and steel rods (billets); the inspection surface of Widmanstaten structure
specimen shall be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of steel strips, steel plates and steel
rods (billets).
4.1.2 Sampling method of steel plate or steel strip
The sampling of steel plate or steel strip is as follows.
4.1.3 Sampling method of steel rod or steel billet
The sampling of steel rod or steel billet is as follows.
4.1.4 Method of specimen cutting
The specimen shall be cut through a mechanical method in a cold state that does not affect the
structure of the specimen. If gas cutting or hot cutting is adopted for the cutting, the melting
zone, heat affected zone and plastic deformation zone shall be completely removed.
4.2 Preparation of Specimens
The grinding and polishing of the specimens shall be carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of GB/T 13298.4% nitric acid ethanol solution should be adopted for the etching
of the specimens. The etching effect shall be subject to the clear display of structural
characteristics.
5 Determination Method of Free Cementite
5.1 General Principle
This method is applicable to the determination of free cementite in low-carbon annealed steel
with a carbon content of less than or equal to 0.15%.
5.2 Comparison Method with Standard Rating Pictures
5.2.1 Place the specimen under the bright field of a metallographic microscope for observation;
the magnification is 500 times. The diameter of the field of view of the magnified image is 80
mm. Observe the entire inspection surface; select the most serious field of view on the
inspection surface. During the determination, compare the most serious field of view of free
cementite on the inspection surface with the standard rating pictures in Appendix A for rating,
so as to determine the level of the free cementite.
5.2.2 In accordance with the characteristics of the cementite, such as. shape, distribution and
size, determine the rating of the free cementite.
5.2.3 In accordance with the structural characteristics, the rating pictures of free cementite are
divided into three series.
5.2.4 The pictures of each series are from Level 0 to Level 5.Table 1 provides a detailed
description of the structural characteristics of each level.
5.2.5 The determination results are expressed in levels, and the characteristics of the levels are
between two adjacent levels, and half levels can be added. If necessary, a series of letters shall
be marked, such as. 1.0A and 2.5B, etc.
5.3 Quantitative Analysis Method with an Image Instrument
5.3.1 The metallographic manual measurement method (grid cut point method and microscope
scale method) or metallographic image analysis software can be adopted to determine the area
content of free cementite. The magnification shall adopt 500 times.
5.3.2 Calculate the standard deviation s of the results, the expanded uncertainty U95 and the
relative expanded uncertainty U95rel of the probability 95%. The relative expanded uncertainty
is an estimate of the relative precision of the measurement mean; the change of the number of
fields of view will affect the relative precision.
6 Determination Method of Pearlite
6.1 General Principle
This method is applicable to the determination of pearlite in steel plates, steel strips and steel
rods (billets) with a carbon content of 0.1% ~ 0.30%.
6.2 Determination Method
6.2.1 Place the specimen under the bright field of a metallographic microscope for observation;
the magnification is 500 times. The diameter of the field of view of the magnified image is 80
mm. Observe the entire inspection surface; select the most serious field of view on the
inspection surface for determination. During the determination, compare the most serious field
of view on the inspection surface with the standard rating pictures in Appendix C for rating, so
as to determine the level of the pearlite.
6.2.2 In accordance with the characteristics of the pearlite, such as. structure (granular, fine-
grained pearlite colony or flaky), quantity and distribution, determine the rating of the pearlite.
6.2.3 In accordance with the structural characteristics, the rating pictures of pearlite are divided
into three series.
6.2.4 The pictures of each series are from Level 0 to Level 5.Table 2 provides a detailed
description of the structural characteristics of each level.
6.2.5 The determination results are expressed in levels, and the characteristics of the levels are
between two adjacent levels, and half levels can be added. If necessary, a series of letters shall
be marked, such as. 1.0A and 2.5B, etc.
7 Determination Method of Widmanstaten Structure
7.1 General Principle
This method is applicable to the determination of Widmanstaten structure in steel plates, steel
strips and steel rods (billets) with a carbon content between 0.15% ~ 0.50%.
7.2 Determination Method
7.2.1 Place the specimen under the bright field of a metallographic microscope for observation;
the magnification is 100 times. The diameter of the standard field of view is 80 mm. Observe
the entire inspection surface; select the most serious field of view on the inspection surface.
During the determination, compare the most serious field of view on the inspection surface with
the standard rating pictures in Appendix D for rating, so as to determine the level of the
Widmanstaten structure.
7.2.2 In accordance with the quantity and size of the precipitated acicular ferrite and the size of
ferrite network, determine the level of the Widmanstaten structure.
7.2.3 In accordance with the structural characteristics, the rating pictures of Widmanstaten
structure are divided into two series.
7.2.4 The pictures of each series are from Level 0 to Level 5.Table 3 provides a detailed
description of the structural characteristics of each level.
7.2.5 The determination results are expressed in levels, and the characteristics of the levels are
between two adjacent levels, and half levels can be added. If necessary, a series of letters shall
be marked, such as. 1.0A and 2.5B, etc.
8 Test Report
The test report should include the following contents.
a) Designation, batch No. and specification of steel;
b) Serial No. of specimen;
c) Serial No. of this document;
d) Specimen status;
e) Test items and results;
f) Date of test;
g) Name of tester.
Appendix A
(normative)
Standard Rating Pictures of Free Cementite
A.1 The standard rating pictures of Series A are shown in Figure A.1.
Appendix B
(informative)
An Example of Quantitative Analysis of Cementite in SPCC Steel
B.1 Sample Preparation and Display
After inlaying, grinding and polishing, etch and blow-dry the specimen. When etching
cementite, 4% nitric acid ethanol solution can be used for etching (for a duration of 10 s ~ 15
s); alternatively, 4% picric acid ethanol solution (for a duration of 50 s ~ 60 s) can also be used.
The ferrite grain boundaries can be weakened by etching with the picric acid ethanol solution.
After etching, the cementite display in the field of view becomes more obvious.
......
Source: Above contents are excerpted from the full-copy PDF -- translated/reviewed by: www.ChineseStandard.net / Wayne Zheng et al.
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